INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL EMBRYOLOGY

Session: 12
Duration: 4-hour Lecture
Venue: 1st Year Class Room
Lecturer: Jose Antonio Amistad, MD
Competencies: At the end of the didactic session the students are expected to:
1. Describe the clinical relevance of studying this aspect of Human Anatomy.
 Brief History of Embryology
 Introduction to Molecular Regulation and Signaling
 Gene Transcription
 Regulators of Gene Expression
 Induction and Organ Formation
 Cell Signalling
 Paracrine Signaling
 Juxtacrine Signaling
 TGF-β Superfamily
2. Describe Gametogenesis on how Germ cells are converted into Male & Female Gametes.
 The Gametogenesis: Conversion of Germ Cells into Gametes
 Primordial Germ Cells
 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
 Mitosis (Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Early Anaphase, Late Anaphase,
Daughter Cells)
 Meiosis (Synapsis, Chiasma Formation, Crossover, Polar Bodies)
 Clinical Correlations:
 Chromosomal Abnormalities (Aneuploidy, Monosomy, Trisomy)
 Genetic Abnormalities (Dominant and Recessive Mutation)
 Morphological Changes During Maturation of Gametes
 Oogenesis
 Spermatogenesis
 Clinical Correlations:
 Ovarian Cycle
 Ovulation
 Corpus Luteum Formation
 Oocyte Transport
 Corpus Albicans Appearance
 Fertilization
 Cleavage Formation
3. Describe the process of Morula to Blastocyst Formation.
 Morula Formation
 Blastocyst Formation
 Inner Cell Mass
 Fate of Epiblast
 Fate of Hypoblast
 Outer Cell Mass
 Cytotrophoblast
 Syncytiotrohoblast
  Uterus at time of Implantation
4. Describe the process of Gastrulation.
 Ectoderm from Epiblast
 Ingression of Epiblastic cells near Primitive Streak forming Mesoderm
 Endoderm from Hypoblast
5. Describe the events from Zygote until start of 3rd week AOG as Embryo.
6. Describe the events from Embryo until start of Fetal Period until Birth.
7. Describe the Different Congenital Anomalies secondary to insults offered by a documented
teratogen or other congenital anomalies of body systems based on name of disease, mutated
gene/transcription factor, and affected embryological structures and manifestations.
 Introduction to Teratogen
 Teratogen
 Teratogenicity
 Embryonic Structure Affected
 Medical Terminologies (Congenital Anomalies)

Laboratory: None
References:
 Langman’s Medical Embryology, General Embryology Chapters 1-8: page 3-123
Evaluation Tools:
 Pre-Lecture Quiz: 10 points
 Post-Lecture Quiz: 10 points
 Evaluation: 25 points