SECTION – B STATISTICS

Q.1 Short notes

a. Ogive Curve
An ogive , or cumulative frequency polygon, is a type of frequency polygon that
shows cumulative frequencies. An ogive graph plots cumulative frequency on the y-axis
and class boundaries along the x-axis.

Types of ogive

Less than ogive

Greater than ogive

Uses

1. An ogive is used to find the median, Quartiles, deciles and percentiles etc.
2. It is also used the number of observation which are expected to lie between two
values.

Drawing the ogive curve:

A ogive is obtained by plotting the successive cumulative frequencies on the graph

paper and joining them free hand.

1. The upper limits of the classes are represented alonf X – axis.

2. The cumulative frequency of the particular class is taken along the Y – axis.
3. The points corresponding to cumulative frequency at each upper limit of the class
are joined by a free hand.

This curve is called a cumulative frequency curve or an ogive.

Less than ogive Curve

Age No of Persons

20-25 50
25 -30 70
30-35 100
35-40 180
40-45 150
 Age Class ( Age) No of Persons Cummulative
Frequency ( Less
Than)
20 0 0
20-25 25 50 50
25 -30 30 70 120
30-35 35 100 220
35-40 40 180 400
40-45 45 150 550

Age Class ( Age) No of Persons Cummulative

Frequency ( More
Than)
20 0 550
20-25 25 50 500
25 -30 30 70 430
30-35 35 100 330
35-40 40 180 150
40-45 45 150 0
b. Scales of measurement

Measurement is the process of assigning numbers or labels to objects, persons,

states, or events in accordance with specific rules to represent quantities or qualities
of attributes.

The purpose of assigning numbers to objects in such a way that specific

properties of the objects are faithfully represent by specific properties of the
numbers.

eg: If research is need on the construct of depression,

It is likely that some systematic measurement tool will be needed to answer

depression.

FOUR BASIC SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

• Nominal scales

• Ordinal scales

• Interval scales

• Ratios scales

Nominal scales

There must be distinct classes but these classes have no quantitative

properties. Therefore, no comparison can be made in terms of one category being
higher than the other.

For example - there are two classes for the variable gender - males and females.

There are no quantitative properties for this variable or these classes and
therefore, gender is a nominal variable.

Ordinal scales

There are distinct classes but these classes have a natural ordering or ranking.
The differences can be ordered on the basis of magnitude.

For example - Final position of horses in a thoroughbred race is an ordinal variable.

The horses finish first, second, third, fourth, and so on.

• The difference between first and second is not necessarily equivalent to the
difference between second and third, or between third and fourth
 • Does not assume that the intervals between numbers are equal

INTERVAL SCALES

It is possible to compare differences in magnitude, but importantly the zero point

does not have a natural meaning.

• It captures the properties of nominal and ordinal scales - used by most

psychological tests.

• Designates an equal-interval ordering –

The distance between, for example, a 1 and a 2 is the same as the distance between
a 4 and a 5

RATIO SCALES

It is the highest level for measurement

This level has all the three attributes:

• Magnitude
• Equal interval
• Absolute zero point
• It represent continuous values

c. Type I and Type II error