Compilation of Reflections Profed 1 (Child and Adolescent Learning

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF CAM.
SUR
Don Domingo B. Fortuno St., Santiago
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
Email Add: htca_1964@ymail.com
Compilation of reflections
ProfEd 1
(Child and Adolescent Learning
HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF CAM. SUR
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
GROWTH IS THE EVIDENCE OF LIFE

Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
EVERY MAN IS IN CERTAIN ASPECTS LIKE ALL OTHER MAN, LIKE SOME
OTHER MEN. NO OTHER MAN
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 1:
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: Meaning, Concepts and Approaches
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 2:
THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
I therefore conclude that developmental tasks is the
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 3:
ISSUES IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
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Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 4:
RESEARCH IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 5:
SIGMUND FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
Sigmund Freud believes that all human beings pass through a series
of Psychosexual Development. Freud has known for his 5 stages of
psychosexual development theory namely the Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency,
and Genital.
Oral stage (from birth to 18 months), this is the stage in which the
mouth is the centre of pleasure and major source of gratification and
exploration. Anal stage (18 months to 3 years old), is the stage in which anus
and bladder is the pleasure-giving bodies coping with demands of control.
Phallic stage (3 to 6 years old), is the stage in which genitalia or genitals as
the source of pleasure. Latency stage (6 to puberty) is the stage in which
energy directed to physical & intellectual activities. Sexual responses are
repressed. Normal homosexual stage/relationship with same sex or
"barkada".Genital stage (puberty onwards)is the stage having the
characteristics energy towards full sex maturity.
Sigmund Freud developed the differences between our Id, ego and
superego. In which Id operates on the pleasure principle (self-centred: evil)
which demanding on immediate gratification of an individual. Ego operates
on the reality principle satisfying the Id’s desire in ways that will realistically
bring pleasure rather than pain. Superego operates on the morality
principle of a person and it is part of one’s personality that provides and
pertains to conscience and also for future aspirations.
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 6:
JEAN PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY
Jean Piaget developed the cognitive development wherein according to
him; knowledge is based from prior learning or schema. There are four basic
cognitive concepts namely the: schema( individual intellectually adapt and
organized to their environment),assimilation( the process of fitting a new
experience), accommodation( process of creating schema) and
equilibration(achieving proper balance between assimilation and
accommodation.).
Piaget was known for his four stage of cognitive development theory.
Sensori-motor stage (from birth to 2 years), which sensory organs and muscles
become more functional. It highlights the Object permanence which has the
ability the child to attain where he knows that an object still exists even when out
of sight. Pre-operational Stage (covers from 2 to 7 years old) in which the child
starts to think, enhances imagination. This stage includes the Symbolic Function
(the ability to represent objects and events everyone else also has his same point
of view), egocentric (the tendency of a child to only see his point of view and
assume that) , centration(he tendency of the child to only focus on one thing or
event and exclude other aspects), animism (considering that objects have life),
irreversibility (no sense of conservation and reversibility) and the transductive
reasoning(reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive, reasoning that
appears to be from particular to particular). Concrete-operational Stage (7 to 12
years old) characterized the ability of the child to know how to reason out or
decentring, conservation (learns the law of conservation), reversibility and
Seriation (learns to follow abstract reasoning but limited). Formal-operational
stage (covers 12 years and onwards) in which the child has the ability to solve or
come up with abstract problems or hypothesis.
He said that the assimilation and accommodation are two basic processes
work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth.
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 7:
ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHO-SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
Erik Erikson proposed the psychosocial development theory. According to
him under this theory, crisis must be resolved in order to develop a healthy
direction. Take note that the focus on Psychosocial Development Theory is an
important socio-cultural determinacy of human development.
Erikson was known for his 8 stage theory of psycho-social development.

First is the Trust vs. Mistrust, which discusses the attachment of the child to the
mother or caregiver. Second stage is the autonomy VS shame and doubt, having
the task of gaining some basic control over self and to their environment. Stage
three (3) is all about Initiative VS Guilt (3 to 6 years) in which children asked to
assume more responsibilities, becoming purposeful and directive. Stage 4 is the

Industrious VS inferiority (6 to 12 years old) it is all about developing social,
physical and learning skills of a child. Stage 5 is the Identity VS Role Confusion (12
to 20 years old) having the task of developing sense of identity. The stage 6 is
about the Intimacy VS Isolation (20 to 35 years old) which establishing intimate
bonds of love, friendship and committing oneself. Stage 7: the Generativity VS
Stagnation (35 to 65 years old),which focuses on fulfilling life goals including
family, career, and society and having the ability to give care for others. Lastly, is
the Stage 8: Integrity and despair (65 years to death) involves looking back over
one’s life and accepting its meaning, and sense of fulfilment and achievement.
Erikson's theory is useful for teaching, parenting, self-awareness, managing

and coaching, dealing with conflict and understanding self and others.
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 8:
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development theory is based on the findings of
Jean Piaget's Cognitive development theory. According to Kohlberg, our ability to

choose right from wrong is tied with our ability to understand and reason
logically.
Developing children progress and enhanced through the sequence of

stages of moral reasoning. There are three levels and six stages of moral
development theory namely the: level 1: Pre-Conventional, the ability of a child
having a sense of morality which externally controlled. This level composed of
Stage 1: obedience and Punishment Orientation that focuses on the child’s desire
to obey rules and avoid being punished[If you do good, there will be no
punishment] and the Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation in which both parties are
mutual and benefited.[ I will do good to you, if you are good to me]. Level 2:
conventional in which action depends on the norms of the society. It is composed
of Stage 3: Good boy, Nice girl, all about social approval or morality of
cooperation.[I am doing this because everyone is doing the same thing] and the
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation, focuses on the morality of constraints
behaviour is right when it conforms to the law. This convenience is needed. And
the level 3: Post Conventional, characterized if the action is for the common
goods including the basic human rights as life, liberty and justice. This level is
composed of Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation, characterized by the
appreciation of the society through respecting the different ideas, concepts,

morality and principles. And the Stage 6: Universal Ethical Orientation, it id the
stage in which morality pertains to conscience.
Knowing the moral development theory, teacher must be guided on

making disciplinary measures in the classroom and managerial processes. [I will do
it because it is right to do it]
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 9:
LEV VYGOTSKY’S SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
Lev Vygotsky proposed the socio-cultural theory. In which he

emphasized that social-interaction plays a very important role in cognitive
development of an individual. He also believed that individual’s
development could not be understood without looking into the socio and
cultural context within which development happens. The two central factors
in cognitive development are the social interaction and the language.
Scaffolding is Vygotsky's term for the assistance provided given by the

teacher to help a child to accomplish or master a certain task; it is gradually
withdrawn as the child gains competence.
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 10:
BRONFENBRENNER’S BIOECOLOGICAL THEORY
The Ecological Systems theory states that human development is
influenced by the different types of environmental systems.
Bronfenbrenner, formulated the Ecological Systems Theory by creating a
Bio-ecological Model with four ecological systems that explains how the
innate qualities of a child and his environment interact to influence how he
will grow and develop. This theory helps us understand why we may behave
differently when we compare our behaviour in the presence of our family
and our behaviour when we are in school or at work. Bio-ecological
System's Theory
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 11:
BURRHUS FREDERICK SKINNER’S OPERANT CONDITIONING
Burrhus Frederick Skinner has defined learning behaviour through the
operant conditioning theory. According to him,"the behaviour of a child is
influenced by the consequences. It is the form of conditioning which
explains the relationship between behaviour and their consequences or
rewards ( Reinforcement and punishments)
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 12:
IVAN PAVLOV’S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 13:
ALBERT BANDURA’S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Bato, Camarines Sur
Tel. No.: 277 – 42 – 96
MODULE 14:
SOCIO-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF INFANCY AND TODDLERS

Compilation of Reflections Profed 1 (Child and Adolescent Learning

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HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF CAM.

GROWTH IS THE EVIDENCE OF LIFE

Jean Piaget developed the cognitive development wherein according to

Erik Erikson proposed the psychosocial development theory. According to

Erikson was known for his 8 stage theory of psycho-social development.

assume more responsibilities, becoming purposeful and directive. Stage 4 is the

Erikson's theory is useful for teaching, parenting, self-awareness, managing

Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development theory is based on the findings of

Jean Piaget's Cognitive development theory. According to Kohlberg, our ability to

Developing children progress and enhanced through the sequence of

appreciation of the society through respecting the different ideas, concepts,

stage in which morality pertains to conscience.

Knowing the moral development theory, teacher must be guided on

Lev Vygotsky proposed the socio-cultural theory. In which he

Scaffolding is Vygotsky's term for the assistance provided given by the

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