Welded joints examples

Celsius®355 NH
Welded Joints Examples Contents

CONTENTS

1 RHS T-Joint Moment in Plane 03

2 CHS Gap K-Joint 09
3 CHS Overlap K-Joint 12
4 RHS Gap K-Joint 15
5 RHS Overlap K-Joint 21
6 RHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap K-Joint 23
7 RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-Joint 82.7 29
8 RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-Joint 102.7 33
9 RHS Chord RHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint 36
10 CHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap KT-Joint 41
11 CHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint 46
12 UB Chord RHS Bracings Gap K-Joint 52

2
Welded Joints Examples RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

1 RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference

N1,Ed = 19.2 kN
Mip,1,Ed = 54 kNm
RHS 150 x 150 x 8

90º

Np,Ed = 350 kN SHS 150 x 150 x 10 N0,Ed = 136 kN

Mip,0,Ed = 16.6 kNm All material Celsius 355 to EN 10210 Mip,0,Ed = 35.8 kNm

Dimensions

b0 = 150 mm b1 = 150 mm
h0 = 150 mm h1 = 150 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm t1 = 8.0 mm

Validity limits check 5.3.1 Figure 37

Chord:
(b0-3 t0)/t0 ; (h0-3 t0)/t0 ≤ 38ε (Class 1 or 2 compression) (EN 1993-1-1)
38ε = 38 √(235/fy0) = 38√(235/355) = 30.92 Table 5.2
(b0-3 t0)/t0 = (150-3 x 10)/10 = 12 ∴PASS
(h0-3 t0)/t0 = (150-3 x 10)/10 = 12 ∴PASS

b0/t0 ≤ 35 b0/t0 = 150/10 = 15 ∴PASS

h0/t0 ≤ 35 h0/t0 = 150/10 = 15 ∴PASS

Compression brace:
bi/ti ; hi/ti ≤ 35 b1/t1 = 150/8 =18.75 ∴PASS
h1/t1 = 150/8 =18.75 ∴PASS

Compression brace:
(b1-3 t1)/t1 ; (h1-3 t1)/t1 ≤ 38ε (Class 1 or 2 compression) (EN 1993-1-1)
38ε = 38 √(235/fy0) = 38√(235/355) = 30.92 Table 5.2
(b1-3 t1)/t1 = (150-3 x 8)/8 = 15.75 ∴PASS
(h1-3 t1)/t1 = (150-3 x 8)/8 = 15.75 ∴PASS

0.25 ≤ bi/b0 ≤ 1.0 b1/b0 = 150/150 = 1.0 ∴PASS

0.5 ≤ h0/b0 ≤ 2.0 h0/b0 = 150/150 = 1.0 ∴PASS

0.5 ≤ hi/bi ≤ 2.0 h1/b1 = 150/150 = 1.0 ∴PASS

30° ≤ θi ≤ 90° θ1 = 90° ∴PASS

3
Welded Joints Examples RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

Reference
Axial: Chord face failure (deformation) 5.3.3
(valid when β ≤ 0.85)

b1 150
β= = = 1 .0 ∴ check not required 6.3
b 0 150

Although this check is not required in this particular case, the chord end stress
factor calculation for is shown below for information as it includes moments;

RHS chord end stress factor, kn

RHS chord most compressive

stress, σ0,Ed;

N0 ,Ed Mip,0 ,Ed Mop,0 ,Ed

σ 0 ,Ed = + + 5.3.2.1
A0 Wel ,ip,0 Wel ,op,0

Note: Moment is additive to compressive stress which is positive for moments. For
RHS chords use most compressive chord stress.
2 2
A0 = 54.9 cm = 5490 mm

136 × 1000 35.8 × 1000 × 1000

σ 0,Ed = +
54.9 × 10 2 236 × 10 3

σ 0,Ed = 176.47 N / mm 2

Chord factored stress ratio, n;

⎛σ ⎞ ⎛ 176.47 ⎞
n = ⎜ 0,Ed ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ 5.3.2.1
⎜ fy 0 ⎟ ⎝ 355 ⎠
⎝ ⎠

n = 0.497

Using formulae: Using graph:

For n > 0 (compression):

5.3.2.1
0 .4 n
k n = 1. 3 − but kn ≤ 1.0
β

From graph, for β = 1.0;

0.4 × 0.497
k n = 1 .3 − ≤ 1 .0
1 .0 kn = 1.0

k n = 1.101 but ≤ 1.0 ∴ k n = 1.0 5.3.2.1

Fig. 38

(However, not required in this case as chord deformation not critical as β>0.85)

4
Welded Joints Examples RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

Reference
Axial: Chord shear 5.3.3
(valid for X-joints with Cos θ1 > h1/h0) As this is a T-joint with θ1 = 90° this check is not
required.

Axial: Chord side wall buckling 5.3.3

(valid when β = 1.0) β = 1.0 ∴check required

k n fb t 0 ⎛ 2 h1 ⎞
N1,Rd = ⎜ ⎟
sin θ1 ⎜ sin θ + 10 t 0 ⎟ / γ M5 5.3.3
⎝ 1 ⎠

Chord side wall buckling strength, fb

For compression brace, T-joint: 5.3.2.3

⎛ h0 ⎞ 1
⎜ ⎟
⎜ t − 2 ⎟ sin θ
⎝ 0 ⎠ i 2 6.1 (For ‘E’)
λ = 3.46 where: E = 210000 N/mm
E
π
f y0

⎛ 150 ⎞ 1
⎜ − 2⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠ sin 90°
λ = 3.46 = 0.589
210000
π
355
Using formulae: Using graph:

From EN 1993-1-1:2005, 6.3.1.2, flexural buckling (EN 1993-1-1)

reduction factor, χ; Table 6.1

From EN 1993-1-1:2005, table 6.1, α = 0.21 (curve ‘a’) (EN 1993-1-1)

6.3.1.2
( ( ) )
φ = 0.5 1 + α λ − 0.2 + λ 2

φ = 0.5 (1 + 0.21 (0.589 − 0.2) + 0.589 ) = 0.714 2

1
χ= but χ ≤ 1.0
φ + φ 2 − λ2
1
χ= but χ ≤ 1.0 From graph, for
0.714 + 0.714 2 − 0.589 2 λ = 0.589 ;
5.3.2.3
χ = 0.895 χ = 0.895 Fig. 40
fb = χ f y 0 (for T- and Y-joints with compression in bracing) 5.3.2.3
fb = 0.895 × 355 = 318 N/mm 2

1.0 × 318 × 10 ⎛ 2 × 150 ⎞

N1,Rd = ⎜⎜ + 10 × 10 ⎟⎟ / 1.0
sin 90° ⎝ sin 90 ° ⎠

5
Welded Joints Examples RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

Reference

Axial: Chord punching shear 5.3.3

(valid when 0.85 ≤ β ≤ 1 – 1/γ)

b0 150
γ= = = 7. 5 6.3
2 t0 2 × 10

1
0.85 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1 − = 0.867
7. 5

∴Check not required

Axial: Bracing failure (effective width)

(valid when β ≥ 0.85) 5.3.3

β = 1.0 6.3

∴check required

N1,Rd = fy1 t1 (2 hi − 4 t1 + 2 beff ,i ) / γM5 5.3.3

where:
10 t 0 fy 0 t 0 5.3.2.2
beff ,i = × bi but beff ,i ≤ bi
b0 fyi ti

10 × 10 355 × 10
beff ,i = × × 150 = 125 mm but beff ,i ≤ 150 mm
150 355 × 8

beff,i = 125 mm

N1,Rd = 355 × 8 (2 × 150 − 4 × 8 + 2 × 125 ) / 1.0

N1,Rd = 1471 kN > 19.2 kN ∴PASS

Moment in plane: Chord face failure (deformation) 5.3.5.1

(valid when β ≤ 0.85)

b1 150
β= = = 1 .0 ∴ check not required 6.3
b 0 150

6
Welded Joints Examples RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

Reference
Moment in plane: Chord side wall crushing 5.3.5.1
(valid when 0.85 < β ≤ 1.0)

b1 150
β= = = 1 .0 ∴ check required 6.3
b0 150

Mip,1,Rd = 0.5 f yk t 0 (h1 + 5 t 0 )2 / γ M5 5.3.5.1

where:
fyk = fy0 (for T-joints) 5.3.2.4

2
∴ fyk = 355 N/mm

Mip,1,Rd = 0.5 × 355 × 10 (150 + 5 × 10 )2 / 1.0

Mip,1,Rd = 71 kNm > 54 kNm ∴PASS

Moment in plane: Bracing failure (effective width) 5.3.5.1

(valid when 0.85 < β ≤ 1.0)

b1 150
β= = = 1 .0 ∴ check required 6.3
b 0 150

⎡ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎤
Mip,1,Rd = fy1 ⎢ Wpl,ip,1 − ⎜⎜ 1 − eff ,1 ⎟⎟ b1 (h1 − t1) t1⎥ / γM5 5.3.5.1
⎣⎢ ⎝ b1 ⎠ ⎦⎥

where:
3 3
Wpl,ip,1 = 237 cm = 237000 mm

beff,1 = 125 mm

⎡ ⎛ 125 ⎞ ⎤
Mip,1,Rd = 355 ⎢237000 − ⎜1 − ⎟ 150 (150 − 8 ) 8⎥ / 1.0
⎣ ⎝ 150 ⎠ ⎦

Mip,1,Rd = 74.1 kNm > 54 kNm ∴PASS

Summary
Axial joint resistance for brace 1 limited by chord side wall buckling and
moment in plane resistance by chord side wall crushing resistance.

Axial joint resistance, N1,Rd = 1272 kN > 19.2 kN ∴PASS

Moment in plane joint resistance, Mip,1,Rd = 71 kNm > 54 kNm ∴PASS

7
Welded Joints Examples RHS T-Joint Moment In Plane

Reference
Interaction check 2.3
When more than one type of force exists, e.g. axial and moments in plane, an
interaction check is required;

Ni,Ed Mip,i,Ed Mop,i,Ed

+ + ≤ 1 .0 (for RHS chords)
Ni,Rd Mip,i,Rd Mop,i,Rd

As there are no moments out of plane;

19.2 54 0
+ + = 0.776
1272 71 Mop,i,Rd

0.776 ≤ 1.000 ∴PASS

8
Welded Joints Examples CHS Gap K-Joint

2 CHS Gap K-Joint

References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference

N1,Ed = 500 kN N2,Ed = - 400 kN

CHS 139.7x5.0 40 CHS 114.3x3.6

45º 45º

Np,Ed = 1000 kN N0,Ed = 1636 kN

CHS 219.1x12.5
All material CELSIUS 355 to EN 10210
Note: Brace 1 usually designated compression and brace 2 tension.

Dimensions

d0 = 219.1 mm d1 = 139.7 mm d2 = 114.3 mm

t0 = 12.5 mm t1 = 5.0 mm t2 = 3.6 mm

Validity limits check 5.1.1 Figure 27

10 ≤ d0/t0 ≤ 50 d0/t0 = 219.1/12.5 = 17.53 ∴PASS

2
d0/t0 ≤ 70ε (Class 1 or 2 for compression chord) (EN 1993-1-1)
2 2 Table 5.2
70ε = 70 [√(235/fy0)] = 70(235/355) = 46.34
17.53 < 46.34 ∴PASS
2
di/ti ≤ 70ε (Class 1 or 2 for compression brace) (EN 1993-1-1)
2 2
70ε = 70 [√(235/fy0)] = 70(235/355) = 46.34 Table 5.2
d1/t1 = 139.7/5.0 = 27.94 < 46.34 ∴PASS

di/ti ≤ 50 d1/t1 = 139.7/5.0 = 27.94 ∴PASS

d2/t2 = 114.3/3.6 = 31.75 ∴PASS

0.2 ≤ di/d0 ≤ 1.0 d1/d0 = 139.7/219.1 = 0.64 ∴PASS

d2/d0 = 114.3/219.1 = 0.52 ∴PASS

-0.55 d0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 d0 -0.55 x 219.1 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 x 219.1

-120.5 ≤ e ≤ +54.8
e = 0 mm ∴PASS

g ≥ t1 + t2 t1 + t2 = 5 + 3.6 = 8.6 mm
g = 40 mm ∴PASS

30° ≤ θ i ≤ 90° θ1 = 45° ∴PASS

θ2 = 45° ∴PASS

9
Welded Joints Examples CHS Gap K-Joint

Reference

Chord face failure (deformation)

Compression brace (1):

k g k p f y0 t 0 2 ⎛ d ⎞
Chord face failure, N1,Rd = ⎜1.8 + 10.2 1 ⎟ / γ M5
sin θ1 ⎜ d0 ⎟ 5.1.3
⎝ ⎠
Gap/lap function, kg

d0 219.1
γ= = = 8.764 6.3
2 t0 2 × 12.5

Using formulae: Using graph:

⎡ 0.024 γ1.2 ⎤ 5.1.2.2

k g = γ 0.2 ⎢1 + ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 + exp (0.5g / t 0 − 1.33 ) ⎦⎥

Note: g is positive for a gap and negative for an overlap

⎡ 0.024 × 8.764 1.2 ⎤ from graph;

k g = 8.764 0.2 ⎢1 + ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 + exp (0.5 × 40 / 12 .5 − 1.33 ) ⎦⎥ g/t0 = 40/12.5 = 3.2

k g = 1.761 kg = 1.761 5.1.2.2

Fig.29

CHS chord end stress factor, kp

CHS chord least compressive applied factored stress, σp,Ed;

Np,Ed Mip,0,Ed Mop,0,Ed

σp,Ed = + +
A0 Wel,ip,0 Wel,op,0 5.1.2.1

Note: Moment is additive to compressive stress which is positive for moments. For
CHS chords use least compressive chord stress.

1000 × 1000
σ p,Ed = = 123.30 N/mm 2
81.1× 10 2

⎛ σ p,Ed ⎞ ⎛ 123.30 ⎞
Chord factored stress ratio, np; np = ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 0.347
⎜ f y0 ⎟ ⎝ 355 ⎠ 5.1.2.1
⎝ ⎠
Using formulae: Using graph:
For np > 0 (compression):

kp = 1 - 0.3 np (1 + np) but ≤ 1.0 5.1.2.1

k p = 1 − 0.3 × 0.347 (1 + 0.347 ) but ≤ 1.0 from graph;
5.1.2.1
k p = 0.860 kp = 0.860 Fig.28

10
Welded Joints Examples CHS Gap K-Joint

Reference
1.761 × 0.860 × 355 × 12.5 2
⎛ 139.7 ⎞
N1,Rd = ⎜1.8 + 10.2 ⎟ / 1.0
sin 45° ⎝ 219.1 ⎠

N1,Rd = 986 kN

Tension brace (2):

sin θ1
N 2,Rd = N1,Rd 5.1.3
sin θ 2

sin 45°
N 2,Rd = × 986
sin 45°

N 2,Rd = 986 kN

Chord punching shear 5.1.3

(valid when di ≤ d0 – 2 t0)

di ≤ d0 – 2 t0

di ≤ 219.1 – 2 x 12.5 = 194.1 mm

d1 = 139.7 mm < 194.1 mm ∴check chord punching shear

d2 = 114.3 mm < 194.1 mm ∴check chord punching shear

f y0 1 + sin θ i
Ni,Rd = t 0 π di / γ M5
3 2 sin 2 θ i

Brace (1):

355 1 + sin 45°

N1,Rd = × 12.5 × π × 139.7 × / 1. 0
3 2 sin 2 45°

N1,Rd = 1919 kN

Brace (2):

355 1 + sin 45°

N 2,Rd = × 12.5 × π × 114.3 × / 1 .0
3 2 sin 2 45°

N 2,Rd = 1570 kN

Joint strength dictated by chord face failure for both bracings;

Brace 1 joint resistance , N1,Rd = 986 kN > 500 kN ∴ PASS

Brace 2 joint resistance , N 2,Rd = 986 kN > 400 kN ∴ PASS

11
Welded Joints Examples CHS Overlap K-Joint

3 CHS Overlap K-Joint

References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference

N1,Ed = 500 kN N2,Ed = - 400 kN

CHS 139.7x5.0 - 45 CHS 114.3x3.6

e = - 42.2 45º 45º

Np,Ed = 1000 kN CHS 219.1x12.5 N0,Ed = 1636 kN

All material CELSIUS 355 to EN 10210

Note: Brace 1 usually designated compression and brace 2 tension

Dimensions

d0 = 219.1 mm d1 = 139.7 mm d2 = 114.3 mm

t0 = 12.5 mm t1 = 5.0 mm t2 = 3.6 mm

Validity limits check 5.1.1 Figure 27

10 ≤ d0/t0 ≤ 50 d0/t0 = 219.1/12.5 = 17.53 ∴PASS

2
d0/t0 ≤ 70ε (Class 1 or 2 for compression chord) (EN 1993-1-1)
2 2 Table 5.2
70ε = 70 [√(235/fy0)] = 70(235/355) = 46.34
17.53 < 46.34 ∴PASS
2
di/ti ≤ 70ε (Class 1 or 2 for compression brace) (EN 1993-1-1)
2 2 Table 5.2
70ε = 70 [√(235/fy0)] = 70(235/355) = 46.34
d1/t1 = 139.7/5.0 = 27.94 < 46.34 ∴PASS

di/ti ≤ 50 d1/t1 = 139.7/5.0 = 27.94 ∴PASS

d2/t2 = 114.3/3.6 = 31.75 ∴PASS

0.2 ≤ di/d0 ≤ 1.0 d1/d0 = 139.7/219.1 = 0.64 ∴PASS

d2/d0 = 114.3/219.1 = 0.52 ∴PASS

-0.55 d0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 d0 -0.55 x 219.1 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 x 219.1

-120.5 ≤ e ≤ +54.8
e = -42.2 mm ∴PASS

25% ≤ λov ≤ 100% λov = |g| sin θ i /di x 100% ∴PASS

λov = 45 sin 45°/114.3 x 100%
λov = 27.8% ∴PASS

30° ≤ θ i ≤ 90° θ1 = 45° ∴PASS

θ2 = 45° ∴PASS

12
Welded Joints Examples CHS Overlap K-Joint

Reference
Chord face failure (deformation)

Compression brace (1):

k g k p fy 0 t 0 2 ⎛ d ⎞
Chord face failure, N1,Rd = ⎜1.8 + 10.2 1 ⎟ / γM5
sin θ1 ⎜ d ⎟ 5.1.3
⎝ 0⎠

Gap/lap function, kg

d0 219.1
γ= = = 8.764 6.3
2 t0 2 × 12.5

Using formulae: Using graph:

⎡ 0.024 γ1.2 ⎤
k g = γ 0.2 ⎢1 + ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 + exp (0.5g / t 0 − 1.33 ) ⎥⎦ 5.1.2.2

Note: g is positive for a gap and negative for an overlap

⎡ 0.024 × 8.764 1.2 ⎤ from graph;

k g = 8.764 0.2 ⎢1 + ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 + exp (0.5 × (− 45 ) / 12 .5 − 1.33 ) ⎥⎦
g/t0 = -45/12.5 = -3.6

k g = 2.024 kg = 2.024 5.1.2.2

Fig. 29

CHS chord end stress factor, kp

CHS chord least compressive applied factored stress, σp,Ed;

Np,Ed Mip,0,Ed Mop,0,Ed

σp,Ed = + + 5.1.2.1
A0 Wel,ip,0 Wel,op,0

Note: Moment is additive to compressive stress which is positive for moments. For
CHS chords use least compressive chord stress.

1000 × 1000
σ p,Ed = = 123.30 N/mm 2
81.1× 10 2

⎛ σ p,Ed ⎞ ⎛ 123.30 ⎞
Chord factored stress ratio, np; np = ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 0.347 5.1.2.1
⎜ f y0 ⎟ ⎝ 355 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
Using formulae: Using graph:
For np > 0 (compression):
5.1.2.1
kp = 1 - 0.3 np (1 + np) but ≤ 1.0
k p = 1 − 0.3 × 0.347 (1 + 0.347 ) but ≤ 1.0 from graph;
5.1.2.1
k p = 0.860 kp = 0.860 Fig. 28

13
Welded Joints Examples CHS Overlap K-Joint

Reference

2.024 × 0.860 × 355 × 12.5 2 ⎛ 139.7 ⎞

N1,Rd = ⎜1.8 + 10.2 ⎟ / 1.0
sin 45° ⎝ 219.1 ⎠

N1,Rd = 1134 kN

Tension brace (2):

sin θ1
N 2,Rd = N1,Rd 5.1.3
sin θ 2

sin 45°
N 2,Rd = × 1134
sin 45°

N 2,Rd = 1134 kN

Chord punching shear check not required for overlapping bracings

Localised shear check for overlapping bracings not required as overlap not greater
than 60%.

Therefore, joint strength dictated by chord face failure for both bracings;

Brace 1 joint resistance , N1,Rd = 1134 kN > 500 kN ∴ PASS

Brace 2 joint resistance , N 2,Rd = 1134 kN > 400 kN ∴ PASS

14
Welded Joints Examples RHS Gap K-Joint

4 RHS Gap K-Joint

References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference

N1,Ed = 650 kN N2,Ed = - 650 kN

SHS 120 x 120 x 5

40

45º 45º

5
Np,Ed = 1000 kN N0,Ed = 1920 kN
SHS 200 x 200 x 10
All material Celsius 355 to EN 10210

Dimensions

b0 = 200 mm b1 = 120 mm b2 = 120 mm

h0 = 200 mm h1 = 120 mm h2 = 120 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm t1 = 5.0 mm t2 = 5.0 mm

Validity limits check 5.3.1 Figure 37

Chord:
(b0-3 t0)/t0 ; (h0-3 t0)/t0 ≤ 38ε (Class 1 or 2 compression) (EN 1993-1-1)
38ε = 38 √(235/fy0) = 38√(235/355) = 30.92 Table 5.2
(b0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17 ∴PASS
(h0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17 ∴PASS

b0/t0 ≤ 35 b0/t0 = 200/10 = 20 ∴PASS

h0/t0 ≤ 35 h0/t0 = 200/10 = 20 ∴PASS

Compression brace:
bi/ti ; hi/ti ≤ 35 b1/t1 = 120/5 =24 ∴PASS
h1/t1 = 120/5 =24 ∴PASS

Compression brace:
(b1-3 t1)/t1 ; (h1-3 t1)/t1 ≤ 38ε (Class 1 or 2 compression) (EN 1993-1-1)
38ε = 38 √(235/fy0) = 38√(235/355) = 30.92 Table 5.2
(b1-3 t1)/t1 = (120-3 x 5)/5 = 21 ∴PASS
(h1-3 t1)/t1 = (120-3 x 5)/5 = 21 ∴PASS

Tension brace:
bi/ti ; hi/ti ≤ 35 b2/t2 = 120/5 =24 ∴PASS
h2/t2 = 120/5 =24 ∴PASS

bi/b0 ≥ 0.35 b1/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6 ∴PASS

b2/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6 ∴PASS

0.1+0.01 b0/t0 ≤ bi/b0 ≤ 1.0 0.1+0.01 b0/t0 = 0.3

b1/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6 ∴PASS
b2/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6 ∴PASS

15
Welded Joints Examples RHS Gap K-Joint

Reference
0.5 ≤ h0/b0 ≤ 2.0 h0/b0 = 200/200 = 1.0 ∴PASS

0.5 ≤ hi/bi ≤ 2.0 h1/b1 = 120/120 = 1.0 ∴PASS

h2/b2 = 120/120 = 1.0 ∴PASS

-0.55 h0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 h0 -0.55 x 200 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 x 200

-110.0 ≤ e ≤ +50.0
e = +5.0 mm ∴PASS

30° ≤ θ i ≤ 90° θ 1 = 45° ∴PASS

θ 2 = 45° ∴PASS

g ≥ t1 + t 2 40 ≥ 5 + 5 = 10 mm ∴PASS

0.5 b0(1-β) ≤ g ≤ 1.5 b0(1-β) g = 40 mm

β = (b1+b2+h1+h2)/(4 b0)
β = (120+120+120+120)/(4x200) = 0.6
0.5 x 200(1-0.6) ≤ g ≤ 1.5 x 200(1-0.6)
40 mm ≤ g ≤ 120 mm ∴PASS

-0.55 h0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 h0 e = 5 mm
-0.55 x 200 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 x 200
-110 ≤ e ≤ +50 ∴PASS

Chord face failure (deformation) – brace 1

5.3.3
Note: Brace 1 usually designated compression and brace 2 tension.

Compression brace (1):

8 .9 k n f y 0 t 0 2 γ ⎛ b 1 + b 2 + h1 + h 2 ⎞
Ni,Rd = ⎜ ⎟ / γ M5
sin θ i ⎜ 4 b0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
5.3.3

16
Welded Joints Examples RHS Gap K-Joint

Reference

RHS chord end stress factor, kn

RHS chord most compressive applied factored stress, σ0,Ed;

N0 ,Ed Mip,0 ,Ed Mop,0 ,Ed

σ 0 ,Ed = + + 5.3.2.1
A0 Wel ,ip,0 Wel ,op,0

Note: Moment is additive to compressive stress which is positive for moments. For
RHS chords use most compressive chord stress.

1920 × 1000
σ 0,Ed = = 256.34 N/mm 2
74.9 × 10 2

Chord factored stress ratio, n;

⎛σ ⎞ ⎛ 256.34 ⎞
n = ⎜ 0,Ed ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ 5.3.2.1
⎜ fy 0 ⎟ ⎝ 355 ⎠
⎝ ⎠

n = 0.722

Using formulae: Using graph:

For n > 0 (compression): 5.3.2.1

0 .4 n
k n = 1. 3 − but kn ≤ 1.0
β
0.4 × 0.722
k n = 1 .3 − but ≤ 1.0 From graph, for β = 0.6;
0.6
kn = 0.819 5.3.2.1
k n = 0.819 Fig. 38

b0 200
γ= = = 10 6.3
2 t0 2 × 10

8.9 × 0.819 × 355 × 10 2 × 10 ⎡ 120 + 120 + 120 + 120 ⎤

N1,Rd = ×⎢ ⎥ / 1 .0
sin 45° ⎣ 4 × 200 ⎦

N1,Rd = 694 kN

17
Welded Joints Examples RHS Gap K-Joint

Chord shear between bracings check – brace 1 Reference

f y 0 A v,0
Ni,Rd = / γ M5 5.3.3
3 sin θ i

where:
for RHS bracings:

1 1
α= = = 0.212 5.3.2.5
4g 2
4 × 40 2
1+ 1+
3 t02 3 × 10 2

Av,0 = (2 h0 + α b0) t0 5.3.2.5

A v,0 = (2 × 200 + 0.212 × 200 )10 = 4424 mm2

355 × 4424
Ni,Rd = / 1. 0
3 sin 45°

N1,Rd = 1282 kN

Bracing Effective width – brace 1

Ni,Rd = f yi t i (2 h i − 4 t i + b i + b eff ) / γ M5 5.3.3

where:

10 t 0 fy 0 t 0
beff ,i = × bi but beff ,i ≤ bi 5.3.2.2
b0 fyi ti

10 × 10 355 × 10
beff ,i = × × 120 = 120 mm but beff ,i ≤ 120 mm
200 355 × 5

beff,i = 120 mm

Ni,Rd = 355 × 5 (2 × 120 − 4 × 5 + 120 + 120 ) / 1.0

N1,Rd = 817 kN

18
Welded Joints Examples RHS Gap K-Joint

Reference
Chord punching shear – brace 1 5.3.3
(valid when β ≤ 1 – 1/γ)

β ≤ 1 – 1/γ

0.6 ≤ 1 – 1/10 = 0.9 mm ∴check chord punching shear

fy 0 t 0 ⎛ 2 hi ⎞
Ni,Rd = ⎜ + bi + b e, p,i ⎟⎟ / γ M5 5.3.3
⎜
3 sin θi ⎝ sin θi ⎠

where:
10 t 0
b e,p,i = bi but b e,p,i ≤ bi 5.3.2.2
b0

10 × 10
be,p,i = × 120 = 60 mm but b e,p,i ≤ 120 mm
200

be,p,i = 60 mm

355 × 10 ⎛ 2 × 120 ⎞
Ni,Rd = ⎜⎜ + 120 + 60 ⎟⎟ / 1.0
3 sin 45° ⎝ sin 45 ° ⎠

N1,Rd = 1506 kN

Summary - brace 1
Joint strength for brace 1 dictated by chord face deformation.

∴ Brace 1 joint resistance, N1,Rd = 694 kN > 650 kN ∴PASS

Brace 2
Repeat brace resistance formulae for brace 2.

Note: As both braces are of same geometry, brace 2 resistance will be the same:

Chord face deformation, N 2,Rd = 694 kN

Chord shear check, N 2,Rd = 1282 kN

Bracing effective width, N 2,Rd = 817 kN

Punching shear, N 2,Rd = 1506 kN

∴ Brace 2 joint resistance, N 2,Rd = 694 kN > 650 kN ∴PASS

19
Welded Joints Examples RHS Gap K-Joint

Reference
Chord axial load resistance in gap 5.3.3

Check: N0,gap,Rd ≥ N0,gap,Ed

N 0,gap,Rd = ⎢(A 0 − A v,0 ) f y 0 + A v,0 f y 0

⎡
(
1 − V0,Ed / Vpl,0,Rd )2 ⎤⎥ / γ M5 5.3.3
⎣ ⎦

where:
2 2
A0 = 74.9 cm = 7490 mm

2 5.3.2.5
Av,0 = 4424 mm

V0,Ed = max( |N1,Ed| sin θ1 , |N2,Ed| sin θ2) 5.3.3

V0,Ed = max( |650| sin 45° , |-650| sin 45°) = max (459.6, 459.6)

V0,Ed = 459.6 kN

A v,0 ( fy 0 / 3 )
Vpl,0,Rd = 5.3.3
γM0 (EN 1993-1-1)
6.2.6 (2)
4424 × (355 / 3 )
Vpl,0,Rd = = 906.7 kN
1 .0

460 Horz 460 Horz

650 - 650

Np,Ed = 1000 1000 1000

460 460
N0,gap,Ed = 1460 460
N0,Ed = 1920
Change of chord axial force in K-joint

N0,gap,Ed = max (Np,Ed + N1,Ed cos θ1, N0,Ed + N2,Ed cos θ2) 5.3.3

N0,gap,Ed = max (1000 + 650 cos 45°, 1920 + (-650) cos 45°)

N0,gap,Ed = max (1460, 1460) = 1460 kN

⎡ ⎤
N0,gap,Rd = ⎢(7490 − 4424 ) 355 + 4424 × 355 1 − (459.6 / 906.7 )2 ⎥ / 1.0
⎣ ⎦

N0,gap,Rd = 2442 kN > 1460 kN ∴PASS

20
Welded Joints Examples RHS Overlap K-Joint

5 RHS Overlap K-Joint

References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference

N1,Ed = 600 kN SHS 120 x 120 x 5 N2,Ed = - 600 kN

j 70 i
-50.1
45º 45º

Np,Ed = 1000 kN SHS 200 x 200 x 10 N0,Ed = 1849 kN

All material Celsius 355 to EN 10210
Dimensions

b0 = 200 mm b1 = 120 mm b2 = 120 mm

h0 = 200 mm h1 = 120 mm h2 = 120 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm t1 = 5.0 mm t2 = 5.0 mm

Validity limits check 5.3.1 Figure 37

Chord:
(b0-3 t0)/t0 ; (h0-3 t0)/t0 ≤ 38ε (Class 1 or 2 compression) (EN 1993-1-1)
38ε = 38 √(235/fy0) = 38√(235/355) = 30.92 Table 5.2
(b0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17 ∴PASS
(h0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17 ∴PASS

Compression brace:
(b1-3 t1)/t1 ; (h1-3 t1)/t1 ≤ 33ε (Class 1 compression) (EN 1993-1-1)
33ε = 33 √(235/fy0) = 33√(235/355) = 26.85 Table 5.2
(b1-3 t1)/t1 = (120-3 x 5)/5 = 21 ∴PASS
(h1-3 t1)/t1 = (120-3 x 5)/5 = 21 ∴PASS

Tension brace:
bi/ti ; hi/ti ≤ 35 b2/t2 = 120/5 =24 ∴PASS
h2/t2 = 120/5 =24 ∴PASS

0.25 ≤ bi/b0 ≤ 1.0 b1/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6 ∴PASS

b2/b0 = 120/200 = 0.6 ∴PASS

0.5 ≤ h0/b0 ≤ 2.0 h0/b0 = 200/200 = 1.0 ∴PASS

0.5 ≤ hi/bi ≤ 2.0 h1/b1 = 120/120 = 1.0 ∴PASS

h2/b2 = 120/120 = 1.0 ∴PASS

-0.55 h0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 h0 -0.55 x 200 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 x 200

-110.0 ≤ e ≤ +50.0
e = -50.1 mm ∴PASS

25% ≤ λ ov λ ov = |g| sin θ i /h i x 100%

λ ov = 70 sin 45°/120 x 100%
λ ov = 41.2% ∴PASS

bi/bj ≥ 0.75 bi/bj = 120/120 = 1.0 ∴PASS

21
Welded Joints Examples RHS Overlap K-Joint

Reference
Bracing Effective width – Overlapping brace, i (2) 5.3.3

Note: Only the overlapping brace (i) need be checked. The resistance of the
overlapped brace (j) is based on an efficiency ratio to that of the overlapping
brace.

Overlapping brace, i (2):

For 25% ≤ λov < 50%

⎛ λ ⎞
Ni,Rd = fyi ti ⎜ beff ,i + be,ov + 2 hi ov − 4 ti ⎟ / γM5 5.3.3
⎝ 50 ⎠

where:

10 t 0 fy 0 t 0
beff ,i = × bi but beff ,i ≤ bi 5.3.2.2
b0 fyi ti

10 × 10 355 × 10
beff ,i = × × 120 = 120 mm but beff ,i ≤ 120 mm
200 355 × 5

beff,i = 120 mm

10 t j f yj t j
b e,ov = × bi but b e,ov ≤ b i 5.3.2.2
bj f yi t i

10 × 5 355 × 5
b e,ov = × × 120 but b e,ov ≤ 120
120 355 × 5

b e,ov = 50 mm

⎛ 41.2 ⎞
Ni,Rd = 355 × 5 ⎜ 120 + 50 + 2 × 120 − 4 × 5 ⎟ / 1 .0
⎝ 50 ⎠

Ni,Rd = N 2,Rd = 617 kN > 600 kN ∴PASS

Bracing Effective width – Overlapped brace, j (1)

N j,Rd = Ni,Rd
(A j fyj )
(Ai fyi )
5.3.3

where:
2 2
Aj = A1 = 22.7 cm = 2270 mm
2 2
Ai = A2 = 22.7 cm = 2270 mm

N j,Rd = 617 ×
(2270 × 355 )
(2270 × 355 )
Ni,Rd = N1,Rd = 617 kN > 600 kN ∴PASS

22
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

6 RHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference

ALL MATERIAL;
CELSIUS 355 to EN 10210
N1,Ed = 500 kN
CHS 114.3 x 6.3

g = 85 N2,Ed = - 500 kN

45° 45°

e = 23.3

Np,Ed = 1212 kN SHS 200 x 200 x 10 N0,Ed = 1920 kN

Dimensions

b0 = 200 mm d1 = 114.3 mm d2 = 114.3 mm

h0 = 200 mm t1 = 6.3 mm t2 = 6.3 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm

Validity limits check

Chord:
(b0-3 t0)/t0 ; (h0-3 t0)/t0 ≤ 38ε (Class 1 or 2 compression) 5.3.1 Figure 37
38ε = 38 √(235/fy0) = 38√(235/355) = 30.92 (EN 1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
(b0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17 ∴PASS
(h0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17 ∴PASS

b0/t0 ≤ 35 b0/t0 = 200/10 = 20 ∴PASS

h0/t0 ≤ 35 h0/t0 = 200/10 = 20 ∴PASS

Compression brace:
(d1/t1 ≤ 50ε (Class 1 or 2 compression)
(EN 1993-1-1)
50ε = 50 √(235/fy0) = 50√(235/355) = 40.7 Table 5.2
d1/t1 = 114.3/6.3 = 18.1 ≤ 40.7 ∴PASS

Tension brace:
di/ti ≤ 50 d2/t2 = 114.3/6.3 = 18.1 ∴PASS

0.4 ≤ di/b0 ≤ 0.8 d1/b0 = 114.3/200 = 0.57 ∴PASS

d2/b0 = 114.3/200 = 0.57 ∴PASS

23
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

0.5 ≤ h0/b0 ≤ 2.0 h0/b0 = 200/200 = 1.0 ∴PASS Reference

-0.55 h0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 h0 -0.55 x 200 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 x 200

-110.0 ≤ e ≤ +50.0
e = +23.0 mm ∴PASS

30° ≤ θ i ≤ 90° θ 1 = 45° ∴PASS

θ 2 = 45° ∴PASS

g ≥ t1 + t 2 85 ≥ 6.3 + 6.3 = 12.6 mm ∴PASS

Chord face failure (deformation) – brace 1

Note: Brace 1 usually designated compression and brace 2 tension.

Compression brace (1):

8.9 k n fy 0 t 0 2 γ ⎛ d1 + d2 + d1 + d2 ⎞
Ni,Rd = ⎜ ⎟ / γ M5
sin θi ⎜ 4 b0 ⎟ 5.3.3
⎝ ⎠

RHS chord end stress factor, kn

RHS chord most compressive applied factored stress, σ0,Ed;

N0 ,Ed Mip,0 ,Ed Mop,0 ,Ed

σ 0 ,Ed = + +
A0 Wel ,ip,0 Wel ,op,0 5.3.2.1

Note: Moment is additive to compressive stress which is positive for moments. For
RHS chords use most compressive chord stress.

1920 × 1000
σ 0,Ed = = 256.34 N/mm 2
74.9 × 10 2

Chord factored stress ratio, n;

⎛σ ⎞ ⎛ 256.34 ⎞
n = ⎜ 0,Ed ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ 5.3.2.1
⎜ fy 0 ⎟ ⎝ 355 ⎠
⎝ ⎠

n = 0.722

24
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

Using formulae: Using graph: Reference

For n > 0 (compression): 5.3.2.1

0 .4 n
k n = 1. 3 − but kn ≤ 1.0
β
0.4 × 0.722
k n = 1 .3 − but ≤ 1.0 From graph, for β = 0.6;
0.6
kn = 0.819 5.3.2.1
k n = 0.819 Fig. 38

b0 200
γ= = = 10 6.3
2 t0 2 × 10

8.9 × 0.819 × 355 × 10 2 × 10 ⎡ 114.3 + 114.3 + 114.3 + 114.3 ⎤

N1,Rd = ×⎢ ⎥ / 1.0
sin 45° ⎣ 4 × 200 ⎦

π
N1,Rd = 661 kN......661 × = 519 kN
4

Chord shear between bracings check – brace 1

f y 0 A v,0
Ni,Rd = / γ M5 5.3.3
3 sin θ i

where:
for CHS bracings:

α=0 5.3.2.5

Av,0 = (2 h0 + α b0) t0 5.3.2.5

A v,0 = (2 × 200 + 0 × 200 )10 = 4000 mm 2

355 × 4000
Ni,Rd = / 1 .0
3 sin 45°

π
N1,Rd = 1159 kN...... × = 910 kN
4

25
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

Bracing Effective width – brace 1 Reference

Ni,Rd = fyi t i (2 di − 4 t i + di + beff ) / γ M5

5.3.3
where:

10 t 0 f y 0 t 0 5.3.2.2
b eff ,i = × di but b eff ,i ≤ di
b0 f yi t i

10 × 10 355 × 10
b eff ,i = × × 120 = 95.2 mm but b eff ,i ≤ 120 mm
200 355 × 6.3

beff,i = 95.2 mm

Ni,Rd = 355 × 6.3 (2 × 114.3 − 4 × 6.3 + 114.3 + 95.2) / 1.0

π
N1,Rd = 923 kN..... × = 725 kN
4

Chord punching shear – brace 1 5.3.3

(valid when β ≤ 1 – 1/γ)

β ≤ 1 – 1/γ

0.6 ≤ 1 – 1/10 = 0.9 mm ∴check chord punching shear

fy 0 t 0 ⎛ 2 di ⎞
Ni,Rd = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ sin θ + di + b e, p,i ⎟ / γ M5 5.3.3
3 sin θi ⎝ i ⎠

where:
10 t 0 5.3.2.2
b e,p,i = di but b e,p,i ≤ di
b0

10 × 10
b e,p,i = × 114 .3 = 57 .2 mm but b e,p,i ≤ 120 mm
200

be,p,i = 57.2 mm

355 × 10 ⎛ 2 × 114.3 ⎞
Ni,Rd = ⎜⎜ + 114.3 + 57.2 ⎟⎟ / 1.0
3 sin 45° ⎝ sin 45° ⎠

π
N 1,Rd = 1434 kN ........ × = 1126 kN
4

Summary - brace 1
Joint strength for brace 1 dictated by chord face deformation.

∴ Brace 1 joint resistance, N1,Rd = 519 kN > 500 kN ∴PASS

26
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

Brace 2 Reference
Repeat brace resistance formulae for brace 2.

Note: As both braces are of same geometry, brace 2 resistance will be the same:

Chord face deformation, N2,Rd = 519 kN

Chord shear check, N2,Rd = 910 kN

Bracing effective width, N2,Rd = 725 kN

Punching shear, N2,Rd = 1126 kN

∴ Brace 2 joint resistance, N2,Rd = 519 kN > 500 kN ∴PASS

Chord axial load resistance in gap

Check: N0,gap,Rd ≥ N0,gap,Ed

N 0,gap,Rd = ⎢(A 0 − A v,0 ) f y 0 + A v,0 f y 0

⎡
(
1 − V0,Ed / Vpl,0,Rd )2 ⎤⎥ / γ M5 5.3.3
⎣ ⎦

where:
2 2
A0 = 74.9 cm = 7490 mm
2 5.3.2.5
Av,0 = 4000 mm

V0,Ed = max( |N1,Ed| sin θ1 , |N2,Ed| sin θ2) 5.3.3

V0,Ed = max( |500| sin 45° , |-500| sin 45°) = max (354,354 )

V0,Ed = 354 kN 5.3.2.2

A v,0 ( fy 0 / 3 ) 5.3.3
Vpl,0,Rd = (EN 1993-1-1)
γM0
6.2.6 (2)

4000 × (355 / 3 )
Vpl,0,Rd = = 819.8 kN
1 .0

27
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

Reference

354 Horz 354 Horz

500 - 500

Np,Ed = 1212 1212 1212

354 354
N0,gap,Ed = 1566 354
N0,Ed = 1920

Change of chord axial force in K-joint

N0,gap,Ed = max (Np,Ed + N1,Ed cos θ1, N0,Ed + N2,Ed cos θ2) 5.3.3

N0,gap,Ed = max (1212 + 500 cos 45°, 1920 + (-500) cos 45°)

N0,gap,Ed = max (1566, 1566) = 1566 kN

⎡ ⎤
N0,gap,Rd = ⎢(7490 − 4000 ) 355 + 4000 × 355 1 − (354 / 819.8 )2 ⎥ / 1.0
⎣ ⎦

N0,gap,Rd = 2520 kN > 1566 kN ∴PASS

28
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-Joint 82.7

7 RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-

Joint 82.7
References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference

-109.1
ALL MATERIAL;
CELSIUS 355 to EN 10210
Ni,Ed = - 400kN

Nj,Ed = 500kN CHS 114.3 x 6.3

CHS 114.3 x 6.3

e = - 19.5 30° 60°

RHS 200 x 100 x 10

Np,Ed = 1000kN N0,Ed = 1636kN

NOTE: BRACE ‘j’ USUALLY DESIGNATED COMPRESSION AND BRACE ‘i’ TENSION.

Dimensions

h0 = 100.0 mm b0 = 200.0 mm di = 114.3 mm dj = 114.3 mm

t0 = 10.0 mm ti = 6.3 mm tj = 6.3 mm fu,i = 470 N/mm²
fu,j = 470 N/mm²

(fu,i & fu,j from EN10210-1:2006 Table A.3)

For Eccentricity;

⎡ di dj ⎤ ⎡ sin θi × sin θ j ⎤ h
e=⎢ + + g⎥ × ⎢ ⎥− 0
⎣⎢ 2 × sin θi 2 × sin θ j ( )
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ sin θi + θ j ⎦⎥ 2

λ ov × di
where g =
100 × sin θi
82.7 × 114.3
g=
100 × sin (60°)
g = − 109.1 mm
6.5 Figure 57

29
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-Joint 82.7

⎡ 114 .3 114 .3 ⎤ ⎡ sin (60 ° ) × sin (30 °) ⎤ 100 Reference

e=⎢ + + ( − 109 .1)⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin ( 60 ° ) 2 × sin (30 ° ) ⎦ ⎣ sin (60 ° + 30 °) ⎦ 2

e = −19 .5 mm

Validity limits check

2
b0/t0 ≤ 38ε (Class 1 or 2 for compression chord)
2 2 (EN1993-1-1)
38ε = 38 [√(235/fy0)] = 38(235/355) = 25.15 (Table 5.2)
b0/t0 = 200.0/10.0 = 20.0 < 25.15 ∴PASS

2
dj/tj ≤ 50ε (Class 1 for compression brace)
2 2
50ε = 50 [√(235/fy0)] = 50(235/355) = 33.10 (EN1993-1-1)
dj/tj = 114.3/6.3 = 18.14 < 33.10 ∴PASS (Table 5.2)

di/ti ≤ 50 (Tension Brace) di/ti = 114.3/6.3 = 18.14 ≤ 50 ∴PASS

0.4 ≤ di/b0 ≤ 0.8 di/d0 = 114.3/200.0 = 0.57 ∴PASS

dj/d0 = 114.3/200.0 = 0.57 ∴PASS

0.5 ≤ h0/ b0 ≤ 2.0 h0/ b0 = 100.0/200.0 = 0.50 ∴PASS

-0.55 h0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 h0 -0.55 x 100.0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 x 100.0

-55 ≤ e ≤ +25
e = -19.5 mm ∴PASS

λov ≥ 25% λov = |g| sin θ I /di x 100% ∴PASS

λov = 109.1 sin 60°/114.3 x 100%
λov = 82.7% ∴PASS

30° ≤ θI ≤ 90° θj = 30° ∴PASS

θI = 60° ∴PASS

di/dj ≥ 0.75 di/dj = 114.3/114.3 = 1.0 ∴PASS

5.3 Figure 37

Brace Effective Width;

Overlapping brace (i):

N i,Rd = f yi t i (d i + d e ,ov + 2 d i − 4 t i ) / γ M 5 5.3.3

where:

10 fyj × t j 5.3.2.2
de,ov = × × di but de,ov ≤ di
d j / t j fyi × ti

30
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-Joint 82.7

Reference

10 355 × 6.3
de,ov = × × 114 .3 but de,ov ≤ 114 .3
114 .3 / 6.3 355 × 6.3

de,ov = 63 but ≤ 114 .3 ∴ de,ov = 63mm

∴ Ni,Rd = 355 x 6.3 x (114.3 + 63 + 228.6 – 25.2) / 1.0

N i,Rd = 851 kN -----Æ 851 × π⁄4 = 668 kN > 400 kN ∴ PASS

Brace Effective Width;

Overlapped Brace (j):

N j,Rd = Ni,Rd ×
(A j × fyj )
(Ai × fyi ) 5.3.3

where:

A j = 21.4 cm2 = 2140 mm 2

A i = 21.4 cm2 = 2140 mm 2

N j,Rd = 668 ×
(2140 × 355 )
(2140 × 355 )

N j,Rd = 668 kN > 500 kN ∴ PASS

Overlapping Bracings Shear Check For CHS Bracings;

Vertical component of Ni,Ed & N j,Ed;

∴ Ni,v,Ed = Ni,Ed × sin (θi ) & N j,v,Ed = N j,Ed × sin (θ j )

∴ Ni,v,Ed = 400 × sin (60°) = 346.4 kN

∴ N j,v,Ed = 500 × sin (30°) = 250 kN

346.4 − 250
∴ % vert. component diff . = × 100 = 27.8%
346.4
∴ As difference between brace vertical component > 20% hidden
toe needs welding.

31
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-Joint 82.7

Shear Check valid when 80% < λov < 100% and overlapped brace hidden toe welded; Reference

Ni,Ed cos θi + N j cos θ j ≤ .......... .

,Ed

⎡ ⎡⎛ 100 − λ ov ⎞ ⎤ ⎤
⎢ ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟ × 2di + deff ,i ⎥ × ti ⎥
f
π ⎢ u, ⎢⎝
...... × ⎢ i × ⎣
100 ⎠ ⎦⎥ +
fu, j
×
( )
2d j + c s × deff , j × t j ⎥ 1 5.3.3
⎥×
4 ⎢ 3 sin θi 3 sin θ j γ
⎥ M5
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

10t 0 fy,0 × t 0 5.3.2.2

where : deff ,i = × × di but ≤ di
b0 fy,i × ti

10 × 10 355 × 10
deff ,i = × × 114.3 but ≤ 114.3
200 355 × 6.3

deff ,i = 91.4 ≤ 114.3 ∴deff ,i = 91.4 mm

10t 0 fy,0 × t 0 5.3.2.2

where : deff , j = × × dj but ≤ d j
b0 fy, j × t j

10 × 10 355 × 10
deff , j = × × 114.3 but ≤ 114.3
200 355 × 6.3

deff , j = 91.4 ≤ 114.3 ∴ deff , j = 91.4 mm

where : c s = 2 (hidden toe welded) 5.1.3

∴ Ni cosθi + Nj cosθ j ≤ ...........

⎡ ⎡⎛ 100 − 82.7 ⎞ ⎤ ⎤
⎢ ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × (2 × 114.3) + 91.4⎥ × 6.3 ⎥
π ⎢ 470 ⎢⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 470 ((2 × 114.3) + 2 × 91.4) × 6.3 ⎥ 1
...... × ⎢ × + × ⎥×
4 ⎢ 3 sin (60°) 3 sin (30°) ⎥ 1
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

= 1307 kN

∴ 400 × cos (60°) + 500 × cos ( 30°) = 633 kN ≤ 1307 kN ∴ PASS

32
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-Joint 102.7

8 RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-

Joint 102.7
References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference

g = -135.5
ALL MATERIAL;
CELSIUS 355 to EN 10210 Ni,Ed = - 400kN

Nj,Ed = 500kN CHS 114.3 x 6.3

CHS 114.3 x 6.3

e = - 30.6 30° 60°

RHS 200 x 100 x 10

Np,Ed = 1000kN N0,Ed = 1636kN

NOTE: BRACE ‘j’ USUALLY DESIGNATED COMPRESSION AND BRACE ‘i’ TENSION.

Dimensions

h0 = 100.0 mm b0 = 200.0 mm di = 114.3 mm dj = 114.3 mm

t0 = 10.0 mm ti = 6.3 mm tj = 6.3 mm fu,i = 470 N/mm²
fu,j = 470 N/mm²

(fu,i & fu,j from EN10210-1:2006 Table A.3)

For Eccentricity;

⎡ di dj ⎤ ⎡ sin θi × sin θ j ⎤ h
e=⎢ + + g⎥ × ⎢ ⎥− 0
⎣⎢ 2 × sin θi 2 × sin θ j ( )
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ sin θi + θ j ⎦⎥ 2

λ ov × di
where g =
100 × sin θi
102.7 × 114.3
g=
100 × sin (60°)
g = − 135.5 mm 6.5 Figure 57

33
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-Joint 102.7

⎡ 114 .3 114 .3 ⎤ ⎡ sin (60 ° ) × sin (30 °) ⎤ 100 Reference

e=⎢ + + ( − 135 .5 )⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin ( 60 ° ) 2 × sin (30 ° ) ⎦ ⎣ sin (60 ° + 30 °) ⎦ 2

e = −30 .6 mm

Validity limits check

2
b0/t0 ≤ 38ε (Class 1 or 2 for compression chord) (EN1993-1-1)
2 2
38ε = 38 [√(235/fy0)] = 38(235/355) = 25.15 Table 5.2
b0/t0 = 200.0/10.0 = 20.0 < 25.15 ∴PASS

2
dj/tj ≤ 50ε (Class 1 for compression brace)
2 2 (EN1993-1-1)
50ε = 50 [√(235/fy0)] = 50(235/355) = 33.10 Table 5.2
dj/tj = 114.3/6.3 = 18.14 < 33.10 ∴PASS

di/ti ≤ 50 (Tension Brace) di/ti = 114.3/6.3 = 18.14 ≤ 50 ∴PASS

0.4 ≤ di/b0 ≤ 0.8 di/d0 = 114.3/200.0 = 0.57 ∴PASS

dj/d0 = 114.3/200.0 = 0.57 ∴PASS

0.5 ≤ h0/ b0 ≤ 2.0 h0/ b0 = 100.0/200.0 = 0.50 ∴PASS

-0.55 h0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 h0 -0.55 x 100.0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 x 100.0

-55 ≤ e ≤ +25
e = -30.6 mm ∴PASS

λov ≥ 25% λov = |g| sin θ i /di x 100% ∴PASS

λov = 135.5 sin 60°/114.3 x 100%
λov = 102.7% ∴PASS

30° ≤ θi ≤ 90° θj = 30° ∴PASS

θi = 60° ∴PASS

di/dj ≥ 0.75 di/dj = 114.3/114.3 = 1.0 ∴PASS 5.3 Figure 37

Brace Effective Width;

Overlapping brace (i):

N i,Rd = f yi t i (d i + d e ,ov + 2 d i − 4 t i ) / γ M 5 where λov ≥ 80%; 5.3.3

where:

10 fyj × t j
de,ov = × × di but de,ov ≤ di 5.3.2.2
d j / t j fyi × ti

10 355 × 6.3
de,ov = × × 114 .3 but de,ov ≤ 114 .3
114 .3 / 6.3 355 × 6.3

de,ov = 63 but ≤ 114 .3 ∴ de,ov = 63 mm

34
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap K-Joint 102.7

Ni,Rd = 355 x 6.3 x (114.3 + 63 + 228.6 – 25.2) / 1.0 Reference

N i,Rd = 851 kN -------> 851 × π⁄4 = 668 kN > 400 kN ∴ PASS

Brace Effective Width;

Overlapped Brace (j):

N j,Rd = Ni,Rd ×
(A j × fyj )
(Ai × fyi ) 5.3.3

where:

A j = 21.4 cm2 = 2140 mm 2

A i = 21.4 cm2 = 2140 mm 2

N j,Rd = 668 ×
(2140 × 355 )
(2140 × 355 )

N j,Rd = 668 kN > 500 kN ∴ PASS

Overlapping Bracings Shear Check for CHS Bracings; where λov > 100%;

Ni,Ed cos θi + N j cos θ j ≤ .......... . 5.3.3

,Ed

...... × ×
(
π fu, j 3 × d j + deff , j × t j)×
1
4 3 sin θ j γM5

where:
10 t0 fy,0 × t 0 5.3.2.2
deff , j = × × dj but ≤ d j
b0 fy, j × t j

10 × 10 355 × 10
deff , j = × × 114.3 but ≤ 114.3
200 355 × 6.3

deff , j = 91.4 ≤ 114.3 ∴ deff , j = 91.4 mm

∴ Ni,Ed cos θi + N j cos θ j ≤ .......... .

,Ed

π 470 (3 × 114 .3 + 91.4 ) × 6.3 1

...... × × ×
4 3 sin( 30 ) γM5

Ni cos θi + Nj cos θ j ≤ 673 kN

400 × cos (60°) + 500 × cos ( 30°) = 633 kN ≤ 673 kN ∴ PASS

35
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord RHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint

9 RHS Chord RHS Bracings Overlap KT-

Joint
References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference

ALL MATERIAL;
CELSIUS 355 to EN 10210 N3,Ed = 150kN

N2,Ed = - 650kN
N1,Ed = 492kN
Brace 3

Brace 2
Brace 1

45° 50°

e = - 19.5
e1 = -50.0

e2= -40.4
RHSx 200
SHS 200 x 200 10.0x 100 x 10

NOTE: Brace ‘j’ designated overlapped, Brace ‘i’ overlapping

Brace ‘1’ SHS is 90 x 90 x 5.0, Brace ‘2’ and ‘3’ is SHS 100 x 100 x 6.3

Dimensions

h0 = 200.0 mm h1 = 90.0 mm h2 = 100.0 mm h3 = 100.0 mm

b0 = 200.0 mm b1 = 90.0 mm b2 = 100.0 mm b3 = 100.0 mm
t0 = 10.0 mm t1 = 5.0 mm t2 = 6.3 mm t3 = 6.3 mm
γM5 = 1.0 A1 = 23.2cm2 A2 = 16.7cm2 A3 = 23.2cm2

This example is to show how to calculate a KT-Joint with SHS chord and braces. The method of
checking a KT-Joint depends on the direction of the brace forces, gap or overlap and chord section
profile. This example is for;

• One diagonal brace opposite direction to the other two bracings

• Both diagonal bracings overlapping
• Rectangular chord and bracings

With this configuration, the joint can be checked like two separate K-joints. Please be aware that
different brace angle and overlap values may change how the joint is calculated and you should refer to
the Tata Design of Welded Joints literature before tackling any joint to make sure you are using the
correct method and formulae.The force combination of the braces can be seen at 5.6.2 Figure 51(c) (as
a (from left to right) compression-compression-tension) of our Design Of Welded Joints literature.

36
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord RHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint

GEOMETRIC CALCULATIONS Reference

For Eccentricity; Brace 1 in relation to Brace 3;

⎡ b1 b3 ⎤ ⎡ sin θ1 × sin θ3 ⎤ h0
e1 = ⎢ + + g⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin θ1 2 × sin θ3 ⎦ ⎣ sin (θ1 + θ3 ) ⎦ 2

Brace 1 to 3 overlap, λov = 50%;

λ ov × bi 6.5 Figure 57
where; g =
100 × sin θi
50.0 × 90.0
g1 = × −1
100 × sin (45°)
g1 = − 63.6 mm
(gap is negative as it’s an overlap)

⎡ 90 .0 100 .0 ⎤ ⎡ sin (45 ° ) × sin (90 ° ) ⎤ 200 .0

e1 = ⎢ + + ( − 63 .6 )⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin ( 45 ° ) 2 × sin (90 ° ) ⎦ ⎣ sin (45 ° + 90 ° ) ⎦ 2

= −50 .0 mm

For Eccentricity, Brace 2 in relation to Brace 3;

⎡ b2 b3 ⎤ ⎡ sin θ2 × sin θ3 ⎤ h0
e2 = ⎢ + + g⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin θ 2 2 × sin θ3 ⎦ ⎣ sin (θ2 + θ3 ) ⎦ 2

Brace 2 to 3 overlap, λov = 50%;

λ ov × b2 6.5 Figure 57
where; g2 =
100 × sin θ2

50.0 × 100
g2 =
100 × sin (50°)

g2 = −65.3 mm
(gap is negative as it’s an overlap)

⎡ 100 .0 100 .0 ⎤ ⎡ sin (50 ° ) × sin (90 ° ) ⎤ 200 .0

e2 = ⎢ + + ( − 65 .3 )⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin ( 50 ° ) 2 × sin (90 ° ) ⎦ ⎣ sin (50 ° + 90 ° ) ⎦ 2

= −40 .4 mm

Validity limits check for both K-Joints 5.3 Figure 37

(b0-3 t0)/t0 ; (h0-3 t0)/t0 ≤ 38ε (Class 1 or 2 for chord) (EN1993-1-1)

38ε = 38 [√(235/fy0)] = 38√ (235/355) = 30.92 Table 5.2
(b0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17 ∴PASS
(h0-3 t0)/t0 = (200-3 x 10)/10 = 17 ∴PASS
(EN1993-1-1)
(b1-3 t1)/t1 ; (h1-3 t1)/t1 ≤ 33ε (Class 1 for compression braces) Table 5.2

37
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord RHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint

33ε = 33 [√(235/fy0)] = 33√ (235/355) = 26.85

Reference
(b1-3 t1)/t1 = (90-3 x 5)/5 = 15 ∴PASS
(h1-3 t1)/t1 = (90-3 x 5)/5 = 15 ∴PASS
(b3-3 t3)/t3 = (100-3 x 6.3)/6.3 = 12.9 ∴PASS
(h3-3 t3)/t3 = (100-3 x 6.3)/6.3 = 12.9 ∴PASS

bi/ti ; hi/ti ≤ 35 (Tension Brace) b2/t2 = 100.0/6.3 = 15.9 ∴PASS

h2/t2 = 100.0/6.3 = 15.9 ∴PASS

0.25 ≤ bi/b0 ≤ 1.0 b1/b0 = 90.0/200.0 = 0.45 ∴PASS

b2/b0 = 100.0/200.0 = 0.5 ∴PASS
b3/b0 = 100.0/200.0 = 0.5 ∴PASS

0.5 ≤ h0/ b0 ≤ 2.0 h0/ b0 = 200.0/200.0 = 1.0 ∴PASS

0.5 ≤ hi/ bi ≤ 2.0 h1/b1 = 90.0/90.0 = 1.0 ∴PASS
h2/b2 = 100.0/100.0 = 1.0 ∴PASS
h3/b3 = 100.0/100.0 = 1.0 ∴PASS

-0.55 h0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 h0 -0.55 x 200.0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 x 200.0

-110 ≤ e ≤ +50
e1 = -50 mm ∴PASS
e2 = -40.4 mm ∴PASS

λov ≥ 25% λov,1 = |g| sin θ 1 /h1 x 100%

λov,1 = 63.6 x sin 45°/90 x 100%
λov,1 = 50% ∴PASS
λov,2 = 65.3 x sin 50°/100 x 100% 6.5 Figure 57
λov,2 = 50% ∴PASS

30° ≤ θi ≤ 90° θ1 = 45° ∴PASS

θ2 = 50° ∴PASS
θ3 = 90° ∴PASS

bi/bj ≥ 0.75 b1/b3 = 90.0/100.0 = 0.9 ∴PASS

b2/b3 = 100.0/100.0 = 1.0 ∴PASS

Brace 1 & 3 as overlap K-Joint

Brace Effective Width Failure for 50% ≤λov<80%;

5.3.3 (K- & N-

N i,Rd = f yi t i (b eff ,i + b e ,ov + 2 h i − 4 t i ) / γ M 5
Overlap Sect)
where;

10 t 3 fy 3 × t 3 5.3.2.2
be,ov,1 = × × b1 but be,ov,1 ≤ b1
b3 fy1 × t1

38
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord RHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint

Reference

10 × 6.3 355 × 6.3

b e,ov ,1 = × × 90 .0 but b e,ov ,1 ≤ 90 .0
100 .0 355 × 5.0

b e,ov ,1 = 71 .4 but ≤ 90 .0 ∴ b e,ov,1 = 71 .4 mm

where;

10 × t 0 f y0 × t 0
b eff ,1 = × × b 1 but b eff ,1 ≤ b 1 5.3.2.2
b0 f y1 × t 1

10 × 10 355 × 10
b eff ,1 = × × 90 but b eff ,1 ≤ 90
200 355 × 5 . 0

b eff ,1 = 90 mm but b eff ,1 ≤ 90 ∴ b eff ,1 = 90 mm

N1,Rd = 355 x 5.0 x (90.0 + 71.4 + 2 x 90 – 4 x 5.0)/1.0

N 1,Rd = 570 kN > 492 kN ∴PASS

For overlapped Brace (3):

N j,Rd = Ni,Rd ×
(A j × fyj )
where;
(Ai × fyi ) 5.3.3 (K- & N-
Overlap Sect)
A 3 = 23.2 cm2 = 2320 mm 2
A1 = 16.7 cm2 = 1670 mm 2 (Tata Technical
Guide TST02)

N3,Rd = 570 ×
(2320 × 355)
(1670 × 355)

N 3 ,Rd = 792kN > 150kN ∴PASS

Brace 2 & 3 as overlap K-Joint

Brace Effective Width Failure for 50% ≤λov<80%;

10 t 3 f y 3 × t 3
b e,ov,2 = × × b 2 but b e,ov,2 ≤ b 2 5.3.2.2
b3 fy2 × t 2

39
Welded Joints Examples RHS Chord RHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint

Reference

10 × 6.3 355 × 6.3

b e,ov ,2 = × × 100 .0 but b e,ov ,2 ≤ 100 .0
100 .0 355 × 6.3

b e,ov ,2 = 63 but ≤ 100 .0 ∴ be,ov,2 = 63 mm

where;

10 × t 0 f y0 × t 0
b eff ,2 = × × b 2 but b eff ,2 ≤ b 2 5.3.2.2
b0 f y2 × t 2

10 × 10 355 × 10
b eff ,2 = × × 100 but b eff ,2 ≤ 100
200 355 × 6 . 3

b eff ,2 = 79 .4 mm but b eff ,2 ≤ 100 ∴ b eff ,2 = 79 . 4 mm

N2,Rd = 355 x 6.3 x (79.4 + 63 + 2 x 100 – 4 x 6.3) / 1.0

N 2 ,Rd = 709 kN > 650 kN ∴PASS

For Overlapped Brace (3):

N j,Rd = Ni,Rd ×
(A j × fyj ) 5.3.3 (K- & N-
where:
(Ai × fyi ) Overlap Sect)

A 3 = 23.2 cm2 = 2320 mm 2

A 2 = 23.2 cm2 = 2320 mm 2 (Tata Technical
Guide TST02)

N3,Rd = 709 ×
(2320 × 355)
(2320 × 355)

N3,Rd = 709kN > 150kN ∴PASS

SUMMARY

Here, the validity limits are combined to include all three braces and then for the calculations, due to the
nature of the joint, it can be treated as two overlap K-Joints. This means Brace 3 (the vertical overlapped
brace) is checked twice in relation to Brace 1 and Brace 2 and must pass on both of these checks. It is
important to check the joint configuration and refer to our Design of Welded Joints literature to make sure the
correct method and formulae is used.

40
Welded Joints Examples CHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap KT-Joint

10 CHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap KT-Joint

References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference

ALL MATERIAL;
CELSIUS 355 to EN 10210 N3,Ed = 113kN

N1,Ed = 369kN
Brace 3

N2,Ed = - 488kN
Brace 2
g1,3 = 30mm g2,3 = 52mm
Brace 1

45° 30°

e = - 19.5 CHS 193.7 x 10.0

512kN 1087kN

RHS
e1 = 46.8mm 200 x 100 x 10 e2 = 21.2mm

NOTE: Brace ‘1’ CHS is 88.9 x 5.0, Brace ‘2’ and ‘3’ is CHS 101.6 x 6.3

Dimensions

d0 = 193.7 mm d1 = 88.9 mm d2 = 101.6 mm d3 = 101.6 mm

t0 = 10.0 mm t1 = 5.0 mm t2 = 6.3 mm t3 = 6.3 mm
2 2 2
γM5 = 1.0 A1 = 13.2cm A2 = 18.9cm A3 = 18.9cm

This example is to show how to calculate a gap KT-Joint with CHS chord and braces. The
recommendations for an all-CHS gap KT-Joint are in EN1993-1-8 Table 7.6. The method of checking a
KT-Joint depends on the direction of the brace forces, gap or overlap and chord section profile. This
example is for;

• One diagonal brace opposite direction to the other two bracings

• Both diagonal bracings have a gap to the central brace
• Circular chord and bracings

With this configuration, the joint capacity is based on the most highly loaded compression brace for
chord face failure and punching shear failure for each brace. Please be aware that different brace angle
and gap values may change how the joint is calculated and you should refer to the Tata Design of
Welded Joints literature before tackling any joint to make sure you are using the correct method and
formulae.The force combination of the braces can be seen at 5.6.2 Figure 51(c) (as a (from left to right)
compression-compression-tension) of our Design Of Welded Joints literature.

41
Welded Joints Examples CHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap KT-Joint

Geometric Calculations Reference

For Eccentricity; Brace 1 in relation to Brace 3;

⎡ d1 d3 ⎤ ⎡ sin θ1 × sin θ3 ⎤ d0
e1 = ⎢ + + g⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin θ1 2 × sin θ3 ⎦ ⎣ sin (θ1 + θ3 ) ⎦ 2

Brace 1 to 3 gap, g1 = 30mm;

⎡ 88 .9 101 .6 ⎤ ⎡ sin (45 ° ) × sin (90 ° ) ⎤ 193 .7

e1 = ⎢ + + 30 .0 ⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin ( 45 ° ) 2 × sin (90 ° ) ⎦ ⎣ sin (45 ° + 90 ° ) ⎦ 2

= 46 .8 mm

For Eccentricity, Brace 2 in relation to Brace 3;

⎡ d2 d3 ⎤ ⎡ sin θ2 × sin θ3 ⎤ d0
e2 = ⎢ + + g⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin θ2 2 × sin θ3 ⎦ ⎣ sin (θ2 + θ3 ) ⎦ 2

Brace 2 to 3 gap, g2 = 52mm;

⎡ 101 .6 101 .6 ⎤ ⎡ sin (30 ° ) × sin (90 ° ) ⎤ 193 .7

e2 = ⎢ + + 52 .0 ⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin ( 30 ° ) 2 × sin (90 ° ) ⎦ ⎣ sin (30 ° + 90 ° ) ⎦ 2

= 21 .2 mm

Validity limits check for both K-Joints 5.1.1 Figure 27

10 ≤ d0/t0 ≤ 50 d0/t0 = 193.7/10.0 = 19.37 ∴PASS

d0/t0 ≤ 70ε2 (Class 1 or 2 for chord)

(EN1993-1-1)
70ε2 = 70 [√(235/fy0)]2 = 70√ (235/355)2 = 46.34
Table 5.2
d0/t0 = 19.37 ≤ 46.34 ∴PASS

di/ti ≤ 50 d1/t1 = 88.9/5.0 = 17.78 ∴PASS

d2/t2 = 101.6/6.3 = 16.13 ∴PASS
d3/t3 = 101.6/6.3 = 16.13 ∴PASS

2
di/ti ≤ 70ε (Class 1 or 2 for compression bracings)
70ε2 = 70 [√(235/fy0)]2 = 70√ (235/355)2 = 46.34 (EN1993-1-1)
Table 5.2
d1/t1= 17.78 ∴PASS
d3/t3 = 16.13 ∴PASS

0.2 ≤ di/d0 ≤ 1.0 d1/d0 = 88.9/193.7 = 0.46 ∴PASS

d2/d0 = 101.6/193.7 = 0.52 ∴PASS
d3/d0 = 101.6/193.7 = 0.52 ∴PASS

-0.55 d0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 d0 -0.55 x 193.7 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 x 193.7

-106.5 ≤ e ≤ +48.4
e1 = 46.8 mm ∴PASS
e2 = 21.2 mm ∴PASS

42
Welded Joints Examples CHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap KT-Joint

g ≥ t1 + t2 but ≤ 12t0 for g1,3 ≥ t1 + t3 = 5.0 + 6.3 = 11.3 mm but ≤ 12t0 Reference
g2,3 ≥ t2 + t3 = 6.3 + 6.3 = 12.6 mm but ≤ 12t0
12t0 = 12 x 10.0 = 120 mm
g1,3 = 30 mm ∴PASS
g2,3 = 52 mm ∴PASS

30° ≤ θi ≤ 90° θ1 = 45° ∴PASS

θ2 = 30° ∴PASS
θ3 = 90° ∴PASS

Chord Face Failure (deformation);

Based on compression brace with most compressive load;

Compression brace (1);

k g × k p × fy0 × t 0 2 ⎛ d + d2 + d3 ⎞
N 1,Rd = × ⎜⎜ 1 . 8 + 10 . 2 × 1 ⎟ / γ M5 5.1.3 (K- & N-
sin θ 1 3 × d0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ Joints)

Gap/lap factor, kg;

Using Formulae:
⎡ 0.024 γ1.2 ⎤
k g = γ 0.2 ⎢1 + ⎥ 5.1.2.2 (kg)
⎣⎢ 1 + exp (0.5g / t 0 − 1.33 ) ⎦⎥
where;

d0 193 .7
γ= = = 9 .69 6.3 (γ)
2 t 0 2 × 10 .0

Note: (g) is positive for gap and negative for overlap.

Use the largest gap between two bracings having significant forces acting
in opposite direction.

Using Formulae: Using Graph:

⎡ ⎤ From graph;
0.024 × 9.691.2
k g = 9.69 0.2 ⎢1 + ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 + exp (0.5 × 52 / 10 .0 − 1.33 ) ⎦⎥ g/t0 = 52/10.0 = 5.2
For graph
k g = 1.70 kg = 1.70 5.1.2.2 Fig. 29

43
Welded Joints Examples CHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap KT-Joint

Reference
CHS chord end stress factor, kp

CHS chord least compressive applied factored stress, σp,Ed;

Np,Ed Mip,0,Ed Mop,0,Ed

σp,Ed = + + 5.1.2.1
A0 Wel,ip,0 Wel,op,0

Note: Moment is additive to compressive stress which is positive for moments.

For CHS chords use least compressive chord stress.

512 × 1000
σp,Ed = 2
= 88.7 N/mm2
57.7 × 10

⎛ σp,Ed ⎞ ⎛ 88.7 ⎞
Chord factored stress ratio, np; np = ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 0.25 5.1.2.1
⎜ fy0 ⎟ ⎝ 355 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
Using formulae: Using graph:
For np > 0 (compression): 5.1.2.1 (kp)

kp = 1 - 0.3 np (1 + np) but ≤ 1.0

kp = 1 − 0.3 × 0.25 (1 + 0.25) but ≤ 1.0
from graph;
For graph
k p = 0.91 kp = 0.91 5.1.2.1 Fig. 28

1 . 70 × 0 . 91 × 355 × 10 . 0 2 ⎛ 88 . 9 + 101 . 6 + 101 . 6 ⎞

N 1,Rd = × ⎜ 1 . 8 + 10 . 2 × ⎟ / 1 .0
sin 45 ° ⎝ 3 × 193 . 7 ⎠

N1,Rd = 538kN > 369kN ∴ PASS

For this type of configuration (see 5.6.2 Figure 51(c));

N 1,Ed × sin θ 1 + N 3 ,Ed × sin θ 3 ≤ N 1,Rd × sin θ 1

5.6.2

369 × sin 45 ° + 113 × sin 90 ° ≤ 538 × sin 45 °

374 kN ≤ 380 kN ∴ PASS

44
Welded Joints Examples CHS Chord CHS Bracings Gap KT-Joint

N 2,Ed × sin θ 2 ≤ N 1,Rd × sin θ 1 Reference

448 × sin 30 ° ≤ 538 × sin 45 °

244 kN ≤ 380 kN ∴ PASS

Check for Chord Punching Shear failure;

Valid if: di ≤ d0 – 2t0 where d0 – 2t0 = 193.7 – (2 x 10.0) = 173.7 mm 5.1.3

d1 = 88.9 mm
d2 = 101.6 mm
d3 = 101.6 mm

Therefore check for Chord Punching Shear;

fy0 1 + sin θ i 5.1.3

N i,Rd = × t 0 × π × d1 × / γ M5
2
3 2 × sin θi

For Brace 1;

355 1 + sin 45 °
N 1,Rd = × 10 . 0 × π × 88 . 9 × / 1 .0
3 2 × sin 2 45 °

N 1,Rd = 977 kN > 369 kN ∴ PASS

For Brace 2;

355 1 + sin 30 °
N 2,Rd = × 10 . 0 × π × 101 . 6 × / 1 .0
3 2 × sin 2 30 °

N 2 ,Rd = 1963 kN > 488 kN ∴ PASS

For Brace 3;

355 1 + sin 90 °
N 3 ,Rd = × 10 . 0 × π × 101 . 6 × / 1 .0
3 2 × sin 2 90 °

N 3 ,Rd = 654 kN > 113 kN ∴ PASS

Summary
Here, the validity limits are combined to include all three braces. The eccentricity values use both brace 1 and
2 (diagonals) in relation to brace 3 (the vertical brace). It is important to check the joint configuration and refer
to our Design of Welded Joints literature to make sure the correct method and formulae is used. To re-iterate
this is a theoretical method which is not supported by research or tests.

45
Welded Joints Examples CHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint

11 CHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KT-

Joint
References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference

ALL MATERIAL;
CELSIUS 355 to EN 10210 N3,Ed = 113kN
N2,Ed = - 488kN
N1,Ed = 369kN
Brace 3

Brace 1 Brace 2

45° 50°

512kN e = - 19.5
e1 = -73.2mm e2 = -60.4mm 1087kN

RHS 200 x 100CHS

x 10193.7 x 10.0

NOTE: Brace ‘j’ designated overlapped, Brace ‘i’ overlapping

Brace ‘1’ CHS is 88.9 x 5.0, Brace ‘2’ and ‘3’ is CHS 101.6 x 6.3

Dimensions

d0 = 193.7 mm d1 = 88.9 mm d2 = 101.6 mm d3 = 101.6 mm ‘fu‘ values taken

t0 = 10.0 mm t1 = 5.0 mm t2 = 6.3 mm t3 = 6.3 mm from Product
γM5 = 1.0 A1 = 13.2 cm2 A2 = 18.9 cm2 A3 = 18.9 cm2 Standard
fu1 = 470 N/mm2 fu2 = 470 N/mm2 fu3 = 470 N/mm2 EN10210-1
Table A.3 as
This example is to show how to calculate an overlap KT-Joint with CHS chord and braces. Please be required by UK
aware that there are no recommendations for an overlap KT- Joint in EN1993-1-8 or elsewhere as far National Annex
as Tata Steel is aware. This is a Tata Steel method and is included in the Tata Steel Design of Welded
Joints literature. It is a theoretical method which is not supported by research or tests. The method of
checking a KT-Joint depends on the direction of the brace forces, gap or overlap and chord section
profile. This example is for;

• One diagonal brace opposite direction to the other two bracings

• Both diagonal bracings overlapping
• Circular chord and bracings

With this configuration, the joint capacity is based on the most highly loaded compression brace for
chord face failure. Please be aware that different overlap values may change how the joint is calculated
and you should refer to the Tata Design of Welded Joints literature before tackling any joint to make
sure you are using the correct method and formulae.The force combination of the braces can be seen
at 5.6.2 Figure 51(c) (as a (from left to right) compression-compression-tension) of our Design Of
Welded Joints literature. Due to one of the braces falling within the limits (overlapping percentage) for
the localised brace-to-chord shear check, this calculation has also been completed.

46
Welded Joints Examples CHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint

Geometric Calculations Reference

For Eccentricity; Brace 1 in relation to Brace 3;

⎡ d1 d3 ⎤ ⎡ sin θ1 × sin θ3 ⎤ d0
e1 = ⎢ + + g⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin θ1 2 × sin θ3 ⎦ ⎣ sin (θ1 + θ3 ) ⎦ 2

Brace 1 to 3 overlap, λov = 71.6%;

λ ov × d1
where; g = 6.5 Figure 57
100 × sin θ1
71.6 × 88.9
g1 = × −1
100 × sin (45°)
g1 = − 90 mm
(gap is negative as it’s an overlap)

⎡ 88 .9 101 .6 ⎤ ⎡ sin (45 ° ) × sin (90 ° ) ⎤ 193 .7

e1 = ⎢ + + ( − 90 .0 )⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin ( 45 ° ) 2 × sin (90 ° ) ⎦ ⎣ sin (45 ° + 90 ° ) ⎦ 2

= −73 .2 mm

For Eccentricity, Brace 2 in relation to Brace 3;

⎡ d2 d3 ⎤ ⎡ sin θ2 × sin θ3 ⎤ d0
e2 = ⎢ + + g⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin θ2 2 × sin θ3 ⎦ ⎣ sin (θ2 + θ3 ) ⎦ 2

Brace 2 to 3 overlap, λov = 65.2%;

λ ov × d2
where; g2 =
100 × sin θ2 6.5 Figure 57

65.2 × 101.6
g2 =
100 × sin (50°)

g2 = −86.5 mm
(gap is negative as it’s an overlap)

⎡ 101 .6 101 .6 ⎤ ⎡ sin (50 ° ) × sin (90 ° ) ⎤ 193 .7

e2 = ⎢ + + ( − 86 .5 )⎥ × ⎢ ⎥−
⎣ 2 × sin ( 50 ° ) 2 × sin (90 ° ) ⎦ ⎣ sin (50 ° + 90 ° ) ⎦ 2

= −60 .4 mm

Validity limits check for both K-Joints 5.1.1 Figure 27

10 ≤ d0/t0 ≤ 50 d0/t0 = 193.7/10.0 = 19.37 ∴PASS

d0/t0 ≤ 70ε2 (Class 1 or 2 for chord)

70ε2 = 70 [√(235/fy0)]2 = 70√ (235/355)2 = 46.34 (EN1993-1-1)
d0/t0 = 19.37 ≤ 46.34 ∴PASS Table 5.2

47
Welded Joints Examples CHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint

di/ti ≤ 50 d1/t1 = 88.9/5.0 = 17.78 ∴PASS Reference

d2/t2 = 101.6/6.3 = 16.13 ∴PASS
d3/t3 = 101.6/6.3 = 16.13 ∴PASS

2
di/ti ≤ 70ε (Class 1 or 2 for compression bracings)
(EN1993-1-1)
70ε2 = 70 [√(235/fy0)]2 = 70√ (235/355)2 = 46.34 Table 5.2
d1/t1= 17.78 ∴PASS
d3/t3 = 16.13 ∴PASS

0.2 ≤ di/d0 ≤ 1.0 d1/b0 = 88.9/193.7 = 0.46 ∴PASS

d2/b0 = 101.6/193.7 = 0.52 ∴PASS
d3/b0 = 101.6/193.7 = 0.52 ∴PASS

-0.55 d0 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 d0 -0.55 x 193.7 ≤ e ≤ +0.25 x 193.7 5.1.1 Figure 27

-106.5 ≤ e ≤ +48.4
e1 = -73.2 mm ∴PASS
e2 = -60.4 mm ∴PASS

λov ≥ 25% λov,i = |g| sin θ i /di x 100% 6.5 Figure 57

λov,1 = 90.0 x sin 45°/88.9 x 100%
λov,1 = 71.6% ∴PASS
λov,2 = 86.5 x sin 50°/101.6 x 100%
λov,2 = 65.2% ∴PASS

30° ≤ θi ≤ 90° θ1 = 45° ∴PASS

θ2 = 50° ∴PASS
θ3 = 90° ∴PASS

Chord Face Failure (deformation);

Compression brace (1);

k g × k p × fy0 × t 0 2 ⎛ d ⎞ 5.1.3 (K- & N-

N 1,Rd = × ⎜⎜ 1 . 8 + 10 . 2 × 1 ⎟⎟ / γ M 5
sin θ 1 ⎝ d0 ⎠ Joints)

Gap/lap factor, kg;

Using Formulae:
⎡ 0.024 γ1.2 ⎤
k g = γ 0.2 ⎢1 + ⎥ 5.1.2.2 (kg)
⎢⎣ 1 + exp (0.5g / t 0 − 1.33 ) ⎥⎦
where;

d0 193 .7
γ= = = 9 .69 6.3 (γ)
2 t 0 2 × 10 .0

Note: (g) is positive for gap and negative for overlap

Use the smallest overlap for (g)

48
Welded Joints Examples CHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint

Reference
Using Formulae: Using Graph:
⎡ ⎤ From graph;
0.024 × 9.691.2
k g = 9.69 0.2 ⎢1 + ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 + exp (0.5 × ( −86 .5 ) / 10 .0 − 1.33 ) ⎦⎥
g/t0 = -86.5/10.0 = -8.7
For graph
k g = 2.15 kg = 2.15 5.1.2.2 Fig. 29

CHS chord end stress factor, kp

CHS chord least compressive applied factored stress, σp,Ed;

Np,Ed Mip,0,Ed Mop,0,Ed 5.1.2.1

σp,Ed = + +
A0 Wel,ip,0 Wel,op,0

Note: Moment is additive to compressive stress which is positive for moments.

For CHS chords use least compressive chord stress.

512 × 1000
σp,Ed = = 88.7 N/mm2
57.7 × 102

⎛ σp,Ed ⎞ ⎛ 88.7 ⎞ 5.1.2.1

Chord factored stress ratio, np; np = ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 0.25
⎜ fy0 ⎟ ⎝ 355 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
Using formulae: Using graph: 5.1.2.1 (kp)
For np > 0 (compression):

kp = 1 - 0.3 np (1 + np) but ≤ 1.0

kp = 1 − 0.3 × 0.25 (1 + 0.25) but ≤ 1.0
from graph;
For graph
5.1.2.1 Fig. 28
k p = 0.91 kp = 0.91

2 . 15 × 0 . 91 × 355 × 10 . 0 2 ⎛ 88 . 9 ⎞
N 1,Rd = × ⎜ 1 . 8 + 10 . 2 × ⎟ / 1 .0
sin 45 ° ⎝ 193 . 7 ⎠

N 1,Rd = 637 kN > 369 kN ∴ PASS

Tension Brace (2);

sin θ 1 5.1.3
N 2 ,Rd = × N 1,Rd
sin θ 2

sin 45 °
N 2,Rd = × 637
sin 50 °

N2,Rd = 588kN > 488kN ∴PASS

Chord Punching shear not required for overlapping bracings

49
Welded Joints Examples CHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint

Localised Brace-to-Chord Shear Check for overlapped Joints; Reference

Although this failure mode check was included as a corrigendum in section 7.1.2 (6) of EN 1993-1-8, no
equations have been included in tables 7.2, 7.10, 7.21 or 7.24. In their absence, the following criteria for
adequacy of the shear connection may be used. They are based on research by CIDECT but expressed using
EN1993-1-8 symbols.

Modified equation only applicable when brace 3 is the overlapped brace (j) and diagonals 1 and 2 overlap (i).

For KT-Joint overlap joint check 60% < λov,1 or λov,2 < 100%;

( N 1,Ed cos θ 1 − N 2,Ed cos θ 2 + N 3 ,Ed cos θ 3 ) ≤ ....... 5.1.3

(Modified for
three braces)

⎡ ⎛ 100 − λ ov ,1 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 100 − λ ov ,2 ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟ × 2 d 1 + d eff ,1 ⎥ × t 1
⎟ ⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟ × 2 d 2 + d eff ,2 ⎥ × t 2
⎟
π ⎛⎜ f u1 ⎣⎢ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦⎥ f ⎣⎢ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦⎥
× × + u2 × ........
4 ⎜⎝ 3 sin θ 1 3 sin θ 2

fu3 (c s1 × d eff ,3 + c s 2 × d eff ,3 ) × t 3 ⎞

⎟×
1
+ × ⎟ γ
3 sin θ 3 ⎠ M5

where Brace Effective Width (overlapping braces);

12 t 0 fy0 × t 0
d eff ,i = × × d i but d eff ,i ≤ d i 5.1.2.3
d0 f yi × t i

12 × 10 . 0 355 × 10 . 0
d eff ,1 = × × 88 . 9 but d eff ,1 ≤ 88 . 9
193 . 7 355 × 5 . 0

d eff ,1 = 110 . 1 but d eff ,1 ≤ 88 . 9

d eff ,1 = 88 . 9 mm

12 × 10 . 0 355 × 10 . 0
d eff ,2 = × × 101 . 6 but d eff , 2 ≤ 101 . 6
193 . 7 355 × 6 . 3

d eff ,2 = 100 but d eff ,2 ≤ 101 . 6

d eff ,2 = 100 mm

50
Welded Joints Examples CHS Chord CHS Bracings Overlap KT-Joint

where Brace Effective Width (overlapped brace); Reference

12 t 0 fy0 × t 0
d eff , j = × × d j but d eff , j ≤ d j
d0 f yj × t j 5.1.2.3

12 × 10 . 0 355 × 10 . 0
d eff ,3 = × × 101 . 6 but d eff ,3 ≤ 101 . 6
193 . 7 355 × 6 . 3

d eff ,3 = 100 but d eff ,3 ≤ 101 . 6

d eff ,3 = 100 mm

Assume the hidden toes of braces 1 & 2 are NOT welded therefore;

c s1 = 1 5.1.3
c s 2 = 1 (If hidden toe /s welded c s = 2 )

Therefore;

(369 cos 45 ° − (− 488 ) cos 50 ° + 113 cos 90 ° ) ≤ .......

⎡ ⎛ 100 − 71 . 6 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 100 − 65 . 2 ⎞ ⎤
⎢⎜ ⎟ × 2 × 88 . 9 + 88 . 9 ⎥ × 5 . 0 ⎢⎜ ⎟ × 2 × 101 . 6 + 100 ⎥ × 6 . 3
π ⎛⎜ 470 ⎣ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦ 470 ⎣ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦
× × + × ........
⎜
4 ⎝ 3 sin 45 ° 3 sin 50 °

+
470
×
(1 × 100 + 1 × 100 ) × 6 . 3 ⎞ 1 . 0
⎟×
3 sin 90 ° ⎠ 1 .0

π
575 kN ≤ × (267467 + 380971 + 341907 ) × 1 .0
4

π
575 kN ≤ × (989745 )
4

575 kN ≤ 778 kN ∴ PASS

Summary
Here, the validity limits are combined to include all three braces. The eccentricity values use both brace 1 and
2 (diagonal) in relation to brace 3 (the vertical overlapped brace). The localised brace-to-chord shear check
has been completed due to the high overlap. Please note that even if one brace is within limits for the brace-
to-chord shear check, the check will still have to be calculated. In this example both diagonal braces overlap
within the limits for the shear check. The brace-to-chord shear check equation sees the addition of the
horizontal loads of the 3 bracings, the 2 angled braces having loads that result in the same horizontal
direction. This means the brace 2 load (negative tension load) had to be subtracted so that the double-
negative created a positive result so that the equation calculated correctly. It is important to check the joint
configuration and refer to our Design of Welded Joints literature to make sure the correct method and
formulae is used. To re-iterate this is a theoretical method which is not supported by research or tests.

51
Welded Joints Examples UB Chord RHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

12 UB Chord RHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

References are generally to Tata Steel publication ‘Design of Welded Joints’ (unless otherwise stated). Reference
MATERIAL;
BRACES: CELSIUS S355 to EN 10210
UB CHORD: ADVANCE S355 to EN 10025
N1,Ed = 150 kN N2,Ed = -150 kN
SHS 100 x 100 x 6.3

g = 165.8mm

45° 45°

Np,Ed = 250 kN UB 305 x 127 x 48 (S355) N0,Ed = 462 kN

Dimensions

b0 = 125.3 mm h1 = 100.0 mm h2 = 100.0 mm

h0 = 311.0 mm b1 = 100.0 mm b2 = 100.0 mm
tw = 9.0 mm t1 = 6.3 mm t2 = 6.3 mm
tf = 14.0 mm
dw = h0 – 2 x (tf – r0) = 265.2 mm
r0 = 8.9 mm

Validity limits check 5.7.1 Figure 55

(EN1993-1-1
Chord: Web; Table 5.2)
dw/tw ≤ 38ε (Class 1 or 2 compression)
38ε = 38 √(235/fy0) = 38 √(235/355) = 30.92
dw/tw = 265.2/9 = 29.5 ∴PASS
dw ≤ 400 dw = 265.2 ∴PASS
Chord: Flange;
cf/tf ≤ 10ε (Class 1 or 2 compression) (EN1993-1-1
10ε = 10 √(235/fy0) = 10 √(235/355) = 8.1 Table 5.2)
cf = (b0 – 2r0 - tw)/2 = (125.3 – 2 × 8.9 – 9)/2 = 49.25
cf/tf = 49.25/14.0 = 3.52 ∴PASS

Compression and Tension brace:

hi/ti ≤ 35 hi/ti = 100/6.3 = 15.87 ∴PASS
bi/ti ≤ 35 bi/ti = 100/6.3 = 15.87 ∴PASS
hi/bi = 1.0 hi/bi = 100/100 = 1.0 ∴PASS

Compression brace:
(b1 – 3t1)/t1 ; (h1 – 3t1)/t1 ≤ 38ε (Class 1 or 2 compression)
38ε = 38 √(235/355) = 30.92
(b1 – 3t1)/ t1 = (100 – 3 × 6.3)/6.3 = 81.1/6.3 = 12.87 ∴PASS

52
Welded Joints Examples UB Chord RHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

g ≥ t1 + t2 = 6.3 + 6.3 = 12.6 Reference

g = 165.8 (zero eccentricity) ∴PASS
30° ≤ Ө1 ≤ 90° Ө1 = 45° ∴PASS
30° ≤ Ө2 ≤ 90° Ө2 = 45° ∴PASS

Chord Web Yielding;

f y 0 × t w × b w ,i
N 1,Rd = / γ M5
sin θ i
5.7.4

hi
where… b w ,i + 5 (t f + r 0 ) but ≤ 2 t i + 10 (t f + r 0 )
sin θ i
5.7.2

100
b w ,1 = + 5 (14 . 0 + 8 . 9 ) but ≤ 2 × 6 . 3 + 10 (14 . 0 + 8 . 9 )
sin 45 °

bw,1 = 255.92 but ≤ 241.6

bw,1 = 241.6 mm and bw,2 = bw,1 as same brace and angle dimensions.

Therefore;

355 × 9 . 0 × 241 . 6
N 1,Rd = / 1 . 0 = 1092 kN
sin 45 °

and N2,Rd = N1,Rd as same brace and angle dimensions

1092 > 150 kN ∴PASS

Chord Shear;

f y0 × A v0
N i,Rd = / γ M5
3 × sin θ i
5.7.4

where… Av,0 = A0 – (2 - α) x b0 x tf + (tw + 2r) x tf 5.7.3

where…
1 1
α = =
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜1 + 4 × g ⎟ ⎜ 1 + 4 × 165 . 8 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 × 14 . 0 2 ⎟
⎝ 3 × tf2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
5.7.3

α = 0.073

∴ Av,0 = 6120 – (2 - 0.073) x 125.3 x 14.0 + (9.0 + 2 x 8.9) x 14.0

2
Av,0 = 3114.9 mm

53
Welded Joints Examples UB Chord RHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

Reference

355 × 3114 . 9
∴ N 1,Rd = / 1 .0
3 × sin 45 °

N 1,Rd = 903 kN

and N2,Rd = N1,Rd as same brace and angle dimensions

903kN > 150 kN ∴PASS

Bracing Effective Width;

N i,Rd = 2 × f yi × t i × p eff ,i / γ M 5
5.7.4

Check if Bracing Effective Width required (Page 60 Welded Joints Literature);

g / tf ≤ 20 - 28β

165.8 / 14.0 ≤ 20 – 28 (100+100+100+100/4 x 125.3)

11.8 ≤ -2.4 ∴ Check Effective Width;

where… peff,i = tw + 2r + 7tf x (fy0 / fyi) 5.7.2

but ≤ bi + hi – 2ti for K or N gap joints

peff,1 = 9.0 + 2 x 8.9 + 7 x 14.0 x (355/355)

but ≤ 100 + 100 – 2 x 6.3

peff,1 = 124.8 but ≤ 187.4

and peff,2 = peff,1 as same brace and angle dimensions

N 1,Rd = 2 × 355 × 6 . 3 × 124 . 8 ÷ 1 . 0

558kN > 150kN ∴PASS

and N2,Rd = N1,Rd as same brace and angle dimensions

Chord Axial Force Resistance in gap;

⎡ ⎛ V 0,Ed ⎞⎤
N 0,gap ,Rd = ⎢ (A 0 − A v ,0 ) × f y 0 + A v ,0 × f y 0 × 1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ / γ M5
⎢ ⎜ V pl ,0,Rd ⎟⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
5.7.4

where…
(
V 0,Ed = max N 1,Ed × sin θ 1 , N 2,Ed × sin θ 2 ) 5.7.4

(
V 0,Ed = max 150 × sin 45 ° , − 150 × sin 45 ° )
54
Welded Joints Examples UB Chord RHS Bracings Gap K-Joint

Vo,Ed = 106.1kN Reference

where… Vpl,0,Rd =
(
A v ,0 f y 0 / 3 ) = 3141 .8 × (355 / 3 )
γM0 1 .0
5.7.4

Vpl,0,Rd = 643.9kN

⎡ ⎛ 106 . 1 ⎞ ⎤
N 0 ,gap ,Rd = ⎢ (6120 − 3141 . 8 ) × 355 + 3141 . 8 × 355 × 1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ / 1 .0
⎢⎣ ⎝ 643 . 9 ⎠ ⎥⎦

N0,gap,Rd = 2077kN

check; N0,gap,Rd ≥ N0,gap,Ed

150kN 150kN

250kN

250.0
+106.1
356.1

Therefore; N0,gap,Ed = 356.1kN

2077kN ≥ 356.1kN ∴PASS

55
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