Engineering Procedure

Engineering Procedure
SAEP-27 6 June 2017

Pipeline Surge Analysis and Flow Assurance
Document Responsibility: Flow Assurance Standards Committee
Contents
1 Scope ................................................... 2
2 Conflicts and Deviations .................... 2
3 Applicable Documents ....................... 2
4 Definitions ........................................... 4
5 Instructions ......................................... 5
6 Responsibilities ................................ 12
E X H I B I T S ....................................... 14
Previous Issue: 21 August 2014 Next Planned Update: 6 June 2020

Page 1 of 16
Contact: Rasheed, Mahmood A. (RASHMA0H) on +966-13-880-9460
©Saudi Aramco 2017. All rights reserved.

Document Responsibility: Flow Assurance Standards Committee SAEP-27
Issue Date: 6 June 2017
Next Planned Update: 6 June 2020 Pipeline Surge Analysis and Flow Assurance
1 Scope
1.1 This Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure (SAEP) provides technical guidance
to define full scope of hydraulic & surge analysis during DBSP, Project
Proposal and Detailed Design stages of a project cycle and throughout the
operational life of a pipeline to ensure consistent approach. It provides Saudi
Aramco engineers and engineering design contractors with guidelines describing
the requirements to conduct and review pipelines hydraulic & surge analysis
studies for existing and new facilities.
1.2 This procedure also provides requirements to ensure the quality of the flow
assurance studies in support of project development and assign clear
responsibilities in the development of the steady-state and transient flow
assurance analysis.
2 Conflicts and Deviations
2.1 Any conflicts between this procedure and other applicable Saudi Aramco
Engineering Standards (SAESs) or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be
resolved in writing through the Manager, Process & Control Systems
Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.
2.2 Direct all requests to deviate from this procedure in writing to the Company, who
shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302 and forward such requests to
the Manager, Process & Control Systems Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.
3 Applicable Documents
To ensure compliance with the appropriate Saudi Aramco and International Standards
and Codes for pipelines design and over pressure protection, the following Engineering
Standards shall be reviewed in conjunction with hydraulic & surge analysis studies.
These Standards encompass hydraulic analysis, surge analysis, over pressure protection
of pipelines, design pressure, materials, operating conditions, Maximum Allowable
Operating Pressures and Maximum Allowable Surge Pressures.
3.1 Saudi Aramco References
Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures

SAEP-12 Project Execution Plan
SAEP-14 Project Proposal
SAEP-302 Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a Mandatory
Saudi Aramco Engineering Requirement
Saudi Aramco: Company General Use
Page 2 of 16
SAEP-303 Engineering Reviews of Project Proposal and Detail

Design Documentation
SAEP-354 High Integrity Protective Systems Design
Requirements
SAEP-363 Pipeline Simulation Model Development and
Support
Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards

SAES-B-058 Emergency Shutdown, Isolation, and Depressuring
SAES-J-600 Pressure Relief Devices
SAES-J-601 Emergency Shutdown and Isolation Systems
SAES-J-605 Surge Relief Protection Systems
SAES-J-700 Control Valves
SAES-L-100 Applicable Codes and Standards for Pressure
Piping Systems
SAES-L-132 Material Selection of Pipelines, Piping and Process
Equipment
SAES-L-133 Corrosion Protection Requirements for Pipelines,
Piping and Process Equipment
SAES-L-310 Design of Plant Piping
SAES-L-410 Design of Pipelines
SAES-L-620 Design of Nonmetallic Piping in Hydrocarbon and
Water Injection Systems
Saudi Aramco Engineering Reports

SAER-5437 Guidelines for Conducting HAZOP Studies
SAER-6043 High Integrity Protection System (HIPS) Evaluation
Team Report
Saudi Aramco Manuals

FEL Manual Front-End Loading
CMS Manual Capital Management System
3.2 International Standards and Codes

ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

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ASME B31.1 Power Piping

ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids and
Slurries
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
4 Definitions
Flow Assurance: A multidisciplinary process designed to guarantee that the pipeline

can be operated as per specifications, ensure the design is robust and fits for purpose in
terms of flow delivery, prevent pipe blockage and help ensure uninterrupted, optimum
productivity in multiphase streams. Flow assurance analysis and design involve all
aspects of chemical and mechanical disciplines.
HAZOP (Hazard and Operability): A systematic, detailed analysis technique applied

to identify hazards and operability issues which have the potential to place the process
plant, environment or personnel at risk. The HAZOP study identifies abnormal process
deviations that may require additional protective functions. The HAZOP analysis shall
follow the guidelines of SAER-5437, Saudi Aramco HAZOP Engineering Report.
Hydraulic Surge: Also referred to as “water hammer.” This is a phenomenon in

pipeline operations characterized by a sudden increase in internal pressure. Hydraulic
surge is often caused by the transformation of kinetic energy to potential energy as a
stream of fluid is suddenly stopped.
PHA (Preliminary Hazards Analysis): An initial screening exercise that can be used
to identify, describe, and rank major hazards. This technique can also be used to
identify possible consequences and likelihood of occurrence and provide
recommendations for hazard mitigation.
Surge Analysis: An engineering study that is undertaken to perform a hydraulic transient

analysis of a specific system through the use of specialized simulation software which
models the system, fluid and operating conditions. The transient analysis will predict the
time history of pressures and flows throughout a system as a result of potentially
applicable transient events. From the results, an experienced engineer/specialist can
determine whether additional surge protection is required, what form of surge protection
is most suitable, its capacity and where it should be located. The surge/transient analysis
referred to in this procedure is specific to pipelines/piping systems.

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5 Instructions
5.1 General Requirements
5.1.1 PMT shall provide a copy of this Engineering Procedure to the

Engineering design contractor involved in conducting the surge analysis
and flow assurance studies and full compliance to this procedure shall be
communicated to the contractor.
5.1.2 Risk assessment studies such as PHA or HAZOP, if available, shall be

used as a basis for the surge analysis. The whole risk assessment (PHA
and HAZOP) shall be an exercise in which all concerned parties
(stakeholder organizations) are involved in sharing awareness and
responsibility for the decisions and assumptions made to commence the
surge analysis study. The risk assessment shall be conducted as defined
in SAEP-12, SAEP-14 and SAEP-303.
5.1.3 The engineering design contractor shall use the recommended pipeline
simulation software as adopted by P&CSD/Flow Assurance Applications
Unit to eliminate discrepancies during studies review. The recommended
pipeline simulation software shall be obtained from P&CSD/Flow
Assurance Applications Unit. In addition, models developed by the
Contractor shall be added to Saudi Aramco Model Library at the
completion of the project as a deliverable that can be effectively utilized
by Saudi Aramco engineers to support operations.
5.1.4 At the completion of the surge analysis and flow assurance studies, the
engineering design contractor shall submit an electronic copy of
complete simulation models and supporting documents to P&CSD/Flow
Assurance Applications Unit, the Proponent and FPD for review and
approval.
5.1.5 Proponent shall be responsible for obtaining approval for input data from
the appropriate organizations prior to developing the flow assurance
basis of design and scope of work required to perform the analysis as per
SAES-L-410. If any changes are made to the system or its operating
conditions or procedures, the basis of design and scope of work shall be
revised.
5.1.6 Suppliers for pipeline data and related components such as production
engineering, reservoir engineering shall provide Saudi Aramco and the
design contractor the required data for conducting flow assurance
analysis studies as per SAES-L-410.

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5.2 Surge Analysis Preparation Procedures
The hydraulic surge analysis study shall be undertaken if over pressure or

transient risks to piping or pipelines are identified in the following phases of a
project or where changes to operating conditions are made including:
1) Conceptual and Feasibility studies have been completed, detailed

engineering design such as DBSP, Project Proposal and Detailed Design is
in progress.
2) Prior to any change in existing pipeline operation or modification to the

pipeline system. If the maximum flow rates or maximum operating
pressures increased from the previous operation, a new surge analysis at the
new conditions to ensure that the pipeline system is protected.
3) Any change or equipment data update in the detailed design, final pipeline
design, at the last minute, or during construction works.
4) During commissioning and start up activities, especially for testing sections

of the pipeline system or if the tested system is different from the standard
design configuration.
5) For Project Proposals, it is required that steady state hydraulics and Exhibit I
issued by 30% PP review and the surge report issued by 60% PP review.
The study shall not be limited to the mentioned transient risk situations and
P&CSD shall endorse the hydraulic surge analysis study timing.
Before the surge analysis commences, a technical specification for the surge
analysis study as detailed in Exhibit I shall be prepared and approved by
Proponent or SAPMT’s engineering contractor to acknowledge the problem for
further assessment, scope development, and possible surge protection solution.
The following list shall be completed to define full scope of the surge analysis
for pipelines to ensure a consistent approach for all projects.
5.2.1 Analysis Objective
The objective of the analysis will determine the extent of the pipeline
system to be modeled and the accuracy of data required during pipeline
model development and evaluation. A clear surge analysis objective
shall be prepared and agreed with the pipeline hydraulic and surge
analysis specialist of P&CSD prior to conducting the analysis.

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5.2.2 Pipeline System Scope
Hydraulic surge analysis shall not be limited by project scope of work.

The whole pipeline system needs to be analyzed and the model built for
hydraulic surge analysis shall include all the possible causes from within
or beyond project scope boundaries and interfaces with other related
facilities.
5.2.3 Possible Scenarios of Surge Analysis
The transient/surge flow conditions that are expected to occur shall be

defined. The analysis shall look at various possible causes, identify the
critical cases, specify and design the necessary surge protection system
as identified during the PHA, HAZOP and surge analysis studies.
Exhibit II shall be used as a checklist to identify potential causes of

transient pressure. Contractor has to perform the detail analysis and find
out any applicable scenario other than listed below:
a) Inadvertent closure of a pipeline Class-1 or Class-2 valve.
b) Closure of a downstream plant ESD valve.
c) Trip of intermediate pump.
d) Closure of one looped pipeline.
e) Closure of more than one looped pipeline.
f) Closure of isolation valves, inside interfacing, upstream and

downstream.
g) Closure or control failure of a pipeline or downstream control valve.
h) Inadvertent start of a standby pump, in addition to existing pump(s)

operation
i) Impact of new pipeline interfacing with existing pipeline
5.2.4 Data Requirements
The following list identifies data that shall be gathered before a surge
analysis study is conducted:
a) Pipeline system data: General description of the pipeline system,

function and a summary of the likely hazard scenarios as identified in
the PHA and HAZOP studies. Pipeline data including length,
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elevation profile, diameter, wall thickness, roughness or friction

factor, elastic (Young’s) modulus, pressure rating, maximum
permissible pressure (pipes, components, joints, support), minimum
acceptable pressure (pipes, components, joints, supports).
b) Operating conditions: pipeline inlet pressure and temperature, arrival

pressure, maximum and minimum flow rates.
c) Fluid data: The key data required are the physical properties at the
relevant operating pressure and temperature for the evaluated
pipeline system. Physical properties include: density, viscosity, true
vapor pressure, bulk modulus, working temperature (thermodynamic
stream data). Alternatively, for compositional analysis, the fluid
composition shall be defined.
d) Ambient conditions (summer/winter temperatures), thermal

conductivities for pipelines and soil and/or the overall heat transfer
coefficient between the pipeline and soil.
e) Pumps: Type, number, location, performance characteristics, with

operating curves and the following rated conditions: (head, flow,
speed, power and efficiency), Inertia of rotating elements (impeller,
motor and coupling)
f) Valves: Type, number, location, dynamic performance characteristic

(Cv curve), open/close time, pressure rating and maximum
permissible pressure. Additional data for pressure relief valves: set
pressures for opening and closing, time needed to open and close,
discharge pressure.
g) Tanks: Location, general layout, dimensions, maximum, minimum

and normal levels of the liquid surface, elevation relative to the main
pipeline, length and diameter of the connecting piping.
h) Bypass piping: Location, length, diameter, head loss.
i) Surge and transient event data: Time scale of valve and pumps
operation (Control Logic) and sequence of events to be investigated.
j) Units of measurements must be consistent.

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5.2.5 Surge Analysis Methodology
1) The analysis shall be performed first without assuming the

intervention of any overpressure protection devices or equipment.
Refer to Exhibit II for a list of potential causes of a transient pressure
in a pipeline/piping system.
2) Additional analysis shall be performed where the introduction of

modifications to the system design are made to mitigate identified
overpressure conditions, e.g., trimming pump impellers, increasing
pipe wall thickness, removing or modifying the device causing the
excessive transient pressures, adding overpressure protection
equipment such as relief systems as specified in SAES-J-600 and
SAES-J-605 or HIPS as per Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure
and Report SAEP-354 and SAER-6043.
Surge analysis shall ensure compliance with the appropriate Saudi Aramco
Standards as specified in SAES-L-100, SAES-L-132, SAES-L-133,
SAES-L-310, SAES-L-410, SAES-L-620 and International Standards and
Codes ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3, ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8, or
ASME B16.5 for over pressure protection of pipelines and process piping.
Fire water and safety related systems, surge analysis is not addressed in
the procedure.
Surge analysis studies shall be conducted assuming that process initiated

shutdown signals triggering pump trips*, due to low suction and high
discharge pressure, successfully stop pumps. This is provided that such
signals originate from an ESD system and the signal loops and ESD
system meet the required Safety Integrity Level (SIL) assessment and
design requirements of SAES-J-601.
* Allowance for 1 sec pump trip delay should be addressed.
5.2.6 Pipeline Model Validation
When plant and pipeline operating data is available, the steady state
model shall be validated against a set of operating data within the known
constraints of, 1) accuracy of plant measurements, 2) tolerance and
convergence limitations within the simulator, and 3) the errors associated
with simplifying assumptions made during model development. Models
shall be validated also during project proposal and/or detailed design by
SAPMT’s engineering contractor.
Before the data can be applied to the model, it is necessary to evaluate

the quality of the measurements caused by faulty instruments. If

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available, a software package shall be used to evaluate all elements of

the data. The software package shall reconcile the data to identify faulty
instruments and to eliminate or reduce measurements errors.
Following model validation, if it is determined that the model results are

not within acceptable limits, tuning of specific parameters may be
required to improve accuracy. Model parameters may only be changed,
following discussion and agreement with P&CSD. Typically, the
difference between pipeline model results and operating data can be less
than 2%. If the discrepancies are greater than 2%, the design contractor
shall submit explanations for the discrepancies to P&CSD and seek
approval to use the model for studies. This is covered by SAEP-363.
5.3 Documentation Requirements
A surge analysis specific sheet shall be developed per Exhibit I and submitted
for approval prior to performing surge analysis.
At the completion of the transient analysis studies, documentation shall be

developed containing, as a minimum requirement, the following sections:
a) An executive summary that shall include a brief description of the problem

under investigation, background, objective, design basis, proposed solution,
tool used and concluding remarks.
b) A system description of the pipeline and study objectives.
c) A description of the model including a detailed description of the simulation

software components being used.
d) A description of each scenario adopted for the study.
e) Operation Control Philosophy/Logic implemented in the simulation.
f) The methodology used to extract, reconcile, and filter the operating data.
g) Model drawings.
h) Tabulated results for each scenario.
i) Graphical results representing time plots and/or profile plots of critical

variables to support conclusions established for each scenario.
The following sections provide a detailed description of requirements for the

documentation:
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5.3.1 Study Objective
Describe the purpose of the study and the role that simulation plays in
addressing that purpose. The objective of the simulation must be clearly
stated. The model shall be represented as a tool to help solve specific
problems or answer specific questions rather than as an end product.
The simulation package and version used to build the model shall be
defined.
5.3.2 Work Scope
Describe the system under investigation. The level of detail, model

boundaries, sources of feed…etc. This can be accomplished by
referencing available documents. Major relevant system characteristics
should be summarized in the report that describes the simulation.
5.3.3 Study Assumptions
In order to understand the model and its limitations, all assumptions shall
be identified. Discuss the limitations of the model’s representation of the
actual system and the impact those limitations have on the results and
conclusions presented.
5.3.4 Property Package
Describe the thermodynamics packages that were utilized to define the

fluid properties. Flow, heat transfer and pressure drop correlations must
also be described.
5.3.5 System Drawings (PFD’s, P&ID’s, Isometrics and Model Sketches)
Provide the modeled system Process Flow Diagrams and Process

Instrumentation Diagrams. Also, provide the simulation schematic used
to build the model and compare the simulation model with the overview
and actual pipelines/process to highlight differences.
5.3.6 Model Results Analysis
Present the calibration criteria, procedure, and results. Describe the

source of the observed data to which model results are compared.
Explain the appropriateness of using these data for model comparisons
and the basis for any adjustments made to actual observations when
making the comparisons. It is important to report and use as many types
of data as possible for successful calibration of the model.

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5.3.7 Results Analysis Profile and Trends
Provide results analysis in profiles (specific variables vs. length of

pipeline) and trends (specific variables vs. time) for all the evaluated
cases.
All the prepared documents shall be submitted to P&CSD for review.
5.3.8 For flow assurance studies, all multiphase models developed within the
Company outside P&CSD or as part of DBSP, Project Proposal and
Detailed Design shall be fully reviewed and approved by P&CSD.
6 Responsibilities
P&CSD provides technical guidance and review for all hydraulic and surge analysis, or
pipeline control system studies during DBSP, Project Proposal, and Detailed Design
phases of a project. P&CSD proactively works with Proponent and SAPMT on pipeline
design; reviews all related pipelines studies and models; and provide guidance during
each design stage.
SAPMT or proponent shall be responsible for obtaining approval for the surge analysis
technical specification (Exhibit I) from the appropriate organizations prior to
performing the analysis. If any changes are made to the system or its operating
conditions or procedures, the technical specification shall be revised.
It is the responsibility of Proponent and SAPMT to consider the implications of pipeline

transient risk assessment, if the project scope is changed or it is part of a phased
development.
Suppliers for pipeline and related components such as surge relief, rotating equipment
shall provide Saudi Aramco and the design contractor the required equation data for
conducting detailed surge analysis studies.
For pipeline hydraulics, surge analysis and flow assurance studies and prior to utilizing
the pipeline simulation software, the engineering design contractor shall approach
P&CSD/Flow Assurance Applications Unit for the recommended pipeline simulation
software.
For Flow Assurance studies during FEL-1 (Business Case), FEL-2 (Study, DBSP),
FEL-3 (Project Proposal), P&CSD role includes writing/reviewing the scope of work
for the study to be carried out by third party consultants and includes approving the
study outcomes and contractor qualification. P&CSD can decide to conduct the study or
parts of it in-house depending on the type and size of the project.

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P&CSD shall review and approve the Surge Analysis Report and Flow Assurance
Report for all Pipelines projects as in the CMS Manual.
P&CSD shall be part of the Integrated Project Team (IPT) members for applicable
projects. The expectations required and support provided to either OOK or IK projects
is given in the Front End Loading FEL Manual.
Revision Summary
19 July 2009 New Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure.

21 August 2014 Major revision: The modifications are based on feedback primarily from Pipelines, PMT and
P&CSD / Flow Assurance Applications Unit. The proposed modifications to the technical
procedure will be more consistent and easier for implementation.
6 June 2017 Major revision: The modifications are to assign clear responsibilities in the development of
the steady-state and transient multiphase flow assurance analysis.

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EXHIBITS
EXHIBIT I - Surge Analysis Technical Specification - Sample Summary Sheet

____________________________________________________________________________
Project Name: BI-10-123456 – AB-1 Pipeline
System Schematic:
Pipeline Properties:
Length ID MAOP ASME Design MASP

From To
(m) (in) (psig) Code (psig)
Tank123 Pump123 500 19.50 275 B31.4 302.5
Pump123 A 1000 19.25 600 B31.4 660
A B 30000 19.25 600 B31.4 660
B Tank456 1000 19.50 275 B31.4 302.5
Summary Table of the Steady-State Simulation Results:
Flowrate Pressure (psig) Temperature (F) Velocity

Case # Desc. Fluid
MBD Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet ft/s
Normal
1 Diesel 200 1350 50 140 110 7.8
Operations
Normal
2 Gasoline 230 1350 50 140 115 9.5
Operations

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Transient Pressure Causes and Scenarios
Closure Qualified Steady-

Valve
S No. Valve ID Cv Time for Surge State cases Note
Type
(sec) Analysis used
1 FCV123 Globe 2000
2 ZV123 Gate 12345
Case 1,
3 MOV-123 Ball 12345 60 YES
Case 2
4 MOV-456 Ball 67890 --- NO N/A Locally Operated
5 ZV456 Ball 12345
6 PCV456 Angle 2000
7 MOV789 Ball 12345
Notes:
1. All major valves should be listed in the table (including control valves).
2. If the valve is not used for surge analysis, valve closure time is not required.
3. Locally operated manual valve designated CSO do not need to be analyzed for surge.
4. ZV valves have to be simulated regardless of the classification.
Other Transient Event per Exhibit II
S No. Transient Scenario Description Steady-State cases used Note

1 Trip pump123 during normal open Case 1, Case 3
Start Backup Pump While pump123
2 Case1, case 3
is running
Specification completed by:

Mr. Hussain (XYZ Consultancy) ______________________
Signature & Date
Saudi Aramco Name Designation** Signature & Date

Division Level*
SAPMT XYZ Project Manager
Proponent #1 XYZ General Supervisor
Proponent #1 XYZ General Supervisor
*This signature block is designed for major BI projects. For other surge analysis studies, such as current system studies,
contact P&CSD.
**SA proponent signature should also be in division level. If the system involves multiple proponent organizations, signatures
from all the involved organizations are required.

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EXHIBIT II - List of Potential Causes of Transient Pressure in a Pipeline/Piping

System - Checklist
____________________________________________________________________________
Item No. Possible Causes
____________________________________________________________________________
1. Inadvertent closure of a pipeline Class-1 or Class-2 valve as per SAES-B-058.
2. Closure of a downstream plant ESD valve.
3. Trip of intermediate pump.
4. Closure of one looped pipeline.
5. Closure of more than one looped pipeline.
6. Closure of isolation valves, inside interfacing, upstream and downstream.
7. Closure or control failure of a pipeline or downstream control valve as per SAES-J-700.
8. Impact of new pipeline interfacing with existing pipeline.
9. Inadvertent start of a standby pump, in addition to existing pump(s) operation
10. The pipeline system start up and shutdown
11. The lineup of the pipeline is changed
12. The flow rate or capacity of the pipeline system increases/decreases
13. Changes are made to the original design of the system
14. Component (e.g., flow/pressure control valve, surge relief valve, etc.) malfunctions
15. Basic design data (flow rates, fluid properties, materials spec., etc.) are inaccurate
16. The surge protection system and control fail as per SAES-J-605.
17. Any other potential causes that a risk assessment (PHA & HAZOP) identifies

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Engineering Procedure

SAEP-27 6 June 2017

2 Conflicts and Deviations .................... 2

3 Applicable Documents ....................... 2

Previous Issue: 21 August 2014 Next Planned Update: 6 June 2020

©Saudi Aramco 2017. All rights reserved.

2 Conflicts and Deviations

3.1 Saudi Aramco References

Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures

SAEP-303 Engineering Reviews of Project Proposal and Detail

Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards

Saudi Aramco Engineering Reports

Saudi Aramco Manuals

CMS Manual Capital Management System

3.2 International Standards and Codes

Saudi Aramco: Company General Use

ASME B31.1 Power Piping

Flow Assurance: A multidisciplinary process designed to guarantee that the pipeline

HAZOP (Hazard and Operability): A systematic, detailed analysis technique applied

Hydraulic Surge: Also referred to as “water hammer.” This is a phenomenon in

Surge Analysis: An engineering study that is undertaken to perform a hydraulic transient

Saudi Aramco: Company General Use

5.1 General Requirements

5.1.1 PMT shall provide a copy of this Engineering Procedure to the

5.1.2 Risk assessment studies such as PHA or HAZOP, if available, shall be

Saudi Aramco: Company General Use

5.2 Surge Analysis Preparation Procedures

The hydraulic surge analysis study shall be undertaken if over pressure or

1) Conceptual and Feasibility studies have been completed, detailed

2) Prior to any change in existing pipeline operation or modification to the

4) During commissioning and start up activities, especially for testing sections

5.2.1 Analysis Objective

Saudi Aramco: Company General Use

5.2.2 Pipeline System Scope

Hydraulic surge analysis shall not be limited by project scope of work.

5.2.3 Possible Scenarios of Surge Analysis

The transient/surge flow conditions that are expected to occur shall be

Exhibit II shall be used as a checklist to identify potential causes of

a) Inadvertent closure of a pipeline Class-1 or Class-2 valve.

b) Closure of a downstream plant ESD valve.

c) Trip of intermediate pump.

d) Closure of one looped pipeline.

e) Closure of more than one looped pipeline.

f) Closure of isolation valves, inside interfacing, upstream and

g) Closure or control failure of a pipeline or downstream control valve.

h) Inadvertent start of a standby pump, in addition to existing pump(s)

i) Impact of new pipeline interfacing with existing pipeline

5.2.4 Data Requirements

a) Pipeline system data: General description of the pipeline system,

elevation profile, diameter, wall thickness, roughness or friction

b) Operating conditions: pipeline inlet pressure and temperature, arrival

d) Ambient conditions (summer/winter temperatures), thermal

e) Pumps: Type, number, location, performance characteristics, with

f) Valves: Type, number, location, dynamic performance characteristic

g) Tanks: Location, general layout, dimensions, maximum, minimum

h) Bypass piping: Location, length, diameter, head loss.

j) Units of measurements must be consistent.

Saudi Aramco: Company General Use

5.2.5 Surge Analysis Methodology

1) The analysis shall be performed first without assuming the

2) Additional analysis shall be performed where the introduction of

Surge analysis studies shall be conducted assuming that process initiated

5.2.6 Pipeline Model Validation