KFUPM ENGINEERING

Department of Petroleum Engineering

PETE-303: Well Logging

Well Logging

Khaled Abdelgawad
Spring 2016
Borehole Environment
Borehole Environment 3
Fluid Distribution around a Well 4
 Borehole Environment 5

h : Bed Thickness
hmc : Mudcake
Thickness dh :
Borehole Diameter
di : Diameter of flushed zone.
dj : Diameter of Transition zone

Shy: Hydrocarbon saturation

Sw : Water Saturation
Sxo : Flushed zone water saturation
Sro : Residual HC. saturation

Rm : Mud resistivity
Rmc : Mudcake resistivity
Rmf : Mudfiltrate resistivity
Rs : Adjacent bed resistivity
Rt : True formation resistivity
Rxo : Flushed zone resistivity
Rw : Formation water resistivity
 Question 6

General for the same drilling fluid and layer

permeability, invasion diameters are:

dj/dh = 2 for ？ porosity rocks

dj/dh = 5 for intermediate porosity rocks
dj/dh = 10 for ？ porosity rocks

High or Low porosity? And why?

 Invaded zone (Cont.) 7

For the same drilling fluid:

The amount of invasion which takes place is dependent upon the
permeability of the mudcake and not upon the porosity of the rock.
An equal volume of mud filtrate can invade low porosity and high
porosity rocks.
The solid particle in the drilling muds bridge and form an impermeable
mudcake.
 Invaded zone (Cont.) 8

The mudcake then acts as a barrier

to further invasion.
Because an equal volume of fluid
can be invaded before an
impermeable mudcake barrier
forms, the diameter of invasion
will be greatest in low porosity
rocks.
Low porosity rocks have less
storage capacity or pore volume to
fill with the invading fluid, and, as
a result, pores throughout a
greater volume of rock will be
affected.
 Invaded zone (Cont.) 9

General invasion diameters are:

dj/dh = 2 for high porosity
dj/dh = 5 for intermediate porosity
dj/dh = 10 for low porosity
 Flushed zone 10

The flushed zone extends only a few Uninvaded zone

inches from the well bore and is part Flushed zone
of the invaded zone
Completely cleared of its formation
water (Rw) by mud filtrate (Rmf)
The remaining oil is called Residual oil Sxo

Sro = 1 – Sxo
Sro
Sro: Residual oil saturation (ROS)
Sxo: Flushed zone water saturation
 Uninvaded zone 11

Located beyond the invaded zone. Uninvaded zone

Pores are uncontaminated by mud Flushed zone
filtrate and saturated with formation
water (Rw), oil, or gas.
Sw
Water saturation (Sw) of the uninvaded
zone is an important factor in reservoir Sxo
evaluation.

Shc = 1 – Sw Sro

Recoverable oil. Shc

SoR=Shc – Sro =(1-Sw)-(1 - Sxo)=Sxo– Sw

 Depth of investigation 12

A distance that characterizes how

far a logging tool measures into
the formation from the face of the
tool or the borehole wall.

The depth of investigation

summarizes the radial response of
the measurement in one or more
directions.
Formation Resistivity 13
 Formation Resistivity 14

Which of these “Archie Blocks” has the largest resistivity?

> >
> =

@ a=1 Rt=100 Rw Rt=25.5 Rw Rt=25 Rw

n=2
m=2 BVW= 0.1 BVW= 0.198 BVW= 0.2

Bulk Volume Water =𝝓 × 𝝓𝝓

Formation Resistivity 15
Invasion and Resistivity Profiles 16

Transition Profile

Step Profile
 Invasion and Resistivity Profiles 17

Annulus Profile
• The annulus profile represents a
fluid distribution that occurs
between the invaded
• zone and the uninvaded zone and
only exists in the presence of
hydrocarbons.
• In the annulus zone, pores are
filled with formation water (RW )
and residual hydrocarbons.
18
Example 19

Dual laterolog curves

through a water-
bearing zone.

Rmf ~ Rw
Example 20

Dual induction log

curves through a
water-bearing zone.

Rmf> 3Rw
Dual induction log curves through a hydrocarbon-bearing zone 21

Rmf> 3Rw