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Abstract—This work presents the design and development of a variable switch mode power supply that is supplied with
the AC mains. Inductive, capacitive and resistive modules are inserted with the supply so as to familiarize the working of
basic switching power supplies. The buck topology is chosen for developing SMPS because it provides multiple lower
voltages to different devices from a single input supply (which is relatively higher voltage than output voltage) with the
provision of high current. In addition buck topology is also simpler and versatile for the implementation. Arduino is used
for supervisory control. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is generated through Arduino to drive the high power MOSFET.
The proposed regulator delivers variable output voltage 0-34V/2A DC with constant frequency operation.

Keywords—Buck Regulator, Continuous Current Mode

I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
Power supplies are used widely for most of the real time applications. They are categorized as linear and switched mode
power supplies [1]. In the linear power supply switch is operated in linear (active) region of switch, so in linear region losses
are high [2][3]. The SMPS switch operates in saturation and cut-off region. Hence the losses are reduced and efficiency is
high [4][5]. SMPS are categorized into two types –Isolated and non-isolated
topologies. The main difference between the two is that, in isolated power supply, the output power stage is isolated from
input by means of isolating transformer or isolators. In non-isolated power supply, the transformer is eliminated. For
simplicity and training purpose, we have chosen non-isolated topology.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AC Alternating Current
SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
DC Direct Current
A. Units
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Spell out units when they appear in text: “. . . a few henries”, not “. . . a few H”.

Equations

Identify applicable funding agency here. If none, delete this text box.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT (Heading 5)
Firstly, we would like to express our gratitude towards ALMIGHTY ALLAH, through whose accord our project has completed
successfully.

“…..I only intend reform as much as I am able. And my success is not but through Allah.” [Quran, 11: 88]

A task, even the easiest of things cannot be achieved solely by single efforts, rather it depends on the collective efforts.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards our supervisor Dr. Zafar Ali Shah for his support,guidance, insight,
motivation and great patience for the past year. Due to the tasks leading to the accomplishment of our project Dr. Zafar has
given us we came to know lot of hidden areas of this field which are not visible at the first sight. He made us better in the
field of switch mode power supplies. Many thanks.

We would also like to extend our appreciation towards Dr. Fida for giving us encouragement in doing this project.

Finally, we would like to thank our friends who gave us the atmosphere of doing projects.

REFERENCES

[1] A.I. Pressman, “Switching Power Supply Design”, McGraw Hill, 1991.73.

[2] Daniel Hart, “Power Electronics”, McGraw Hill, 2011.

[3] Application note on PWM.

[4] Data sheet IRF4905, Arduino, diodes.

[5] T. Kitagawa and T. Mitsui, “Ferrite core for switching regulator”, IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan, vol.
TJMJ-1, no. 6, pp. 665-663, Sep 1985.
[6] Muhammad H. Rashid “Power Electronics Circuits Devices & Applications” 0564.

Tables and figures

Parameters Symbol Kept constant

Input voltage VS 30V
Load current IA 1A
Current ripple ΔI 10% of ia
Voltage ripple ΔV 10% of Va
Frequency f 25KHz
Table 1: Buck regulator parameters, specifications

Figure 1: Ripple verification at Vout= 9V

Figure 2: Ripple verification at Vout = 12V

Figure 3: L and C graphs

 Input Output
# Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power Efficiency
(volts) (amps) (watt) (volts) (amps) (watt) %
1 34 2.23 75.82 34 1.92 65.28 86.10
2 34 1.06 35.92 23 1.27 29.21 81.32
3 34 0.54 18.21 16 0.88 14.22 78.11
4 34 0.22 7.61 10 0.55 5.5 72.33
Table 2: Efficiency results

Output voltage Voltage @

# (volts) Min load Max load Load regulation
(volts) (volts)
1 34 33.24 33 0.73
2 23 22 21.67 1.52
3 16 15.43 15.4 0.2
4 10 10 9.9 1.01
Table 3: Load regulation results