KESELAMATAN & KESEHATAN KERJA

-- K3 --
REFERENCES:

 Daniel A. Crowl & Joseph F. Louvar Chemical

Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications 2nd
Edition
 CCPS, “Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures”,
1992
 Kletz,T.,‘What Went Wrong’
Other References:
 Lees, Frank P., “Loss Prevention in the Process Industries”,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.
 Kletz, Trevor A., “Learning from Accident”, Butterworth-
Heinemann, 1994
 Kletz, Trevor A., “What Went Wrong? Case Histories of Process
Plant Disasters”, Gulf Publishing, 1994
 Sanders, Roy E., “Chemical Process Safety: Learning from Case
Histories”, Butterworth-Heinemann
 Kletz, Trevor A., “Process Plants: A Handbook for Inherently
Safer Design”,Taylor and Francis
 Jurnal dan buku lainnya terkait safety
Materi Kuliah
 Week 1: Pengantar K3
 Week 2: Identifikasi Bahaya
 Week 3: Risk Assessment
 Week 4: Risk Assessment
 Week 5: Process Safety Management
 Week 6: Tata Letak dan Penempatan Pabrik
 Week 7: Inherently Safer Design
 Week 8: Desain Sistem Bertekanan
 Week 9: Bahaya & Kereaktifan Bahan Kimia
 Week 10: Faktor Manusia dalam K3
 Week 11: Kebakaran, Ledakan & Lepasnya Material Berbahaya
 Week 12: Investigasi Kecelakaan
 Week 13: Audit & Aksi Koreksi
 Week 14: Perencanaan Keadaan Darurat
Assessment
 Project/Tugas
= 10 - 20%
 UTS/UAS = 80 - 90%
PERATURAN KELAS:

 Matikan/silent HP di dalam kelas

Kondisi unsafety (hazard) mana yang Anda temukan pada
gambar berikut dan beri penjelasan mengapa kondisi tersebut
tidak aman
TAKE : One minute to write a safety rule
One hour to hold a safety meeting
One week to plan a safety program
One month to put it in operating
One year to win a safety award
One life time to make a safe worker

But it takes only

One second to destroy it all with an

accident
 Kurangi ongkos
produksi, naikkan
produktivitas

Tiga
Tingkatkan
Turunkan Efek keuntungan kesehatan dan
pada lingkungan keamanan
Peran Chemical Engineers - Safety?
Industri kimia → chemical engineers
dibutuhkan dalam perkembangan & safety
technology
Contoh safety technology:
 Model hidrodinamika aliran 2 fase melalui
vessel relief
 Model dispersi → sebaran toxic vapor yang
dilepaskan dari pabrik
 Teknik matematika untuk memprediksi cara
proses mengalami fail dan probality fail
Tujuan safety??
 Fundamental tools → mendesain /
mengelola / mengoperasikan
industri kimia secara safe
Definisi:
 Accident/kecelakaan: rangkaian kejadian →
tidak diharapkan (luka, kematian, kerusakan
bangunan)
 Safety: strategi → mencegah kecelakaan
 Loss prevention: pencegahan → luka fisik,
kerusakan lingkungan, loss of equipment, stok
dan produksi
 Hazard: proses kimia, biologi, fisika → potensi
menyebabkan accident
 Significant chemical plant hazards: flammable,
explosive, reactive & toxic
 Resiko: probability & konsekuensi kecelakaan
 Definisi:
 Incident: loss
control of material/energy
 Scenario:rangkaian kejadian hazard →
menyebabkan kecelakaan
 Incident outcome: manifestasi fisik
kecelakaan
SAFETY

S – Management System
 A – Attitude
 F – Fundamentals
 E – Experience
 T – Time
 Y - You
• Fires
• Explosions
• Toxic releases
Incident Utama Industri
Kimia
Incident outcomes Consequences
• Fatalities
 Fire • Injuries/luka
 Explosions • Kerusakan lingkungan
•
 Toxic
Kerusakan bangunan
• Evakuasi
releases • Business losses
• Plant closings
• Fines/denda, lawsuit
 Key Questions
 Why – accident occur?
 How – accident occur?
 What – must we do to keep them from
happening?
 When?
Why – Accident occur?
 Handle proses berbahaya →
material dan energi:
✓Kehidupan
✓Produk diharapkan
 Handle → potensi loss event ada

Sesuatu bisa dilakukan untuk mengurangi likelyhood

dan severity sampai level negligible atau tolerable
How – accident occur?
Nature of accidents
Nature of accidents
Urutan - Kecelakaan Kerja

INISIASI Kejadian mula-mula/pemicu

Kejadian penyebab ekspansi

PROPAGASI accident

Kejadian berhenti pada

TERMINASI accident
Mencegah Kecelakaan:
Inisiasi:
 Grounding & bonding
 Inerting
 Explosion proof electrical
 Guardrails & guards
 Maintenance procedures
 Hot work permits
 Human factors design
 Process design
 Awareness of dangerous properties chemicals
Mencegah Kecelakaan:
Propagasi:
 Emergency material transfer
 Reduce inventories of flammable materials
 Equipment spacing & layout
 Nonflammable construction materials
 Installation of check & emergency shutoff
valves
Mencegah Kecelakaan:
Terminasi:
 Firefighting equipment & procedures
 Relief systems
 Sprinkler systems
 Installation of check & emergency shutoff valves
What – must we do to keep them from
happening?

 Process design
 Management of process
 Operation process
 Regulations
Procedure
Crowl’s Lion Farm
 Hazard: lions
 Incident: driver loses control of pick-up truck
 Scenario:
o Truck drives thru lion cage fence
o Lions walk thru hole in fence
o Lions prowl around community
 Incident outcome: local community is alarmed,
people are attacked, several dogs disappear
When?
Typical Process Life Cycle Stages
 When?
Typical Process Life Cycle Stages
 Process safety must be integrated →
entire life-cycle plant, from conceptual
design → decommissioning
Significant Disasters
• Discuss in your team for 4 significant disasters
in the world:
– Flixborough, England
– Bhopal, India
– Seveso, Italy
– Pasadena, Texas
• Discuss for the following issues:
– Process description?
– Causes?
– Effects?
– How to prevent & protect from accident