Peran Geofisika dalam Mengatasi Masalah Lingkungan

Kuliah Tamu pada Program Magister Pengelolaan Lingkungan UNSRI, Kamis 26 September 2019

DR. Wahyudi W. Parnadi

Assoc. Prof. in Engineering & Environmental Geophysics
Faculty of Mining & Environmental Engineering, ITB
Ir (Civil Engineering, ITB),
MS (Applied Geophysics, ITB),
Dr.rer.nat. (Geophysics, Univ. Freiberg, Germany)
Isi
1.Pendahuluan
2.Prinsip-prinsip Metode Geofisika
3.Metode Geofisika untuk memecahkan masalah lingkungan
4.Contoh kasus
5.Kesimpulan
PENDAHULUAN
In the broadest sense, the science of geophysics is the application
of
physics to investigations of the Earth,Moon and planets (Reynolds,
2011)

solid earth geophysics: global geophysics + applied geophysics

Global geophysics : the study of the whole or substantial parts of the planet,
applied geophysics: concerned with investigating the Earth’s crust and near-surface
to achieve a practical and, more often than not, an economic aim.

 ‘Applied geophysics’ covers everything from experiments to determine

the thickness of the crust (which is important in HC exploration) to studies of shallow
structures for engineering site investigations, exploring for groundwater and for
minerals and other economic resources, to trying to locate narrow mine shafts
or other forms of buried cavities, or the mapping of archaeological remains, or
 Inter-relationships between the various
subdisciplines
of applied geophysics (Reynolds, 2011)

Environmental Geophysics: The application of geophysical methods

to the investigation of nearsurface bio-physico-chemical
phenomena that are likely to have (significant) implications for
the management of the local environment.
(Reynolds, 2011)
PRINSIP-PRINSIP METODE GEOFISIKA

• Non-invasif  NDT atau NDA

• Invasif jika diperlukan atau untuk validasi
• Relatif cepat dan murah
• Bersifat kontinu
• Target pada kedalaman dari beberapa m – beberapa km

• Ground-Penetrating Radar
• Geolistrik tahanan jenis (DC resistivity method)
• Electromagnetik (EM)
• Induced Polarization (IP, polarisasi terimbas)
• Self Potential (SP, potensial diri)
 Aplikasi Geofisika dalam masalah lingkungan:

• Deteksi, identifikasi dan lokalisir pencemaran dalam tanah

• Studi amblesan
• Deteksi bidang lemah yang berpotensi kongsor,
• Monitoring proses bioremediasi
• Dll
CHICAGO, IL - APRIL 18: Workers prepare to
pull a truck from a sinkhole that opened up on
a residential street in the South Deering
neighborhood on April 18, 2013 in Chicago,
Illinois. The driver of the truck was hospitalized
after driving into the 15-feet-deep hole while
on his way to work. Two other vehicles were
also swallowed by the sinkhole. (Photo by
Scott Olson/Getty Images)
 Foto oleh REUTERS/Daniel LeClair Jum, 13 Jul 2012

Lubang raksasa yang 'menelan' rumah-rumah

di Guatemala pada 23 Februari 2007.
GUATEMALA, Guatemala City : A man inspects a sinkhole inside a house on July 19, 2011 north of
Guatemala City. When neighbors heard the loud boom overnight they thought a cooking gas canister had
detonated. Instead they found a deep sinkhole the size of a large pot inside a home in a neighborhood
just north of Guatemala City. The sinkhole was 12.2 meters (40 feet) deep and 80 centimeters (32 inches)
in diameter, an AFP journalist who visited the site reported. Police, members of the country's natural
disaster office and water utility company officials came to visit the site. Sinkholes, formed by the natural
process of erosion, can be gradual but are often sudden. Guatemala City, built on volcanic deposits, is
especially prone to sinkholes, often blamed on a leaky sewer system or on heavy rain
Foto oleh JOHAN ORDONEZ / AFP
Foto oleh Getty Images/Logan Mock-Bunting Jum, 13 Jul 2012

Mobil terperangkap masuk lubang besar di Chevy Chase, Maryland.

Mobil pemadam kebakaran terperangkap masuk lubang raksasa

Foto oleh Getty Images/David McNew Jum, 13 Jul 2012

 Permukaan tanah turun menyebabkan lubang
besar di bawah jalan yang retak di San Diego

Foto oleh Getty Images/Kent Horner Jum, 13 Jul 2012

Foto oleh Getty Images/Chris Livingston
 Ground Penetrating Radar

Ground-Penetrating Radar = Surface penetrating radar =

Georadar = Reflection Electromagnetics

Ground-penetrating radar (or GPR for short) is the general term

applied to techniques which employ radio waves, typically in the 1 to
1000 MHz frequency range, to map structures and features buried in
the ground or man-made structures. Historically, GPR was primarily
focused on mapping structures in the ground; more recently GPR has
been used in non-destructive testing of non-metallic structures. The
applications are limited only by the imagination and availability of
suitable instrumentation.

. GPR
. Borehole Radar
Introduction Frequency Range Band Designation
30-3000 Hz ELF
3-30 kHz VLF
The Electromagnetic Spectrum 30-300 kHz LF

Contains GPR, Microwaves, 300-3000 kHz MF

3-30 MHz HF
Sunlight, and Radiation 30-300 MHz VHF
300-3000 MHz UHF
3-30 GHz SHF
30-300 GHz EHF
Introduction
Ground Penetrating Radar
 Ground Penetrating Radar
Advantages & Limitation

•Using the reflection (and

sometimes transmission) of
‘high-frequency’ EM waves
to image the shallow
subsurface  shallow
images but high resolution
• GPR surveys work best in
low conductivity media.
Equipments Shielded Antennas
Our Equipments Shielded Antennas
Our Equipments Shielded Antennas
Other Equipments Unshielded Antennas
Other Equipments Unshielded Antennas
Other Equipments Unshielded Antennas
Metode Geolistrik Tahann Jenis (Metode Resistivitas)
 Metode IP (Induced Polarization , Polarisasi Terimbas)

TDIP measurements use a four-electrode array with A

and B being the current electrodes, as well as M and N are the
voltage electrodes.
CONTOH-CONTOH KASUS

- Deteksi dan karakterisasi liang binatang pada tanggul

- Monitoring proses MICP untuk kestabilan tanah
- Geofisika untuk Arkeologi
- Bioremediasi
- Tanaman hiperakumulator logam berat Ni  fitoremediasi
- Deteksi longsoran
- Monitoring kondisi bawah permukann proses Borehole Mining (BHM)
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) untuk monitoring
kondisi lobang bor Borehole Mining (BHM) di
Nudur dan Air Ketok
CONTOH KASUS

- Deteksi dan karakterisasi liang binatang pada tanggul

- Monitoring proses MICP untuk kestabilan tanah
- Bioremediasi
- Tanaman hiperakumulator logam berat Ni  fitoremediasi
- Deteksi longsoran
- Monitoring kondisi bawah permukann proses Borehole Mining (BHM)
Deteksi dan karakterisasi liang binatang pada
tanggul sungai

Lisa Borgattia, dkk (2017)

 (Burgattia et al., 2017)
Latar Belakang
Deteksi dan karakterisasi liang binatang pada tanggul sungai
Pada daerah
tanggul/pematang sungai
terdapat banyak liang
binatang seperti landak
atau luak. Adanya
lubang tersebut dapat
menyebabkan jebolnya
tanggul saat musih
hujan.
Tujuan
Memetakan dan
membuat model 3D
persebaran dari
lubang-lubang
tersebut dengan
menggunakan metode
geofisika
(ERT,FDEM,GPR) dan
juga remote sensing 49
(Foto udara dan
 Method
Dua kali Survey
Survey 1  sebelum
dilakukan sementasi pada
lubang
Survey 2  setelah
dilakukan penutupan pada
lubang dengan
menggunakan konkrete
atau semen.

50
 Method
IR dan APT Survey
Metode penginderaan jauh
menggunakan foto udara (APT)
dan juga for IR dengan
menggunakan thermal camera
untuk mendeteksi lokasi lubang
berdasarkan anomali panas.

Proses pengambilan foto

dilakukan siang dan malam
secara berkala.

51
 Method
ERT = geolistrik
Metode ERT menggunakan
konfigurasi dipole dipole, spasi
1.5 m dan panjang lintasan
sekitar 34.5m.

Akuisisi data menggunakan IRIS

Syscal Pro georesistivimeter.
Inversi 3D menggunakan
softwere ERTLab suite, inversi
menggunakan tetragonal finite
element 3D dataset.

52
 Method
FDEM (Frequency Domain
Electromagnetics)
Metode FDEM mengunakan alat
DUALEM-624. Akusisi ini
menggunakan frekuensi sekitar
9.5 kHz dengan penetrasi
confidential sekitar 6m, perkiraan
panjang rata rata per lintasan
adalah 80-85m.

53
 Method
GPR
Akusisi data GPR menggunakan
alat Zond-12 System dengan
antenna berfrekuensi 300MHz
(shielded) penetrasi confidential
sekitar 2m, sampling rate
sebesar 0.05m yang diatur
menggunakan odometer,
perkiraan panjang rata rata per
lintasan adalah 60-65m.

Processing dan interpretasi

menggunakan softwere petrel.

54
 Result
IR Survey
Lubang buatan hewan pada umumnya mempunyai temperatur yang relatif panas daripada
daerah sekitarnya di malam atau siang hari. Namun, interpretasi ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh
suhu tanah dan juga iklim pada saat pengambilan foto tersebut.

Daytime Nighttime 55
 Result
FDEM
Liang buatan hewan pada
umumnya mempunyai nilai
resisitivitas yang relatif tinggi
karena umumnya liang
tersebut terisi oleh udara
(cavity).

56
Result FDEM dan ERT
Adanya kemenerusan layer
dengan resisitivitas tinggi pada
FDEM tetapi tidak terlihat pada
ERT menunjukkan bahwa
kemungkinan kemenerusan
tersebut berhubungan dengan
adanya gravel/debris pada
lapisan tersebut seperti pada
hasil coring.

57
GPR Result
Berdasarkan data GPR diidentifikasi dengan jelas terdapat setidaknya tiga lubang yang tersebar
disekitar levee (tanggul)

58
 Result
Survey Comparison
Perbandingan data survey 1 dan 2 pada data GPR, lubang sebelum ditutup oleh semen
mempunyai karakteristik refeksi chaotic, sedangkan setelah diisi oleh concreate (bentonite),
refleksi menjadi lebih strong.

59
 Result
Survey Comparison
Perbandingan data survey 1 dan 2 pada data GPR, lubang sebelum ditutup oleh semen mempunyai
karakteristik reisitivity tinggi, namun setelah diisi bentonite menjadi lebih konduktif hal ini dikarenakan ruang
udara telah tergantikan oleh semen yeng mempunyai nilai resisitivity lebih rendah.

60
Diskusi
Integrasi data
Integrasi data dilakukan
untuk memperoleh model
3D berdasarkan beberapa
data yang diperoleh.
Integrasi data dilakukan
dengan berbasis pada GIS
dengan menggunakan
softwere QGIS (open
source).

61
Diskusi
Developing model
Berdasarkan integrasi data,
burrow mempunyai lebar
sekitar 15m yang terdiri dari
beberapa lubang kompleks
yang terhubung. Volume
sekitar 30 m3 dan concrete
yang di masukkan
bervolume sekitar 19m3.
Estimasi kedalaman adalah
sekitar 4m dari permukaan
dan berada diatas water
level.

62
1. APT (foto) dan IR (infra red) merupakan salah satu metode remote sensing yang paling baik untuk
mengetahui lokasi dari burrows.
2. Kombinasi data inversi 3D FDEM dan ERT dapat digunakan dalam estimasi volume liang
3. GPR sangat mudah dan akurat dalam mendeteksi lokasi liang di dekat permukaan.

63
 (Burgattia et al., 2017)

Deteksi dan karakterisasi liang binatang pada tanggul sungai

Hasil Geofisika

64
 (Saneiyan, 2019)

Monitoring proses MICP (Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation)

menggunakan metode IP (Induced Polarization)

• MICP adalah metode stabilisasi tanah

• Metode IP untuk monitoring proses MICP
 Metode IP (Induced Polarization , Polarisasi Terimbas)

TDIP measurements use a four-electrode array with A

and B being the current electrodes, as well as M and N are the
voltage electrodes.
 Fig. 1. [a] The IFRC at Rifle, CO. Top right inset, view of
existing
wells used in this study,
[b] schematic of existing wells at plot B of the
IFRC and
used during this project. Survey lines are
clipped horizontally for simplicity

Common ground improvement techniques:

• mechanical methods (e.g. deep dynamic compaction)
• Chemical grout injections

Mechanical methods  consume significant energy and not always feasible

Chemical grouting  materials (cement, epoxy) expensive, difficult to apply
homogenously
MICP  efficient, environmentally friendly, can be applied in areas with
existing infrastructure, for long term application etc.
Geophysical methods as MICP monitoring!
Fig. 6. [a] Resistivity profile of the treatment plot (middle
line – background data/before treatment) along with its geologic
log (from extracted cores during borehole drilling at well 1)
(Fox et al., 2012), [b] Changes in imaginary conductivity (top)
and resistivity (bottom) from background (day 1) for line 1.
Other lines showed
similar behavior.
GEOFISIKA UNTUK ARKEOLOGI
• What is Geophysics?
• Geophysical Methods for Archaeology: Geomagnetic,
resisitivity, Electromagnetic Induction (EMI), Ground-
Penetrating Radar (GPR) methods
• Principles of Geophysical techniques
• Case Studies in Archaeology
• Even though the usage of geophysical methods on archaeological sites began as early as the
late 1940s, the magnetic and resistivity methods of geophysics have been widely applied by many
researchers only since the 1980s in order to obtain high-resolution images of unexcavated
archaeological structures
• Since 1990s: + Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) + Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)

Geomagnetic method

• The magnetic method is very sensitive to the magnetic susceptibility changes within the soil. The
archaeological structures that include the thermoremanent magnetization such as kiln, pottery
deposits, etc., which are very common in archaeological sites, are important magnetic features.

• Magnetic scanning by a gradiometer, which is quite practicable, is a very important development

to collect data quickly in archaeological prospection, and today, this technique is extensively used
to obtain maximum information from a site for subsurface planning
Geomagnetic Method
Resisitivity method

• The resistivity technique is very popular in the investigation of archaeological sites for
mapping buried antiquities. The success of the method depends on the different resistivity
properties between the potential archaeological targets (walls, roads, buildings, graves,
ditches, etc.) and the surrounding environment

Sumber gambar: Telford et al., 1990

 Resisitivity method (cont.)

Modus Pengukuran:
• Sounding -> 1 dimensi  resistivitas sebagai
fungsi kedalaman
• Profiling  2 dimensi  resistivitas sebagai
fungsi kedalaman dan jarak lateral
• Pengukuran 3-dimensi
EM Induction
Portable multifrequency EMI systems
 Case 1:

FIGURE 7 Magnetic data obtained from measurement campaign of the archaeological site at
St Michael on the Zollfeld. Stripe and zigzag artefacts are already removed
 data geomagnetik + foto udara + penggalian

FIGURE 11 (a) extracted archaeological features from partial excavations, aerial photograph, and magnetic data.
(b) Matching of the detected features from excavations, aerial photography, and magnetic data with the result of
the magnetic source map (blue), coded in colours. Extension of building structures found in the result of the
extracted magnetic sources are marked in magenta.
FIGURE 12 Overview of prominent building restriction
lines, roads and ways, and boundaries of complex
structures.
I–VII: Restriction lines of the settlement which are
determined by the orientation of walls, buildings,
and other structures;
1–6: Roads and ways;
A–K: Prominent remains of building structures (temple,
insulae, walls).
Structures found by CWT+ tensor voting
(magenta) defines a further restriction line VIII.

For a better understanding, drawings show similar

building plans observed in the remains of Virunum, a
roman city in the immediate vicinity of our site
(Piccottini, 1989; Harl, 1989).
 Magnetic and 3D Resistivity Imagings for Locating Kilns
Case 2:
in Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Kiln = tempat pembakaran

The magnetic gradient data were acquired using WCZ-2 Proton Magnetometer with two
sensors. The magnetic data were measured at every 1×1 m spaced grid. The magnetic data
were enhanced by analytic signal and 2 nd derivative data processing techniques. The
resulting magnetic maps present an area of high magnetic gradient values that may indicate
a kiln location
 Magnetic and 3D Resistivity Imagings for Locating Kilns
Case 2: in Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai, Thailand

• Intakhin kiln site is recognized as one of the most important archaeological and historical resources
of Thailand. There are at least 13 known ancient ceramic kiln sites
• The kilns have been found in the subsoil at a depth of about 1.0 m

• The kiln shape viewing from top is similar to a laid-jar with

mouth-rim down to the earth at low level and its narrow
foot-rim raised-up.

Source: langeo-instrument
Fig. 1 Excavated kilns at Mae Taeng District,
Chiang Mai Province.
Study Area Fig. 2 Map location of the Intakiln kiln site, Mae Taeng
District, Chiang Mai Province.

The preliminary study area was a 5 × 20 m 2 area located

in the Intakhin kiln site, Intakhin Subdistrict, Mae Taeng
District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. (Fig. 2).
 Metodology Geomagnetik + Geolistrik tahanan jenis
Magnetic mapping
• Magnetic surveys were conducted using a WCZ-3 Proton Magnetometer
with 2 sensors 0.5 m to obtain vertical gradient and for resolving smaller
archaeological features. The magnetic data were collected at every 1×1 m
spaced grid.

• The magnetic data were firstly processed to remove noise spikes using de- spike before achieving a
suitable filtering process. Afterwards the de-spiking was applied to remove „„iron spikes‟‟ and similar
disturbances from the gradiometer data. Then the data were enhanced by analytic signal, and second
vertical derivative (SVD) techniques to increase the data quality.

• The analytic signal was used to combine the vertical and horizontal derivatives. Shape of the analytic signal
depends on a location of the bodies but not on direction of magnetization. Magnetic map produced from the
analytic signal are used for interpretation differentiated from a complex potential to represent field intensity

• The SVD is an early mainstay of interpretation techniques because it helps to resolve and accentuate
shallow sources The SVD of the magnetic field is the rate of change of the vertical gradient in the vertical
and it is a measure of the curvature of the potential field:
“+” values indicate the increasing vertical gradient
“-” values indicate the decreasing vertical gradient of the potential field
 Geomagnetik + Geolistrik tahanan jenis
2-D Resisitivity Imaging

• Resistivity imaging surveying was carried out using the WGMD-9 Multi-electrode
2D/3D RES/IP Imaging System. The typical setup for a 3D resistivity imaging
consisted of electrodes attached to a multi-core cable.

• The resistivity measurements were performed using configuration with the 3D dipole - dipole
array with a 1 m electrode spacing and 1 m distance between parallel line. (Fig. 3).

• The electrodes were in turn

used as current electrode and
the potential at all electrodes
along the x-axis, y-axis and 45°
diagonals were measured (Fig 4)
. Because of reciprocity, the poten-
tials at the electrodes with a
higher index number than the
current electrode were measured..
Fig. 3 The layout of the 3D resistivity
imaging in the Intakhin kiln site.
Fig. 4 Electrode arrangement for 3D resistivity survey.
2-D Resisitivity Imaging

Processing
• The measured resistivity data were manually arranged in a compatible format to be used for data
inversion and interpretation by the RES3DINV software. The 3D results can be considered as a reliable
representation of the resistivity distribution of the subsurface. Selected horizontal/vertical slices can
be extracted from the 3D resistivity volume. The 3D anomalous zones are easily displayed by selecting
resistivity isosurfaces. The resistivity values were used in order to highlight the resistivity variations.
 RESULTS Magnetic result

• The resultant magnetic maps from the study area at the Intakhin site are presented in Fig 5. The maps
are shown in color- scale images in which the red tone represents high magnetic anomaly while the blue
tone represents low magnetic anomaly.
• Traces of kiln structures present in an area of 2 x 3 m2 in the magnetic images at high magnetic intensity
range over 150nT/m (black rectangular, Fig.5a) and over 100 nT/m 2 (black rectangular, Fig.5b).

Fig. 5 Magnetic anomaly maps of the investigated area, (a) after the analytic signal filtering,
and (b) after the 2nd vertical derivative filtering (SVD)
 Resistivity result

The horizontal slices extracted from the resistivity data volume (Fig. 6)
display the lateral extent of high resistivity zones that may indicate a
kiln location. The high resistivity anomaly zones with resistivity values
are >800 ohm-m observed on the horizontal slices at depths ranging
from 0.5 to 2.0 m are also related to the high magnetic anomaly zone
on the magnetic anomaly maps in Fig. 5a and Fig. 5b.

Fig. 5 Magnetic anomaly maps of the investigated area, (a) after the
analytic signal filtering, and (b) after the 2nd vertical derivative filtering.

Fig. 6 Horizontal slices of resistivity data at various depths

Resistivity Results

The boundary of the prospective kiln may be displayed by

the 3D resistivity rendering (Fig.7). The resistivity values
greater than 800 ohm-m can be extracted from the volume
and the size and location of the kiln can be visualized.

Fig. 7 Iso-resistivity surface of the resistivity zone

Fig. 6 Horizontal slices of resistivity data at various depths (> 800 Ohm-m)
RESULTS Magnetic + resistivity result

Magnetic

Lokasi tempat
Pembakaran (Kiln)

Resistivity
Case 3:
Fig. 4. Inversion characteristics of density resistivity profile from lines 37 to 46.
Fig. 5. An illustration of the paleochannel running from northwest to southeast
Fig. 6. The position of this paleochannel in Jinsha
Fig. 7. Photo of the excavation showing apaleochannel in Jinsha
 archaeological work at House in the Horseshoe State Historic Site
using geophysical methods (GPR+magnetic gradiometer, EM
Sumber: Turner et al., 2018
Induction).

Case 4:

2,840 square meters of the site were surveyed using Ground-

Penetrating Radar (GPR),
Bioremediasi & kemungkinan monitoring proses bioremediasi dengan metode geofisika

(Suryatmana, 2006)
(Saneiyan et al., 2019)
Background

• Indonesia is one of a petroleum producer country

• many islands of indonesia has a reserve of petroleum , it still has been explorated
currently circumstance
1. And many Petroleum companies have been operating and exploring a petroleum deposit in each area of indenesia which has
petroleum deposit.

2. As based on the government data of production of petroleum., Indonesia explors and release Petroleum almost 783.000
barel/ day.
the oil refinery Industry in Riau
on Sumatera Island
By product of petroleum refinery is 33 % hydrocarbon petroleum waste
that almost of = 258390 barrel/ day

As producer petroleum crude is almost releasing 783.000

barrel/day crude oil which explored (from January to
September 2015)

that gives logical consequence as producer petroleum ,

from this product will be releasing their wastes average 33
% of crude oil explored.

The wastes of petroleum consisted of the hydrocarbon which

is dominated and dangerous nature by product which are
carcinogenic and toxic for plant, animal and human

And as we know that Petroleum waste has a toxic character

and naturally difficult to degraded and it will persist for a
long time in the disposal areas .

Sludge oil waste in

disposal location
All of this wastes have to handled in comprehensive system
and sophisticate and appropriate technology as well…!
WHAT SHOULD WE DO WITH THAT PROBLEM …??

What is the properly technology for this purpose..?

The answer for overcome that waste problem is the
BIOREMEDIATION technology for removing that petroleum
wastes that threre in the disposal area.

Bioremediation ?
is a method or a technology for removing contaminants
which is polluted a soil and water environment, which uses
the biologist agent as a “prime machine” for running power
for this technology will be working effectively.
 Biological agent has been discovered and isolated from Rhizosphere of many plants was called a
Rhizobacteria for BIOMACHINE
IN BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY WORKING

Rhizosphere, the area nearby root of plant

We have discovered a lot of bio agent which could be removing hydrocarbon

through biodegradation process of hydrocarbon chain of Petroleum to be
shorter chain which forming to be un toxic and harmless substances or
compounds for environment and human.

Some of the bio agent that were screened consisted are three isolates of
bacteria .

PETROBACTER CARBONOCLASTIC BACTERIA :
Pseudomonas sp. and Entrobacter sp.
BIOSTIMULANT BACTERIA :
Azotobacter sp.v04
This Bacteria have been isoated from the
of Rhizosphere
soil of plant in
many area of farming land.
1. The first class discovered is a species
was able to cleave hydrocarbone chanche
of petroleum.
 this bacteria could degrade the
hydrocarbone which was expressed with
come out of the holozone around their
colony.
2. The second class was the bacteria which
could produces the biosurfactant
substances that can be promoting and
supporting activity the Carbonoclastic
bacteria to degrade hydrocarbon faster, to
be harmless substances
CULTURE PRODUCT OF BIOAGENT ,RHIZOBACTERIA, FOR AUGMETATING
BIODEGRADATION SYSTEM FOR REMOVING PETROLEUM WASTE

Bios AzC04
EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT OF RHIZOBCTERIA IN LIQUID SYSTEM

THE PETROLEUM WASTE CONTAMINATED WATER (10.000 ppm loading)

WAS TREATED BY RHIZOBCTERIA in lab scale assessment
Bios AzC04
 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) Residues after
treatments (ppm) & Efficiency Biodegradation

Without Azotobacter Adding Azotobacter sp

7349 (ppm)
26.51%
5933 (ppm)
40.67%
3783 (ppm)
3258 (ppm) 62.17%
67.42%
1075 (ppm) 1183 (ppm)
87.25% 88.17 %

control treatment Pseudomonas sp . Enterobacter sp.

Here we can see that :

The yellow color one is the petroleum waste sample was treated by Petrophylic without Azotobacter
And the red color one is the petroleum waste sample was treated by petrophylic bacteria
with adding Azotobacter sp

The biodegradation efficiency of the treatments without bioagent around just only reaching 26.51% with the residues hydrocarbon still resting about 7349 ppm
And the efficiency of the system treated by Pseudomonas sp and Acinetobacter sp were increasing higher than without petrobacter bioagent treating

Interestingly we can see that if the system was treated by adding Azotobacter , the efficiency of hydrocarbon biodegradation were highest for all system.

So I personaly it could be explained that Azotobacter firmly functioned as biostimulant agent which could be promote the biodegradation of Petroleum hydrocarbon significantly
faster and more effective than without Azotobacter spv04
Resulting of Petroleum waste Degradated by Petrophylic/ carbonoclastic with adding
Azotobacter sp. as long as 60 days incubation time

RESIDUES of HYDROCARBON
7349ppm
Residues of Hydrocarbon (ppm)
(26.51%)
80000
70000
60000
3258 ppm
50000 (67.42 %)
40000 1075 ppm 60 days Incubation time
30000 (89.25%)
20000 •After 60 day incubation time were coming out the different releasing
residues of hydrocarbon concentration left existing
10000
0 •There were significantly result between the control and augmentation
treatment
control treatment Pseudomonas sp . Pseudomonas sp
Treatment .adding
•the Hydrocarbon residues in the control was still highly existing with resting of
Azotobacter
residues abaut 7349 ppm of hydrocarbon.
Treatment

But if the contaminated water was treated with Pseudomonas sp as a petrobacter spesies , it was just resting the residues of hydrocarbon just only 3258 ppm

And the other treatment with mix culture bio agent , it was coming out the better biodegradation process. we can see that the residues of petroleum
hydrocarbon was lower than the others treatments. Resting of hdrocarbon residues after biodegradtion process running work was just only 1075 ppm or
efficiency of biodegradation was reached about 98.25 %.
 This picture figured out what happened in the system
the microscopic scale

Control
treatment

OIL degraded
by Rhizobacteria
OIL was NOT
degradated

Petrobacter

Azotobacter sp.v04
 SAMPLE TREATMENT

Before degraded 

After 15 days incubation 

After 60 days incubation 

Here the residues of hydrocarbon in the system assested

was before and after biodegradation process which treated by bioagent Rhizobacteria
 Kromatogram komponen Hidrokarbon yang dikandung minyak bumi

Bioremediasi Biosurfaktan pada tahap EOR

bandingkan
Sebelum degradasi Sebelum degradasi

Setelah 15 hari inkubasi Setelah 30 hari inkubasi

Setelah 60 hari inkubasi

Setelah hari ke-15 dan 60 terjadi Setelah hari ke-30 tidak terjadi
perubahan kualitas maupun kuantitas perubahan kualitas maupun
komponen minyak bumi. kuantitas komponen minyak bumi.
 1. HASIL UJI BIOSAFETY BIOS P06
TERHADAP CRUDE OIL

Hari ke 30 

Gambar. 4. Kromatogram komponen Hidrokarbon yang dikandung

Minyak bumi dalam Surfaktan Protein P06 Yang aman
 Setelah hari 30 tidak terjadi perubahan secara kualitas
maupun kuantitas komponen minyak bumi.
APLICATION RHIZOBCTERIA PROBE IN SOLID SYSTEM That was
SOIL CONTAMINATED BY PETROLEUM WASTE IN (100,000 ppm) TPH LOADING FOR ASSESING
EFFECTIVENESS THEM

Then we were trying to asses the effectiveness of

bioagent to degrading petroleum Hydrocarbone in the
solid system,

The solid system meant That was the oil contaminated

petroleum waste on 100,000 ppm TPH loading (charge) .

And we investigated that system in length of 2 months ,

and we found that the soil system which was
contaminated Petroleum waste that treated by bioagent
Petrobacter and Azotobacter in mix culture form were
to be more normaly and healthy soil and significantly
more effective to removal the petroleum hydrocarbon in
ttah soil system. .

And if it used for planting media , the plant could be

growth normaly and better than the soil system without
treated by bioagent Rhizobacteria Azotobacter .spp
 Effect of Rhizobacteria (Azotobacter sp. v04 & Petrobacter ) to petroleum waste
Biodegradation efficiency in the Solid system of Land treatments method bioremediation with
10% TPH waste charges condition .

74.78%

Efficiency of Biodegradation
80.00%
58.25%
70.00%
55.89%
60.00%

50.00%
35.53%
40.00% 28.26%
30.00% 18.33%
20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
Control Pseudomonas sp Mix Culture
Petrobacter

without Azotobacter Adding Azotobacter sp. v04

and we found that the soil system which was contaminated Petroleum waste
that treated by bioagent Petrobacter and Azotobacter in mix culture form were to be more normally and healthy soil and
Petrobacter and Azotobacter in mix culture form significantly more effective to removal the petroleum hydrocarbon in
that soil system. .

And if it used for planting media, the plant could be growth normally and better than the soil system without treated by
bioagent Rhizobacteria Azotobacter .spp
COMPOUND of PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON RESIDUES
BEFORE AND AFTER TREATED BY

Soil sample contaminated petroleum before treated

by Rhizobacteria

Soil sample contaminated petroleum after incubation without

treated by Rhizobacteria
(naturally biodegradation process )

Soil sample contaminated petroleum after incubation treated by

Petrophylic but
without Azotobacter sp.v04

Soil sample contaminated petroleum after incubation treated by

Rhizobacteria with adding Azotobacter sp.v04
Or in mix culture rhizobacteria
 The Toxicisity assessment of Soil Petroleum contaminated
After treated by Rhizobacteria

Contaminated Soil sample Treated

Contaminated Soil sample by culture Petrophylic with
without treated Rhizobacteria Adding Azotobacter spv04 in
length 60 days

Soil returned to be normal

and could be used as media
for planting

Lettuce plant could be

normally growing

6,5 cm 23,7 cm
 The Toxicisity assessment of Soil Petroleum contaminated
After treated by Rhizobacteria

a0b0 a2b0 a2b2

6,5 cm 13,0 cm 23,7 cm

Here is we can see that the soil contaminated petroleum waste (10 % TPH waste loading) which treated by mix culture
petrophylic and Azotobacter spv04 after treated by that was to be normaly soil system and it could be used as a
media for planting with resulting the growth of the plant was firmly higher yield circumstance.
 CONCLUSION
1. Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacter sp. are the Carbonoclastic/
Petrophylic bacteria which were firmly effectively degrading
petroleum hydrocarbon waste circumstance.

2. Azotobacter sp.v04 is the bio stimulant agent which could be

effectively promoting and supporting activity Petrophylic bacteria
to degrade hydrocarbon running faster and it inevitably could
accelerate biodegradation process as well.

3. Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sp and Azotobacter sp.v04 are the

Rhizobacteria species discovered which have potential function
as a biological agent for removing waste of Petroleum purpose
faster and better for environment currently .

4. Those isolates are firmly potential as a bio-machine used for the

bioremediation technology system to remove petroleum waste for
cleaning environment currently.
 a0b0 a2b0 a2b2
6,5 cm 13,0 cm 23,7 cm

Potensi Geofisika dalam monitoring proses bioremediasi akibat HC:

- Monitoring spot-spot HC
- Monitoring perlakuan bioremediasi dengan cara khusus
Mencari tanaman hiperakumulator logam berat yang mencemari tanah  fitoremediasi
 Metoda Geofisik untuk Kestabilan Lereng

Seismik refraksi, Seismik refleksi, Metoda tahanan jenis, metoda GPR

Seismik Refraksi
Seismik Refleksi
Tomografi
Anisotropi
Atenuasi dan absorpsi

PengukuranSIfat Tanah dan Batuan

EM
EM
- GPR
EM
- GPR
KESIMPULAN

Metoda Geofisika berperan dalam mengatasi berbagai masalah

lingkungan, baik sebagai metode pelengkap maupun metode
utama
Terimakasih