DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing

 Lecture 3: Summary
•  Eigenfunction of LTI System
•  Frequency Domain Representation of Discrete
Time Signals and Systems
•  The Discrete Time Fourier Transform
•  The Discrete Time Fourier Transform Examples
•  Symmetry Properties of DTFT
•  DTFT Theorems
•  The z-Transform

Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing

 Lecture 4: Outline
•  The z-Transform
•  Region of Convergence
•  Examples
•  Properties of ROC
•  Inverse z-Transform

Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing

 The z-Transform
•  Convergence
•  DTFT does not always converge for all sequences
•  Infinite sum not always finite if x[n] is not absolutely
summable
•  Example: x[n] = anu[n] for |a|>1 does not have a
DTFT
•  Similarly Z transform does not converge for all
values of z for any sequence
•  The set of values of z for which the z-transform
converges is called Region of Convergence ROC
∞
-n
∑ x[n] r
n = −∞
<∞

Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing

 The z-Transform
•  Region of Convergence
•  ROC will consist of rings in z plane
•  Z transform must be continuous function of z within
ROC
•  If ROC include unit circle then Fourier Transform
must be continuous function of ω
•  The Z transform is most useful when infinite sum
can be expressed in close form
•  Most important and useful transform are those for
which X(z) is a rational function inside ROC
P(z)
X(z) =
Q(z)
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
 The z-Transform
•  Examples
•  Right sided Exponential sequence
•  Left sided exponential sequence
•  Sum of two exponentials
•  Two sided exponential sequences
•  Finite length sequence

Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing

 Some Common z-Transform
Pairs

Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing

 Some Common z-Transform
Pairs

Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing

 Properties of The ROC of z-
Transform
1. The ROC is a ring or disk centered at the origin
2. DTFT exists if and only if the ROC includes the
unit circle
3. The ROC cannot contain any poles
4. The ROC for finite-length sequence is the entire
z-plane except possibly z=0 and z=∞
5. The ROC for a right-handed sequence extends
outward from the outermost pole possibly including
z= ∞
6. The ROC for a left-handed sequence extends
inward from the innermost pole possibly including
z=0
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
 Properties of The ROC of z-
Transform
7. The ROC of a two-sided sequence is a ring
bounded by poles
8. The ROC must be a connected region
9. A Z-transform does not uniquely determine a
sequence without specifying the ROC

If system stable ROC must include unit-circle

If system is causal ROC must be right side of the

rightmost pole

Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing

 Inverse z-Transform
•  Formal inverse z-transform is based on a Cauchy
integral
•  Less formal ways sufficient most of the time
•  Inspection method
•  Partial fraction expansion
•  Power series expansion
•  Inspection Method
•  Make use of known z-transform pairs

Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing

 Inverse z-Transform
•  Partial fraction expansion
•  Assume that a given z-transform can be expressed
as M
−k
b
∑ k z
X(z ) = k =0
N
−k
a
∑ k z
k =0

•  Apply partial fractional expansion

M −N
−r
N
Ak s
Cm
X(z) = ∑B z r + ∑ −1
+∑ m
k =1,k ≠ i 1 − dk z ( )
−1
r =0 m =1 1 − d z
i

Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing

 Inverse z-Transform
•  Partial fraction expansion
M −N
−r
N
Ak s
Cm
X(z) = ∑B z r + ∑ −1
+∑ m
k =1,k ≠ i 1 − dk z ( )
−1
r =0 m =1 1 − d z
i

•  First term exist only if M>N

•  Second term represents all first order poles
•  Third term represents an order s pole
•  There will be a similar term for every high-order
pole
•  Each term can be inverse transformed by
inspection
Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing
 Inverse z-Transform
•  Partial fraction expansion
M −N
−r
N
Ak s
Cm
X(z) = ∑B z r + ∑ −1
+ ∑ m
k =1,k ≠ i 1 − dk z ( )
−1
r =0 m =1 1 − d z
i

•  Br is obtained by long division

•  Coefficients are given as
(
Ak = 1 − dkz−1 X(z) z =d) k

1 ⎧ ds −m −1 ⎫
Cm = s −m
[ s
⎨ s −m (1 − diw) X w ⎬( )]
(s − m)! (− di ) ⎩ dw ⎭w = di−1

Muhammad Majid (m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk) Digital Signal Processing