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English Grammar
عشيضٍ
الحوذهلل سب العلوييّ،الصلْاج ّالغالم علي اهام الِذج الوشعلييّ ،علي آلَ ّاصحاتَ الزيي
أًاسّا الذًيا تٌْسالذيي ّعلي هي تثعِن تاحغاى ًّؾشالِذی الی يْم الذيي اجوعيي
لَ لْي تْاًا عؼاي(د) څغَ ډېـ ىکــ ګقاؿ يـن چې هاتَ يـي تيا ُـن ػػي کتاب ليکلـْ تْاًايـي ؿاّتښـلَ.
اػم (ع) لَ عاّؿي څغَ رـْړ کړ اّ ّؿّمتَ يي (د)
ژتَ ػ پـُْيؼًي اّ پُْـًْي يٍْ ّميلَ ػٍ ػاچـي هللا
مـاٍ ّؿػًٌَ کـړٍ کلَ چـي پَ اػم (ع) کـي ؿّس پيؼا ىـٍْ اّ اًنـاى تـېـٌَ رـْړ ىـْ ًـْ هللا (د) فؿ کـنثَ
ػ ُغـْ لَ ًْهًْْ مـٍ ّؿّښْػل ّ ًْ ،يلي ىْ چې ژتَ ػ اًناى لَ پيؼايښت مـٍ موَ پيؼا ىْي ػٍ ؛
لَ تلي عْا اًګليني ُغَ ًړيْالَ ژتَ ػٍ چي پَ اّمٌۍ اّ ػَـي ًړۍ کي ډېـٍ فياتَ اړتيا ّؿتَ ليؼل
کيږي ًْ ،فها ُـن يْ ػايٍْ اؿفّ ٍّ چې ػ اًګليني ژتي ګـاهـ تَ لَ عپلي عْږي پښتْ ژتي لَ
ژتاړي مـٍ ليکن ځکَ فهْږ پَ ټْلٌَ کي يْ تؼؼاػ پښتاًَ ّؿّڼَ اّ عْيٌؼي لَ يْ لړ متًْقّ مـٍ هظ
ػي ًْػػي کتاب مـٍ تَ اًيا هللا ػ ډېـّ ّؿّڼْ اّ عْيٌؼّ متًْقٍ ُْاؿٍ ىي.
ػاچې اًګليني يٍْ ًړيْالَ اّ ػلوي ژتَ ػٍ ًْ تايؼ پَ فػٍ کړي ّؿڅغَ ًاّړٍ ګټَ ّاًَ عينتل ىي.
لکَ څٌګَ چي ػا کتاب ها لَ هغتلفـْ ګـاهـي کتاتًْْ څغَ ؿاټْل کړي اّپغپلَ هي ډيقايي کړي ،
کوپيْټـايقډ کړي اّ تاليف کړي ًْ کَ چيـي ػ ّيًْکي پَ ًظـ کْهَ ًيوګړتيا ّؿغلَ ًْ صتوا ً تَ
هاتَ ػ تـښٌاليک پَ ؽؿيؼَ اصْال ؿاکْي ػاتَ متامْ پَ ها ډيـ لطف اّ اصناى ّي.
پَ دسًاّي
خليل احوذ«دسّېؼ»
ػکٌؼُاؿپٌُْتْى ػاًزيٌـي ػپٌُْځۍ هضَل
لنډه پيژندنه
خليل احمد "دروېش" د ډاکتر محمد رحيم "رنځورمل" زوي د مرحـوم فيض هللا خان ابدالي(پوپلزي)
لمسـی په ۱۷۳۱لمريز کال د غـزني واليت قـره باغ ولـسوالۍ د کندلخـو په نومـي کلي په يوه درنه
کورنۍ کي زيږيدلي ،لمړنۍ زده کړي يي د بي بي خديجي الکبرای(رض) په ښوونځۍ کي او
زده کـړي د سلطان محمود غـزنوي په عالي لېـسه کي په اول نمره ګۍ کي پاي ته رسـولي ثانوي
فراغت څخه وروسته د کندهارپوهنتون انجينري پوهنځۍ ته بريالي شو. چـې له
په درنښت
«دروېـش»
ډالــــۍ
مـوراو پـالر تـه چـي زمـا پـه ښـوونه او روزنـه کـي زيـاتـي هـڅي کـړي دي.
خپلو استادانو ته چي زما په زده کړه کي يي نه ستړي کېدونکي هڅي کړي دي.
هغه تنکـيو ځـوانانو ته چـي ځانـونه يـي د اسـالم په مـبارک دين پخاطرفدا کړل.
لغــــــــــاىLanguage
Language is a social phenomenon which is used for understanding.
ژتَ يٍْ ټْلٌيقٍ پؼيؼٍ ػٍ چي ػ پُْيؼًی لپاؿٍ پکاؿ ّړل کيږي.
الفثاء :ػ تْؿّ هزوْػَ ػٍ چي ػ کلوْ ػرْړّلْ لپاؿٍ پکاؿ ّړل کيږي.
:aلْي تْسي )ُ :Capital Letters ( Uppercase Lettersغَ تْؿي ُغَ تْؿي ػی
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,
W , X , Y , Z.
لْي تْسي پَ الًذي ځايًْْ کی اعتعواليږی:
:۱ػيْی رولی ػ ليکلْ پَ ىـّع کی امتؼواليږی:
ّ: bاړٍ تْسي )ّ :Small letters (lowercase lettersاړٍ تْؿي ُغَ تْؿی ػي چي
پَ غيـ تـرنتَ ىکل ليکل کيږي اّ هؼوْالً ػ کتاتًْْ ،هزلْ ،اعثاؿًّْ اّ ًْؿّ ليکٌْ
a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x
y,z.
ليکوونکي :خليل احمد "درويش" 6
Dervish English Grammar
ــ پَ اًګليني ژتَ کي تْؿي ػ تلفع لَ لضاظَ پَ ػؿي تـعْ ّييل ىْی ػي:
غږلـًّکي تْؿي ُغَ ػی چي پَ يٍْ کلوَ کي ُزا(ميالب) رْړّي ُ ،غَ پَ ػي هؼٌی چي ُـ
غږ لـًّکي تْؿي پَ تٌِايي مـٍ کْالي ىی يٍْ ُزا يا غږ تيکيل کړی.
There are five vowel letters in English language which are:
(A , E , U , I , O).
)(A , E , U , I , O
1. All the word in English should have at least one vowel to be
pronounced.
.۱ػ اًګلينی ژتي ټْلي کليوي صؼ الل تايؼ ػ يْ غږ لـًّکي ػؿلْػًّکي ّي تـڅْ تلفع ىيُ (.يڅ
کلوَ ًيْ کْالي تي ػ غږ لـًّکي تْؿي لَ هْرْػيت څغَ تلفع کړّ.
غږ لـًّکي تْؿي پَ کلواتْ کي ػ ُزاتٌؼي تاػج ګـځی( کلوي ػ اّاف لَ لضاظَ تمنين تٌؼي.۲
.)کْي
Syllable Syllable Syllable Syllable
3. For the words that are started with a vowel sound use article ( an ).
ٍ( تؼـيف تْؿي څغَ امتفاػan) ػ ُغْ کلواتْ لپاؿٍ چي پَ غږ لـًّکي تْؿّ ىـّع ىْي ّي ػ.۳
.کيږي
Ex: pharmacy.
Note: the two letters (w ,y) are sometime vowel and sometime
consonant , in this reason they are called semi vowels.
that is to say when they are used at the beginning
of the words to start a syllable, are consonant ,but at the
middle of a word or at the end, are vowels.
ًْټ :ػٍّ تْؿي چي ػثاؿت ػي ) ( w ,yڅغَ ځيٌي ّعت ػ تي غږٍ اّ ځيٌي ّعت غږ
لـًّکي ّي ًْپَ ػي ػليل ُغَ تَ ًيوَ غږ لـًّکي تْؿي ّاييُ .وؼاؿًګَ تْرَ ّىي
کلَ چي ػغَ (تْؿي) ػ ُزايي تْؿّ پَ ىـّع کي ؿاىی تي غږٍ ػي هګـ کلَ چي پَ
Or:
Consonant letters are those which can not make a sound or syll-
able alone.
تي غږٍ تْؿي ُغَ تْؿي ػي چي ػ غږ لـًّکْ تْؿّ لَ هْرْػيت څغَ پـتَ ًَ تلفع کيږي.
اّيا:
تي غږٍ تْؿي ُغَ ػي چي ًيي کْالي پَ تٌِايي مـٍ غږ يا ُيزا(ميالب) تيکيل کړی.
Except five vowel letters all the rest are consonant in
English language.
پَ اًګليني ژتَ کي لَ پٌځْ غږ لـًّکْ تْؿّ پاتي ټْل تي غږٍ ػي.
ًْټ :ػ تلفع اّغږ پَ هطا تك ػکلواتْ ػتمنين ّاصؼ تَ ُزا ّايي.
Bb ,Cc, Dd, Ff, Gg, Hh, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Vv, Xx,
Zz.
.) ػ تْؿي څغَ ّؿّمتَ پَ اعيـ کي ؿاىيm( ) تْؿي ػb( پَ ُغْ کلوْ کي چي ػ.b
ٍتــــــي غـــــــږ
( څغَ هغکي (ك) لَ ُغَ څغَ تغيـe ,i ,y( ک) غږ ّؿکْي ػ، ) تْؿي پَ پښتْ کي ػ ( كC( ػ:۲
.(ک) تلفع کيږي
.ک) غږ ّؿکْي، چ، ) مـٍ يْځاي امتؼواليږي اّػ (هh( َ) تْؿي لc( ػ
ػ ( )cتْؿي ځيٌي ّعت لَ ًْؿّ تْؿّ مـٍ يْځاي کيږي ػ (ه) غږ ّؿکْي.
(ه)Ex: Special , Ancient , Ocean , Conscious. .
ػ ) (vغږّؿکْي
: ۵ػ) (Gتْؿي ػ (د) غږ ّؿکْي ُـکلَ چي ) (E ,Iڅغَ هغکي ؿاىي کلَ (ګ) اّ کلَ (د) تلفع
کيږي.
ُ غَ ّعت چي ػ) (Gتْؿي ػ ( )yڅغَ هغکي ؿاىي ُوييَ (د) تلفع کيږي.
Ex: Geology , Gymnastic.
کلَ چي ػ( )Gتْؿي ػ ًْؿّ تْؿّ څغَ هغکي ؿاىي ُوييَ (ګ) تلفع کيږي.
Ex: Garden , Grass , Good.
ُ ـکلَ چي ػ ( )Gتْؿي ػ ( )mاّ ( )nلَ تْؿي هغکي پَ مـيا پَ اعيـ ػ کليوي کي ؿاىي ًَ
تلفع کيږي.
Ex: Sign , Diaphragm.
تي غږٍ تي غږٍ
ػ ( )Hتْؿي پَ تـکية ىْي ډّل لَ ًْؿّ تْؿّ مـٍ يْځاي کيږي اّ هغتلف غږًَّ ّؿکْي.
Exs: a: Laugh , Rough
ف ف
ش ش
ک ک
ف ف
چ چ
کلَ چي ػ کليوي پَ ىـّع کي ػ ( )kتْؿي ػ ( )nػ تْؿي هغکي ؿاىي ًْ( ًَ )kتلفع کيږي.
کلَ چي ػ ( )Nپَ اعيـ ػکليوي کي ػ ( )Mلَ تْؿي ّؿّمتَ ؿاىی ًَ تلفع کيږي.
ػ ( )Pتْؿي ځيٌي ّعت ػ ( )Hلَ تْؿي مـٍ يْځاي کيږي ػ (ف) غږ ّؿکْي.
کَ چيـي ػ ( )Pتْؿي ػ کليوي پَ ىـّع کي ػ ( )s ,t ,nلَ تْؿّ څغَ هغکي ؿاىي ًَ تلفع
کيږي.
Ex: Pneumonic , Psychology , Ptomaine.
تي غږٍ تي غږٍ تي غږٍ
:۱۳ػ) (Qتْؿي پَ پښتْ کي ػ (ک ،ق) غږ ّؿکْي ،اّاکخـاً ّعت ػ ) (Uلَ تْؿي مـٍ يْځاي
ليکل کيږي.
کَ چيـي ( )Qلَ ( )Uمـٍ پَ تـکيثي ډّل ؿاىي ػ( )Kپَ څيـ تلفع کيږي.
کلَ چي ػ ( )Rلَ تْؿي ّؿّمتَ يْ تي غږٍ تْؿي يا ماکٌَ ( )eپَ اعيـ ػکلوي کي ػ ( ) Rػ
تْؿي څغَ هغکي ؿاغلي ّي پَ تـيتاًْي مينټن کي ًَ تلفع کيږي.
Ex: Form , Teacher , Ruler.
تي غږٍ تي غږٍ تي غږٍ
ػ( )Rتْؿي ُوؼاؿًګَ کْالي ىي ػ ( )Hلَ تْؿي مـٍ يْځاي امتؼوال ىي.
ػ ( )Sتْؿي ځيٌي ّعت ػ کلوي پَ مـکي ػ ( )Uلَ تْؿي هغکي ػ (ه) غږ ّؿکْي.
(ه)Ex: Sure , Sugar. .
ػ ( )Sتْؿي ځيٌي ّعت ػ (ف) غږ ّؿکْي.
(ف) Ex: Noisy , Busy , Cousin , Poison.
کَ چيـي ػ( )Sتْؿي ػ ( )ure( ،)uat(، )ionلَ تـکيثًْْ مـٍ ؿاغلي ّي اکخـاً ّعت (ژ) تلفع
کيږي.
Ex: Pleasure , Explosion.
ػ ()Sتْؿي ځيٌي ّعت لَ ( )iaڅغَ هغکي ؿاځي ػ (ه) يا (ژ)پَ څيـ تلفع کيږي.
Ex: Asian , Persian , Controversial.
ػ ( )Sتْؿي ډيـ ځايًْْ کي تي غږّي اًَّ تلفع کيږي.
Ex: Crops.
کلَ چي ػ ( )Sتْؿي ػ ( )Hلَ تْؿي مـٍ يْځاي ػ (ه) غږ ّؿکْي.
Ex: Shop , Shall , Shine.
ػ ( )Tتْؿي ځيٌي ّعت ػ ( )ioاّ ( )iaڅغَ هغکي امتؼواليږي اّ ػ(ه) غږ ّؿکْي.
Ex: International , Action , partial .
ػ ( )Wتْؿي ػ( ) Hلَ تْؿي مـٍ يْځاي کيږي ځيٌي ّعت ػ (س) اّځيٌي ّعت ػ (ّ) غږ
ّؿکْي.
Ex: While , What , Whole.
Compound Letters
تــرکــــيـــبـي تـوري
پَ اًګليني ژتَ کي ځيٌي تْؿي پَ حاتت ىکل ّرْػ ًَ لـي ػػي لپاؿٍ کْالي ىْ ػٍّ اّ يالَ ػّّ
څغَ فيات تْؿي يْځاي کړّ تـڅْ يْ غږ تيکيل کړي چي ػي تَ تـکيثي تْؿي ّايي.
Parts of speech
دکـــالم اجــــضاّي
Words are the base of a language they are put together to make a sense
in the sentences , these words are classified according to the work they
do in the sentences are called parts of speech.
کلوي ػيْي ژتي ػ تٌنټ صيخيت لـي ػّي پَ عپلْ کي يْځاي کيږي اّپَ رولَ کي يْ هفِْم رْړّي
چي ػّي پَ رولْ کي تـمـٍ کْي طثمَ تٌؼي کيږي چي ُوؼي، چي ػغَ کليوي ػُغَ ػًؼّ لَ هغي،
.تَ ػ کالم ارقاّي ّايي
1. Pronoun. . ضــوـيـ
2. Verb. . فـؼـل
3. Article. .ػتؼـيف تْؿي
4. Noun. .امـــن
5. Adjective. .ٍفت
6. Adverb. .لــيــؼ
7. Conjunction. .ػ ؿتظ تْؿي
8. Preposition. .اضافَ تْؿي
9. Interjection. .ػ ًؼا تْؿي
ضويـ ُغَ کلوَ ػٍ چي ػ ًْم پَ ځاي امتؼواليږي اّ ػُغَ لَ تکـاؿ څغَ هغٌيْي:)ضويش۱
.کْي
ّ ػ تؼـيف تْؿي ُغَ کلوَ ػٍ چي لَ ًْم اّيا ٍفت مـٍ امتؼواليږي ا:)دتعشيف تْسي۳
.ُغَ هؼيٌْي
Ex: He spoke quite correctly.(adverb). .) ُغَ کاهالً پَ ٍضيش ډّل عثـي ّکړي(لــيؼ:هخال
ْ ػّّ ػثاؿات، ْ ػّّ رول، ْ ػ ؿتظ تْؿي ُغَ کلوَ ػٍ چي ػ ػّّ کلو:)دّصل(ستظ) تْسي۶
. اّ ػّّ لضيْ ٍّل کْلْ لپاؿٍ پکاؿ ّړل کيږي،
Ex: Abdul Hadi and Karrim are brothers. . ػثؼالِاػي اّ کـين ّؿّڼَ ػي:هخال
. اضافي تْؿي ُغَ کلوَ ػٍ چي ػػّ اىغاٍْ اّيا ىياًْ تـهٌځ ؿاتطَ ښيي:)اضافي تْسي۴
Or:
.اضافي تْؿي ُغَ کلوَ ػٍ چي ػ امـن يا ضويــ اړيکَ ػ ًْؿّ کليوْ مـٍ پَ رولَ کي ښيي
ًؼايَ تْؿي،چي اصنامات يا فـػ ښيی، ػ ًؼا تْؿي يٍْ کلوَ يا ػثاؿت ػي:) دًذا(غــږ) تْسي۹
.کْم ګـاهـي اړيکَ ػ ًْؿّ کلوْ مـٍ ًَ لـي
Ex: Oh! She is so cute. .ٍ آٍ! ُغَ څْهـٍ ښاينتَ ػ:هخال
Pronoun ضـــويـــش
Pronoun : pronoun is a word which is used in the place of a noun and
avoids its repetition.
َ ضــوـيـ ُـغـَ کـلوَ ػٍ چـي ػ ًْم پَ ځـاي امتؼـواليږي اّ ػُغَ لَ تکـاؿ څغ:ضـــوــــيش
.هغٌيْي کْي
Subject pronouns are those which are used in the place of subject in
the sentence.
Object: هــفــعــْل
Object is a person or thing in which the work or action is done to.
.هفؼْل يْ ىغٌ يا ىي چي ػ کاؿ يا ػول پـتَ تـمـٍ کيږي
Or: اّيا
.هـنتـميـن هـفؼـْل ُـغـَ هـفؼـْل ػٍ چـي فـؼـل هنـتـميوا ً ػ ػـوـل پَ ّامـطَ هتاحــٍ کـيـږي
Or: اّيا
Ex: I will buy a car for Karrim. . فٍ تَ ػ کـين لپاؿٍ يْ هْټـ ّاعلـن:هخال
Note: Direct object is usually a thing and indirect object is usually a person.
. هنتمين هفؼْل هؼوْالً ىــي ّي اّ غيـ هنتـميـن هفؼْل هؼوْالً ىغٌ ّي:ًْټ
، ػّعت اٍطالس، ػهکاى اٍطالس، امن، هْږ ػ ّرْػ لـلْ فؼلًَْ لَ ٍفت
.ْ“ ىکل اّ ػ فؼل لَ ػؿين ىکل څغَ ػ هغَ امتؼوالْالي ىing” ػ فؼل
Noteًْټ:
If there is a (to be) verb in a sentence , in the question form these verbs
are used at the beginning of the sentence and in the negative form (not)
is used after these verbs.
کَ چيـي ) (to beفؼل پَ رولَ کي هْرْػ ّي پَ مْالی ىکل کي ػغَ فؼلًَْ ػ رولي پَ مـکي
Ex: هثال:
- Is Ahmad Zia a teacher?. (?). ـ آيا اصوؼ ضيا يْ ښًّْکي ػٍ؟ (؟).
- Ahmad Zia is not a teacher. (-). ـ اصوؼضيا يْ ښًّْکي ًَ ػٍ.)-( .
ًْ:ټNote
( To be) verbs are both ordinary and auxiliary verbs , if they are used
alone in the sentences , they are ordinary verbs but when they are
followed by other verbs in the sentences , they are auxiliary verbs.
ػ ) ( To beفؼلًَْ ُن اٍلي فؼلًَْ ػي اّ ُن کْهکي فؼلًَْ ،کَ چيـي پَ رولَ کي يْافي امتؼوال
ىــي يؼٌي چـي تل فؼل هْرْػ ًَ ّي پَ ػغـَ ٍـْؿت کـي اٍـلي فؼـلًَْ ػي هـګـ کلَ چي لَ ًْؿّ
فؼلًْْ مـٍ يْ ځاي ىي کْهکي فؼلًَْ ػي.
Ex: Karrim is a Qari. (Ordinary verb). هخال :کـين يْ لاؿي ػٍ( .اٍلي فؼل).
هخال:ػثؼهللا ػفْټثال پَ لْتَ هيغْل ػٍ(.کْهکي فؼل) Ex: Abdullah is playing football.(Auxiliary verb).
ًــْټ :پَ صال راؿي فهاًَ کي ػ ) (Is ,am , areلَ ) (to beفؼـلًْْ څغَ ،پَ تيــٍ فهاًَ کـي ػ
) (was ,wereلَ ) (to beفؼلًْْ څغَ ،پَ ؿاتلًْـکي راؿي فهاًَ کـي ػ) ( Beلَ ) ( to beفؼـل
څغَ اّپَ کاهلْ فهاًْ کي ) (beenلَ ) (to beفؼل څغَ ګټَ اعينتل کيږي.
Examples: هثالًَْ:
I am working now. فٍ اّك پَ کاؿ کْلْ لګيا ين. صال راؿي فهاًَ
He was studying the book. ُغَ ػهطالؼي پَ صال کي ٍّ. تيـٍ راؿي فهاًَ
I will be going to Kabul. فٍ تَ کاتل تَ ػ تلْ پَ صال کي ين. ؿاتلًْکي راؿي فهاًَ
We have been playing volleyball for two hour. صال کاهلَ راؿي فهاًَ
هْږ ػ ػّّ ماػتْ لپاؿٍ ػ ّاليثال ػ لْتي پَ صال کي يْ.
ًْټ Note:
1. (British system): use to have verbs at the beginning of the sentence
in the question form and add (not) after to have verbs in the negative
form.
( .۱تـيتاًْي مينټن) :پَ مْالي ىکل کي ػ لـلْ فؼلًَْ ػ رولي پَ مـکي ؿاّړل کيږي
اّ پَ هٌفي ىکل کي ػ لـلْ فؼلًْْ څغَ ّؿّمتَ ) (notػالٍّ کيږي.
Ex: هثال:
Ex: :هثال
Note: ًْټ
(To have) verbs are both auxiliary and ordinary when they are used alone
They are ordinary verbs , but when they are used with other main verbs
then they are auxiliary verbs.
ػ )لـلْ فؼلًَْ( ُن کْهکي ػي اّ اٍلي پَ ُغَ ٍْؿت کي چي يْافي امتؼوال ىي يؼٌي کْم تل
ٍ اٍلي فؼل ًَ ػي اّپَ ُغَ ٍْؿت کي چي لَ ًْؿّ اٍلي فؼلًْْ مـ، اٍلي فؼل ّرْػ ًّلـي
.امتؼوال ىی تيا کْهکي فؼلًَْ ػي
Ex: I do my homework every day. هخال :فٍ ُـٍ ّؿځ عپلَ کْؿًۍ مـتَ ؿمْم.
Ex: He does service every month. هخالُ :غَ ُـٍ هياىت عپلَ ًْکـي مـتَ ؿمْي.
Ex: I did my homework yesterday. هخال :ها تيـٍ ّؿځ عپلَ کْؿًۍ ّظيفَ مـتَ ّؿمْلَ.
Ex: He did his education. هخالُ :غَ(هؾکـ) عپلي فػٍ کړي مـتَ ّؿمْلي.
Note:ًْټ
The sentences which do not have any (to be) verb or other auxiliary verbs
, (To do) verbs are used in their question and negative form.
( فؼل اّ تل کْم کْهکي فؼل هْرْػ ًَ ّي ػُغْ پَ مْالي اّ هٌفيto be) پَ کْهْ رولْ کي چي ػ
.( لَ فؼلًْْ څغَ امتفاػٍ کيږيTo do) ىکل کي ػ
Ex: :هثال
Ahmad plays volley ball. (+) )+( .احمد د واليبال لوبه کوي
Does Ahmad play volley ball? (?) )(؟ آيا اصوؼ ػ ّاليثال لْتَ کْي؟
Ahmad does not play volley ball. (-) )-( .اصوؼ ػ ّاليثال لْتَ ًَ کْي
Note:ًْټ
(To do) verbs are both ordinary and auxiliary verbs ; when they are used
alone they are ordinary and show performing of the action ; but when
they are followed by other verbs in the sentence to form a question or
negative ,are auxiliary verbs and lose their meaning.
( فؼلًَْ ُن کْهکـي ػي اُّن اٍلي فؼلًَْ ؛ پَ ُغَ ٍْؿت کي چـي پَ رولَ کي يْافيTo do) ػ
استعمال شي اصلي ده او دعمل په سرته رسولو داللت کوي؛ مګر کله چي په سـوالي او منفي شکل
.کي له نورو فعلونو سره يوځاي شي کومکي فعلونه دي او عپلَ هؼٌي له السه ورکوي
Ex: I do my homework.(ordinary verb). .) (اٍلي فؼل. فٍ عپلَ کْؿًي ّظيفَ مـتَ ؿمْم:هخال
Ex: He dose not play chess. (auxiliary verb). .) ( کْهکي فؼل. ُغَ ػ مطـًذ لْتَ ًَ کْی:هخال
Emphatic “Do”
“Do” تـاکـيـذي
When the “to do” verbs are placed before the simple form of the verbs
emphasize on performance of an action , are called emphatic do.
“ فؼلًَْ ػ فؼل لَ ماػٍ ىکل څغَ ػهغَ ؿاىي اّ ػػول پَ مـتَ ؿمْلْ تاکيؼ ّکړيto do” کلَ چي ػ
.“ پَ ًاهَ ياػيږيDo” ػ تاکيؼي
Ex: Sifat does perform his homework. . ٍفت عپلَ کْؿًۍ ّظيفَ مـتَ ؿمْي:هخال
Ex: Asif does go to work everyday. . آٍف ُـٍ ّؿځ کاؿ تَ ځي:هخال
Definite Demonstrative pronouns are those which point out to exact and
clear person or thing.
.هؼـيي اىـاؿّي ضويــًَّ ُغـَ چي يْ هؼيـي اّ ّاضـش ىغـٌ اّىــي تَ اىـاؿٍ کـْي
Like َ لک: this )َ (ػغـ, that )َ (ُغـ, these )»(ػغَ«روـغ, those) » (ُغـَ«روـغ, the-
same ) (ػيـي ىـي, such)َ ػاؿًګـ، (ػامـي, the former ) هـغکٌـي، (پـغـْاًـي, the
latter)(ّؿّمــتي.
Ex: Everybody must have good morality. .ُـڅْک تايؼ ښَ اعالق ّلـي:هخال
Usage of (It)
"ًَْ( د اعتعوال "ځايIt) د
(It) is used for inanimate things. .( ػ تي راًَ ىياًْ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږيIt)
Ex: It was you who fought with Khalid. . ُغَ تَ ّي چي لَ عالؼ مـٍ ػي رٌګ ّکړ:هخال
Note: (It) and (you) are both subject and object pronoun , when they are
used before the verb ,they are subject pronouns and when they are
used after the verb they are objective pronouns.
)ًَّ کلَ چي (ػغَ ضويـ، ( ػّاړٍ ُن فاػلي اُّن هفؼْلي ضويـًَّ ػيyou) ّ( اIt) :ًْټ
َلَ فؼل څغَ هغکي امتؼوال ىي فاػلي ضويـًَّ ػي اّ کلَ چي (ػغَ ضويـًَّ)لَ فؼل څغ
.ّؿّمتَ امتؼوال ىي هفؼْلي ضويـًَّ ػي
Ex: It works good. (Subject pronoun). .)(فاػلي ضويـ. ُغَ ښَ کاؿ کْي:هخال
Ex: Hashmat give it yesterday me. (Object pronoun). .) صيوت ُغَ تيـٍ ّؿځ هاتَ ؿاکړ(هفؼْلي ضويـ:هخال
Ex: You can speak Pashto. (Subject pronoun).(. .) تَ پَ پښتْ عثـي کْالي ىي( فاػلي ضويـ:هخال
Ex: I give some money to you.( Object pronoun). .)(هفؼْلي ضويـ. ها تاتَ يٍْ اًؼافٍ پيني ػؿکړي:هخال
Possessive pronouns
ًَّهــلـکـي ضــوـيـش
Possessive pronouns are those which are used instead of noun and show
possession or ownership.
.هلکي ضويـًَّ ُغَ ػي چي ػًْم پَ ځاي امتؼواليږي اّ هلکيت اّ هالکيت ښيي
Tense ًَصها
Tense is a term used in Grammar to indicate the time of the action or
event.
.فهاًَ يْ اٍطالس ػٍ پَ ګـاهـ کي ػ ػول ّعت اّيا ّالؼي تَ اىاؿٍ کْي
Or: Tense is the form of the verb which shows the time of occurrence
of an action or state.
. فهاًَ ػ فؼل ُغَ ىکل ػٍ چي ػ يْ ػول ػ هغاهظ کيؼّ ّعت اّيا صالت ښکاؿٍ کْي:اّيا
“Usage” is the way which shows where and how to use a tense.
.ْ“ ُغَ طـيمَ ػٍ ښيي چي يٍْ فهاًَ چيـي اّ څٌګَ امتؼوالْالي ىUsage”
Some tenses have only one usage but some others have two or more than
two usages.
.ځيٌي فهاًي يْافي يْ امتؼوال لـي هګـ ځيٌي ًْؿي ػٍّ اّيا لَ ػّّ څغَ فيات کاؿٍ ًّي لـي
“Usages” are divided into two parts: ”کاسٍ ًّي” پَ دّّ تشخْ ّيؾل ؽْي دي
تکويل کًّْکي لَ ُغَ کلوي اّيا ګـّپ ػ کلوْ څغَ ػثاؿت ػٍ چي ػ فؼل څغَ ّؿّمتَ ػ رولي
.هؼٌي تکويلْي
Do /Does Do /Does
Structure: جْړښت
Affirmative form Subject + V1 + Complement.
هثثت ؽکل
Ex: Bilal teaches English. . تالل اًګليني تؼؿينْي:هخال
Question form Do/Does + Subject + V1 + Complement?
عْالي ؽکل
Ex: Does Bilal teach English? آيا تالل اًګليني تؼؿينْي؟:هخال
Negative form Subject + Do/Does + Not + V1 + Complement.
هٌفي ؽکل
Ex: Bilal Does not teach English. . تالل اًګليني ًَ تؼؿينْي:هخال
Do/Does +Subject + Not + V1 + Complement -?
Negative interrogative form Ex: Does Bilal not teach English ? آيا تالل اًګليني ًَ تؼؿينْي؟:هخال
هٌفي عْالي ؽکل Don‟t/Doesn‟t + Subject + V1 + Complement -?
Ex: Doesn‟t Bilal teach English ? آيا تالل اًګليني ًَ تؼؿينْي؟:هخال
1. Note : ًْټ
Subject: فاعـل
( کيHe ,she ,it)ٌػ ياػًّي ّړ ػٍ چي ټْل فؼلًَْ تغيـ ػ کْهکي فؼلًْْ پَ ػؿين هفـػ ىغ
((الثتَ ػغَ ُؼايت يْافي پَ هخثتَ تياًيَ رولَ کي.( اعتياؿّيes) ( ياs) پَ صال فهاًَ کي
.))هطـس ػٍ هګـ پَ مْالي اّ هٌفي کي ًَ هطـس کيږي
Ex: :هثال
Wash – Washes Go – Goes Mix – Mixes
2. Note : ًْټ
When (es) is added , it is pronounced like an extra (iz) syllable.
.( پَ ىاى پَ يٍْ رال ُزا تاًؼي تلفع کيږيiz) ( اضافَ ىي ػes) )کلَ چي (ػ فؼلًْْ پَ اعيـ کي
Verbs ending in (y) following a consonant change (y) into (I) and
add (es).
( ػ تي غـږٍ تـْؿي پَ تؼـمـية ؿاغلي ّي (( ػy) ّ( پَ(تْؿي) عتويږي اy) ُغَ فؼـلًَْ چي ػ
(es) ّ( تؼلـيږي اI) َ( تـْؿي پy) ( لَ تـْؿي هغتَ يْ تي غـږٍ تـْؿي ؿاغـلـي ّي)) ػy) ػ
.اضافَ کيږي
ػ تـکــاؿ ليـؼًَّ لکـَ ( ُوييَ ،اکخـاً ّعت ,هؼوْالً ،ځيٌي ّعت ،ډيـ ليږ ،پَ ًاػؿٍ تْګَ(ډيـليږ)
ُـکلَ ُ ،يڅکلَ اّ ُوؼاؿًګَ ًْؿليؼًَّ لکَ ( ُـٍ ّؿځ ُ ،ـٍ ىپَ ُ ،ـمِاؿ ُ ،ـٍ ُفتَ ُ ،ـٍ
هياىت) ،اّ ًْؿ ػ صال ماػٍ فهاًي پَ ػي امتؼوال کي پکاؿ ّړل کيږي.
Ex: I go to school at 7:00 AM every day. هخال :فٍ ُـ ّؿځ ػ مِاؿ پَ ۷:۱۱تزْ ښًّْځۍ تَ ځن.
Ex: She often washes the dishes. هخالُ :غَ(هًْج) اکخـاً ّعت کالي پـيوٌځي.
هخال :اصوؼ ُوييَ مِاؿ پَ ۶:۱۱تزْ پْؿتَ کيږيEx: Ahmad always gets up at 6:00 in morning. .
Ex: She never tells lie. هخالُ :غَ(هًْج) ُيڅکلَ ػؿّؽ ًَ ّايي.
Always ُـويـؾـَ
Often اکـخـاً ّعت
Usually هؼوْالً
Sometimes ځيٌي ّعت
Seldom ډيـ ليږ
Rarely پَ ًاػؿٍ تْګَ«ډيـکن»
Ever ُــکـلـَ
Never ُيـڅـکـلـَ
Every day ُــٍ ّؿځ
Every night ُــٍ ىپَ
Every morning ُــ مِاؿ
Every week ُــٍ ُـفـتَ
Every month ُــٍ هياىت
ًْټ :کلَ چي پَ صال ماػٍ فهاًَ کي پَ ( )Usage 1کي ػ ّعت ليؼًَّ ػ تکـاؿي ليؼًّْ مـٍ ػ
ػ رولي پَ مـکي ؿاىي پَ صميمت کي ػ ػاػتي ػول پَ مـ تاکيؼ تـمـٍ کيږي ،هګـ کَ چيـي فاػل
ػ رولي پَ مـکی کي ؿاىي تاکيؼ تَ ػ رولي پَ فاػل تاًؼي ّي.
ُوؼاؿًګَ تايؼ ؽکـ کړّ چي کَ چيـي ػ ) (to beفؼلًَْ پَ رولَ کي هْرْػ ّي ًْ(تکـاؿي ليؼًَّ
(frequency adverbsػ ) (to beفؼلًْْ څغَ ّؿّمتَ ؿاځي تغيـ لَ ُغْ هؼوْالً لَ فاػل څغَ
ّؿّمتَ اّ لَ فؼل څغَ ػهغَ ؿاځي.
Ex: I usually meet my friends. هخال :فٍ هؼوْالً لَ عپلْ هلګـّ مـٍ هاللات کْم.
Genral facts are of two kinds: کلي حقـيـقتًَْ پَ دٍّ ډّلَ دي
Ex: The earth moves around the sun. . ځوکَ ػ لوـ پَ ىاّعْا ګـځي:هخال
Ex: Allah is one. .ٍ هللا(د) يْػ:هخال
Ex: Ali is a man. . ٍ ػلي يْ مړي ػ:هخال
3) Usage: Simple present tense is can be used for a planned future action
, and series of actions or a future event that is a part of a fixed
timetable or fixed program (scheduled future).
) صال ماػٍ فهاًَ ػ(ًږػي) ؿاتلًْکي پالى ىْي ػول لپاؿٍ (چي صتوا ً ّالغ کيږي:) اعتعوال۳
اّ ُغَ اػوال يا صْاػث تياًْي چي پَ تـمـنـين اّلات اّ پـّګـام هطاتك ّالغ، امتؼواليؼاي ىي
.کيږي
Diagram:
Ex: PEACE TALKS FAIL. .)( ًاکاهَ ىْي. ػ مْلي عثـي ًاکاهَ کيږي:هخال
Diagram:
Ex: Hazrat Ali )ُ (ؿsays: ”One who teaches me a word ,is my
master”.
.ٍ فها امتاػ ػ، ٍ چاچي هاتَ يٍْ کلوَ ؿا فػٍ کړ: صضـت ػلي (ؿُ) ّّيل:هخال
Ex: At this time Ahmad Shah Ba Ba leads his troops over Kandahar.
. پَ ػي ّعت کي اصوؼىاٍ تاتا عپلي لْاّي ػ کٌؼُاؿ لَ لْي ؿُثـي کْي:هخال
Ex: The lion eats raw meat. . فهـي عاهَ غْښَ عْؿي:هخال
Ex: The sun rises from the east. . لوـ لَ عتيځ څغَ ؿاعيژي:هخال
Helping verbs of peresent continuous tense ًَْػ صال راؿي فهاًي کْهکي فؼل
Is / Am /Are Is / Am /Are
Diagram:
Spelling Rules
اهاليي قاعذي
Rules of adding (ing) suffix at the end of verbs.
.( سّعتاړي اضافَ کْلْ قاعذيing) د فعـلًْْ پَ اخيش کي د
2. Verbs ending in a single (e), drap last (e) and than add (ing).
.ّْ( اضافَ کing) َ( صـؾفــْ اّ ّؿّمتe) ٍاعيـ، ( عتن ىْي ّيe) ٌَُغَ فؼلًَْ چي پَ ماک
Age – Ageing .
Singe – Singeing.
Dye – Dyeing.
3. Verbs ending in (ie), change (ie) into (y) than add (ing).
.( اضافَ کيږيing) َ( تثؼليږي ّؿّمتy) َ( پie) ، ( عتويږيie) َُغَ فؼلًَْ چي پ
4. When a verb of one syllable has one vowel and end in single
consonant, the last consonant is doubled befor adding (ing).
(( کلَ چـي يْ ُـزايي فؼـل يـْ غـږ لــًّکي تـْؿي ّلــي اّ پَ يـْ تـي غــږٍ تـْؿي عتـن ىـي
ٍ( لَ اضافَ کْلْ اعيـي تي غږing) غږ لـًّکي تْؿي ػ تي غږٍ تْؿي هغکي ؿاغلي ّي)) ػ
.تْؿي ػٍّ چٌؼٍ کيږي
5. Verbs of two syllables or more than two if last syllable contains one
vowel and end in a consonant , if the stress falls on the last syllable ,
the last consonant is doubled befor adding (ing).
کَ چيـي پَ اعيـي ُزاء کي يْ غږ لـًّکي تْؿي ىاهل، ُغَ فؼلًَْ چي ػٍّ ُزايي يا فيات ّي
،ّي ((ػ تي غږٍ تْؿي ػ هغَ يْ غږ لـًّکي تْؿي هْرْػ ّي)) اّ فياؿ پَ اعيـي ُزاٍ تاًؼي ّي
( ّؿing) َ( لَ اضافَ کْلْ څغَ هغکي ػٍّ چٌؼٍ کّْ؛(( اّ ّؿّمتing) اعيـي تي غږٍ(تْؿي) ػ
.))ّْاضافَ ک
Note: ًْټ
In British System the final (L) is always doubled and than add (ing).
.( اضافَ کيږيing) َ( ُوييَ ػٍّ چٌؼٍ کيږي اّ ّؿّمتL) پَ تـيتاًْي مـيـنټن کي اعيـي
. صال راؿي فهاًَ ُغَ ػول ښکاؿٍ کْي چي ػ عثـّ ػرـياى پَ صالت ّي:) اعتعوال۱
Diagram:
Note: ًْټ
When present continuous tense is used in this way, it is usually follo-
wed by adverb of time, such as (now , right now, at the moment, at
present)… etc.`
ُوؼا اّك، هؼوْالً ػ ّعت لَ ليؼًّْ لکَ (اّك،کلَ چي صال راؿي فهاًَ پَ ػي طـيمَ امتؼواليږي
.اًّْؿّ مـٍ يْځاي کيږي...) پَ ػي صاضـ ّعت کي، پَ ػي لضضَ کي،
now اّك
right now ُوؼا اّك
at the moment پَ ػي لضضَ کي
at present پَ ػي صاضـ ّعت کي
Ex: Nazeer is watching T.V at present. .ٍ ًؾيـ پَ ػي صاضـ ّعت کي ػ تلْيقّى پَ ليؼلْ لګيا ػ:هخال
Ex: Samiullah is studing now. .ٍ مويغ هللا اّك پَ هطالؼَ کْلْ هيغْل ػ:هخال
2) Usage : The present continuous tense is also used to show the duration
of an action which is apparently going on ,but not necessarily
at the moment of speaking.
ُـوؼاؿًګَ صال راؿي فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ػـول ښْػلْ لپاؿٍ امتؼوالـيږي چي ظاُـاً ػ:) اعـتعوال۲
.)( ػ عثـّ پَ هْلغ کي رـياى ًّلـي.هګـ ًَ ػ عثـّ پَ هْلغ کي،مـتَ ؿميؼّ پَ صالت کي ّي
3) Usage: The present continuous tense is used for the action that has
already been arranged and to take place in the future.
َ صال راؿي فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ػول لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي چي هغکي تـتية ىْي ّي اّپ:) اعتعوال۳
.ؿاتلًّْکي ّالغ ىي
Diagram:
Ex: He is leaving Kandahar next week. . ُغَ تَ ؿاتلًّْکي کٌؼُاؿ تـک کړي:هخال
Note:ًْټ
In this way the adverbs of future tense like: Tomorrow, To night , and etc
are used.
( اًّْؿTo night) َ ًي ىپ،( Tomorrow( مثا:َپَ ػغَ طـيمَ تايؼ ػ ؿاتلًّْکي فهاًي ليؼًَّ لک
.امتؼوال ىي
Diagram:
ٍ( لَ ليؼ مـٍ ػ تکـاؿي ػول لپاؿٍ چي ػ ّيًّْکي لپاؿalways) صال راؿي فهاًَ ػ:) اعتعوال۴
.ًاؿاصت کًّْکي اّ غيـ هؼمْل ّي امتؼواليږی
Ex: You are always coming late. . تامي ُوييَ ًاّعتَ ؿاځي:هخال
Ex: He is always fighting at this time. . ُغَ ُوييَ پَ ػغَ ّعت کي رٌګ کْي:هخال
5) Usage: The present continuous tense can be used for an action which
appears to be continuous.
. صال راؿي فهاًَ کْالي ىي ػ راؿي ػول ػ ښکاؿٍ کْلْ لپاؿٍ امتؼوال ىي:) اعتعوال۵
Note: ًْټ
The present continuous tense is not used with out of control verbs.
These verbs are used in the simple present tense, followed by adverbs
of present continuous tense.
Ex: هخال
I am smelling a flower now .(incorrect )غلظ.
I smell a flower now. (correct )ٍضيش.
Note: ًْټ
In some cases most of the out of control verbs are commonly used as
progressive verbs with difference in meaning.
پَ ځيٌي هْاؿػّ کي اکخـيت غيـ اؿاػي فؼلًَْ ػ هؼٌي پَ تغيـ مـٍ ػ راؿي فؼلًْْ پَ صيج امتؼوال
.))(( اؿاػي رٌثَ ځاًتَ غْؿٍ کْي.ىي
Ex: I am thinking about this question. . فٍ ػ ػغَ مْال پَ تاؿٍ کي فکـ کْم:هخال
Distributive pronouns
َتـْصيـعـي ضـوـيشًّـ
Distributive pronouns are used in the place of noun and indicate each
person of a number of group.
) فـػ،تْفيؼي ضويـًَّ ُغَ ػي چي ػ ًْم پَ ځاي امتؼواليږي اّ ػ يْ ګـّپ پَ ُـ ىغٌ (پَ فـػ
.تاًؼي ػاللت کْي
Every )ْ(ُـي, Either )ٍ (ػّاړNeither )ْ (ُيڅ يEach)ُْـي، (ُـ,None)ُْيڅ ي، (ُيڅ
Both)ٍ (ػّاړ, Any) ُـ، ُيڅ، (کْم.
Ex: Each of you is present. .ٍ ُـيْ لَ تامْ څغَ صاضـ ػ:هخال
Ex: Neither of us is lazy. .ٍ ُيڅ يْ لَ هْږ څغَ ټٌثل ًَ ػ:هخال
Ex: Both must come on time. . ػّاړٍ تايؼ پَ ّعت ؿاىي:هخال
Indefinite pronouns
ًًَّاهـعـيي ضـوـيش
Indefinite pronouns are used instead of noun and denote some unknown
person , place or thing.
.هکاى يا ىي تاًؼي ػاللت کْي، ًٌاهؼيي ضويـًَّ ػ امــن پَ ځاي امتؼواليږي اّپَ ًاهؼيي ىغ
One ٌ ىغ،ْي
Few ليږ، ْڅ
No ًَ ، ُيڅ
All ټْل
None ًا، ُيڅ،َُيڅکل
Somebody کْم کل، ٌکْم ىغ، ٌيْىغ
Some one ْ ُغَ ي،ْکْم ي،ٌيْ ىغ
No one ُيڅْک،ُْيڅ ي
Any body ُـڅْک،ٌ کْم ىغ،ٌُـىغ
No body ٌ ُيـڅ ىـغـ، ُيـڅـْک
Some thing ىـي، کْم ىـي، څَ ىـي
Any thing کْم ىي،ُـىي
No thing َ تي اؿفښت،ُيڅ ىي
Every one ُْـي
Every body ُـتـي، ُــ مـړي،ٌُــىـغـ
Every thing ُــىـي
" خليل احمد "درويش: ليکوونکي 52
Dervish English Grammar
،” هؼوْالً لَ غيـ ىويـًّکي اموًْْ مـٍ پَ هٌفي تياًي اّ مْالي رولْ کي امتؼواليږيMuch”
.هګـ پَ کن ډّل پَ هخثتْ رولْ کي امتؼواليږی
Ex: Mustafa bought some cars last week. . هَطفي تيـٍ اًّۍ يْ څْ هْټـاى ّاعينتل:هخال
Ex: Shafiq have some food. . ىــفـيك يٍْ اًؼافٍ غؾا لـي:هخال
Ex: Arfan didn‟t buy any thing. . ػـفاى کْم ىي ّاًَ عينتل:هخال
Ex: Did you see any one here? آيا تا ػلتَ کْم کل ّليؼ؟:هخال
" خليل احمد "درويش: ليکوونکي 54
Dervish English Grammar
Ex: Abdul Bari have not any mobile. . ػثؼالثاؿي ُيڅ هثايل ًلـي:هخال
“One another”: is used to talk about more than two persons or thing.
. ػ ػّّ څغَ ػ فياتْ اىغاٍْ پَ تاؿٍ ػعثـي کْلْ(تضج کْلْ) لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي: “One another”
Ex: All Muslims love with one another. . ټْل هنلواًاى يْلَ تل مـٍ هيٌَ لـي:هخال
Interrogative Pronouns
ًَّپْښتًْکي(اعتفِاهي) ضويش
Interrogative Pronouns are those which are used instead of noun and
ask a question.
“Who”څْک:
.ّْ“ ُغَ ّعت امتؼواليږي کلَ چي هْږ ػ ػ ىغٌ يا اىغاٍْ پَ تاؿٍ کي پْښتٌَ کWho”
.“ فمظ ػ اىغاٍْ( علکْ) لپاؿٍ پَ فاػلي اّ هفؼْلي صالت کي امتؼواليږيWho” :اّيا
Ex: Who did you see? (Object case) .) تا څْک ّليؼ؟ (هفؼْلي صالت:هخال
Ex: Who is knocking the door? (Subject case) .) څْک ػؿّافٍ ټکْي؟(فاػلي صالت:هخال
“Whose”د چا :
Ex: Whose computer is this? (Subject). .) ػغَ کوپيْټـ ػچا ػٍ؟(فاػل:هخال
It‟s Muhammad. .ٍُغَ ػ هضوؼ ػ
Ex: Whose car did you take? (Object). .) تا ػچا هْټـ اعينتي ػٍ؟ (هفؼْل:هخال
Niamat‟s. .ػ ًؼوت
Ex: Which class are you in? تامي پَ کْم ټْلګۍ کي يامت؟:هخال
I am in 12th class. .فٍ پَ ػّلنن ټْلګۍ کي ين
Article
)(د تعشيف تْسي
ػ تؼـيف تْؿي ُغَ کلوَ ػٍ چي لَ امن اّيا ٍفت مـٍ (لَ امن هغتَ) امتؼواليږي اّ ُغْي تؼـيفْي
.يا هيغَْي
.ػ تؼـيف ُغَ تْؿی ػٍ چي ػ هيغٌ ىغٌ اّيا ىي ػ هؼيي کْلْ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي
“The” is called the definite article , because it points out some particular
person or thing.
. ځکَ چي هيغٌ ىغٌ يا ىي تَ اىاؿٍ کْي،ٍ“ ػ تؼـيف هؼيي تْؿي ػThe”
Ex: The cow is a useful animal. .ٍ غْا يْ ګټْؿ صيْاى ػ:هخال
Ex: The Kabul Times News paper . .َ کاتل ټايوق ّؿځپاڼ:هخال
Ex: The Mursal. Magazine . . َ هـمل هزل:هخال
Ex: Le‟s go to the park. (The park this town). .)( ػ ػغَ ښاؿ پاؿک.ْ ځَ چي پاؿک تَ ځ:هخال
Note: ًْټ
“The” is the same for singular and plural and for all genders.
Ex:
Singular noun هفـػ امن Plural noun روغ امن
The book کتاب The books ًَْکتات
Male gender هؾکـ رٌنيت Female gender هًْج رٌنيت
The boy ُلک The girl اًزلۍ
Indefinite Articles
غيش هعيي د تعشيف تْسي
The indefinite articles is related to the number (One) used in the sense
(Any one).
.ػ تؼـيف غيـهؼيي تْؿي پَ (يْ) ػؼػ پْؿي هـتْط ػٍ (اّ) ػ (ُـيْ) پَ هفِْم امتؼواليږي
There are two indefinite articles in English language which are (a)
and (an).
.َ( څخan) ّ( اa) َپَ اًګليغي ژتَ کي دٍّ ًاهعيي د تعشيف تْسي دي چي عثاست دي ل
The form (a) is used before the words beginning with a consonant
letter.
.( ىکل ػ ُغَ کلوْ هغکي امتؼواليږي چي پَ يْ تي غږٍ تْؿي ىـّع ىْي ّيa) ػ
When (U) give the sound of (U) at the beginning of the words (a)
is used instead of (an) .
.( امتؼواليږيa ) ( پَ ځايan) ( ػ کلوي پَ مـکي ػ (يّْ) غږ ّؿکړي ػU) کلَ چي
The form (a) can be sometimes used befor peoples names and it ind-
icates some one stronger.
ٌ( ىکل ځيٌي ّعت کْالي ىي ػ اىغاٍْ ػ ًْهًْْ هغکي امتؼوال ىي اّ پَ ًا اىٌا ىغa) ػ
.ػاللت کْي
Ex: A Mr. Popal came here yesterday. .ٍّ ػ ښاغلي پْپل پَ ًاهَ پـّى ػلتَ يْ ىغٌ ؿاغلي:هخال
Ex: a hundred.
Ex: a third.
Ex: a quarter. 1/4.
Ex: a half kilo.
The form (a) is also used with words like (few , little , lot of …etc).
. اًّْؿ( کلوْمـٍ امتؼواليږي.... lot of , little , few ) َ( ىکل ُوؼاؿًګَ لکa) ػ
The form (an) is used before words beginning with a vowel letter.
.( ىکل ػ ُغَ کلوْ څغَ هغکي امتؼواليږي چي پَ يْ غږ لـًّکي تْؿي ىـّع ىْي ّيan) ػ
When the words start with a silent (H) and are pronounced like a
vowel sound , we use article (an).
(an) ( ىـّع ىْي ّي اّ ػ غږلـًّکي پَ څيـ تلفع ىي هْږ ػH) ٍکلَ چي کلوي پَ يْ تي غږ
.ّْػ تؼـيف تْؿي امتؼوال
Note: ًْټ
Article (a) and (an) are not used before plural and uncountable nouns.
.( ػ تؼـيف تْؿي ػ روغ اّ ًاىويـًّکي اموًْْ هغکي ًَ امتؼواليږيan) ّ( اa) ػ
Helping verb of simple past tense ػ تيـي ماػٍ فهاًي کْهکي فؼل
Did Did
Structure: )عاختواى(جْړښت
Affirmative form Subject + V2 + Complement.
هثثت ؽکل
Ex: Asif played Cricket. .ٍ آٍف ػ کـيکيټ لْتَ ّکړ:هخال
Question form Did + Subject + V1 + Complement?
عْالي ؽکل
Ex: Did Asif play Cricket? آيا آٍف ػ کـيکيټ لْتَ ّکړٍ؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل
Subject + Did + Not / Didn‟t + V1 + Complement.
Ex: Asif did not /Didn‟t play Cricket..ٍ آٍف ػ کـيکيټ لْتَ ًَّ کړ:هخال
Did +Subject + Not + V1 + Complement -?
Negative interrogative form Ex: Did Asif not play cricket ? آيا آٍف ػ کـيکيټ لْتَ ًَّ کړٍ؟:هخال
هٌفي عْالي ؽکل Didn‟t + Subject + V1 + Complement -?
Ex: Didn‟t Asif play Cricket ? آيا آٍف ػ کـيکيټ لْتَ ًَّ کړٍ؟:هخال
Diagram:
Note: When simple past tense is used in this way, it usually followed
by adverbs of time like: yesterday , last week , last month , last year ,
ago , last night…etc.
:َ هؼوْالً ػ ّعت لَ ليؼًّْ مـٍ لک، کلَ چي تيـٍ ماػٍ فهاًَ پَ ػغَ طـيمَ امتؼواليږي:ًْټ
اًّْؿ مـٍ يْ ځاي....، َ تيـٍ ىپ، هغکي، تيـ کال، تيـٍ هياىت، تيـٍ اًّّۍ، تيـٍ ّؿځ
.کيږي
Ex: I wrote a letter yesterday. .َ ها تيـٍ ّؿځ يٍْ ؿمالَ ّليکل:هخال
Ex: He died last year. .ْ ُغَ تيـ کال ّفات ى:هخال
Ex: I saw him last month. . ها ُغَ تيـٍ هياىت ّليؼ:هخال
2. Usage: Simple past tense is also used with always to show past
habit….etc.
. مـٍ امتؼواليږيalways :َ ُوؼاؿًګَ تيـٍ ماػٍ فهاًَ ػ تيـ ػاػت لپاؿٍ ل: اعتعوال.۲
Diagram:
Ex: Khalid always talked about himself. . عالؼ ُوييَ لَ عپل ځاى مـٍ عثـي کْلي:هخال
Ex: Haafiz Shabeer Ahmad always recited Quran. .ٍّ صافع ىثيـ اصوؼ ُوييَ لـآى تالّت کا:هخال
4. Usage: Simple past tense is also used to ask about a past action.
. ُوؼاؿًګَ تيـٍ ماػٍ فهاًَ ػ تيـ ىْي ػول ػ پْښتلْ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي: اعتعوال.۴
5. Usage: Simple Past tense is also used to show an action which starts
and stops in the past ,in this way it is usually followed by expression
of time like: "for two years," , "for five minutes " "all day" or "all year.
….etc.
ُوؼاؿًګَ تيـٍ ماػٍ فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ػول لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي چي پَ تيـ(ّعت) کي ىـّع: اعتعوال.۵
″ٍ ػ ػّّ کلًْْلپاؿ″ :َ پَ ػغَ طـيمَ کي هؼوْالً ػ ّعت لَ اٍطالس مـٍ لک،اّ پاي تَ ؿميؼلي ّي
. اًّْؿ.... ″ټْل کال″ اّيا، ″ټْلَ ّؿځ″ ، ″ٍ ػ پٌځْ ػليمْلپاؿ″ ،
Diagram:
Ex: I lived in Kabul for two years. .ٍ ها ػ ػّّ کلًْْ لپاؿٍ پَ کاتل کي ژًّؼ کړي ػ:هخال
.)ٍ(ها پَ کاتل کي ػٍّ کالَ ژًّؼ کړي ػ
Ex: Baseer sat at the beach all day. . تَيـ ټْلَ ّؿځ ػ ماصل پَ غاړٍ ًامت ّي:هخال
Helping verbs of P.C tense ًَْػ تيـي راؿي فهاًي کْهکي فؼل
Was / Were Was / Were
Structure: )عاختواى( جْړښت
Usages اعتعوالت
1) Usage: Past continuous tense is used to shows the duration of an
action , going on at some exact time in the past.
ٍ تيـٍ راؿي فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ػول لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي چي پَ هؼيي ّعت کي پَ تيـ:) اعتعوال۱
.کي ػ رـياى پَ صال کي ّي
Diagram:
Note: In this usage it is usually used with a (When) and (While) clause.
.( لَ يْي لضيي مـٍ امتؼواليږيWhile) ّ( اWhen) پَ ػغَ امتؼوال کي هؼوْالً ػ:ًــْټ
Ex: The weather was getting colder. .ٍّ ُْا ػ يغيؼّ پَ صال کي:هخال
Ex: It was getting darker. .ٍّ ُغَ ػ تاؿيکيؼّ پَ صال کي:هخال
Simple form )عادٍ ؽکل(اّلي حالت Past form )تيش حالت (دُّن حالت Past participle form دسين حالت
2) Verbs ending in (y) following a consonant , change (y) into (I) and
than add (ed).
ْ( څغَ ػهغَ يy) َ( عتن ّي اّ ػيْ تي غږٍ تْؿي پَ تؼمية ؿاغلي ّي(( لy) َُغَ فؼلًَْ چي پ
.( اضافَ کيږيed) َ( تؼليږي اّ ّؿّمتI) َ( پy) ))تي غږٍ تْؿي ؿاغلي ّي
Ex: :هثال
Simple form )عادٍ ؽکل(اّلي حالت Past form )تيش حالت (دُّن حالت Past participle form دسين حالت
3) Verbs ending in (y) following a vowel add (ed) without any change.
(y) َ( عتن ىْي ّي اّ ػغږ لـًّکي تْؿي پَ تؼمية ؿاغلي ّي(( لy) َُغَ فؼلًَْ چي پ
.( تي لَ کْم تغيـ څغَ ّؿ اضافَ کيږيed) ))څغَ ػهغَ غږ لـًّکي تْؿي ؿاغلي ّي
Ex: :هخال
Simple form )عادٍ ؽکل(اّلي حالت Past form )تيش حالت (دُّن حالت Past participle form دسين حالت
Simple form )عادٍ ؽکل(اّلي حالت Past form )تيش حالت (دُّن حالت Past participle form دسين حالت
Note: ًْټ
Verbs ending in (C) take an extra (K) befor adding (ed).
.( غْاړيK) ٍْ( لَ فياتْلْ هغکي يed) ( عتن ّي ػC) َُغَ فؼلًَْ چي پ
Ex: :هخال
Simple form )عادٍ ؽکل(اّلي حالت Past form )تيش حالت (دُّن حالت Past participle form)(دسين حالت
.تي لاػؼٍ فؼلًَْ ُغَ ػي چي ػ تيـ صالت(ػُّن صالت) اّ ػؿين صالت لپاؿٍ کْهَ عاٍَ لاػؼٍ ًّلـي
Ex: :هخال
Simple form )عادٍ ؽکل(اّلي حالت Past form )تيش حالت (دُّن حالت Past participle form )(دسين حالت
Emphasizing pronouns
َتـاکـيذي ضـوـيـشًّـ
Emphasizing pronouns are those pronoun which are used instead of noun
and emphasize on performing of an action.
.تاکيؼي ضويـًَّ ُغَ ػي چي ػ امن پَ ځاي امتؼواليږي اّ ػػول پَ مـتَ ؿمْلْ تاکيؼ کْي
Ex: She herself broke the glass. . ُغي پغپلَ ګالك هات کړ:هخال
Note ًْټ:
1. Emphasizing pronouns can be placed after object in the sentence it
there is one object.
َتاکيؼي ضويـًَّ کْالي ىي لَ هفؼْل څغَ ّؿّمتَ امتؼوال ىي پَ ُغَ ٍْؿت کي چي پ
.رولَ کي يْ هفؼْل هْرْػ ّي
Ex: Aziz opened the door himself. .ٍ ػقيق پغپلَ ػؿّافٍ عالٍَ کړ:هخال
Ex: Haseeb told himself me the fact. .َ صنية هاتَ پغپلَ صميمت ّّاي:هخال
Reflexive pronoun
ًَّاًعکاعــي ضوـيـش
Reflexive pronoun are used instead of nouns and show that the subject
and object of the sentence is the same , that is to say, the action reflects
from subject to object and from object to subject.
اًؼکامي ضويـًَّ ػ امن پَ ځاي امتؼواليږي اّ ښيی چي ػ رولي فاػل اّ هفؼْل يْ ػٍ يؼٌي ػا چي
.ػول لَ فاػل څغَ هفؼْل تَ اّلَ هفؼْل څغَ فاػل تَ اًؼکاك کْي
Ex: He will depended him self. . ُغَ تَ لَ عپل ځاى څغَ ػفاع ّکړي:هخال
Relative pronouns
ًَّهْصْلي(ستطي) ضويش
The relative pronouns are used instead of nouns and join two sente-
nces.
.)ؿتطي ضويـًَّ ػ اموًْْ پَ ځاي امتؼواليږي اّ ػٍّ رولي مـٍ ًښلْي(اؿتثاط ّؿکْي
Ex: That is the car which I bought yesterday. .ُغَ هْټـػٍ چي هاپـّى ّاعينت:هخال
Note: ًْټ
“Whose” is used only for people and sometimes used for things
without life.
ٍ“ فمظ ػ علـکْ(اىغـاٍْ) لپاؿٍ امـتؼوالـيږي اّ ځـيٌي ّعـت ػ تيزـاًَ ىياًْ لپاؿWhose”
.امتؼواليږي
Helping verbs of P.P tense ًَْػ صال کاهلي فهاًي کْهکي فؼل
Structure: جْړښت
Affirmative form Sub + Have /Has + V3 + Comp.
هثثت ؽکل
Ex: Shabir has gone to Ghazni. .ٍ ىثيـ غقًي تَ تللي ػ:هخال
Question form Have /Has + Sub + V3 + Comp?
عْالي ؽکل
Ex: Has Shabir gone to Ghazni? آيا ىثيـ غقًي تَ تللي ػٍ؟:هخال
Negative form Sub + Have/Has + Not +V3 + Com .
هٌفي ؽکل
Ex: Shabir has not gone to Ghazni. . ىثيـ غقًي تَ ًؼٍ تللي:هخال
Have/Has +Sub + Not + V3 + Comp -?
Negative interrogative form Ex: Has Shabir not gone to Ghazni ? آيا ىثيـ غقًي تَ ًؼٍ تللي؟:هخال
هٌفي عْالي ؽکل Haven‟t/Hasn‟t + Sub + V3 + Comp -?
Ex: Hasn‟t Shabir gone to Ghazni ? آيا ىثيـ غقًي تَ ًؼٍ تللي؟:هخال
1) Usage: Present perfect tense is used for those recent past actions
which started and finished at some unknown time in the past.
صال کاهلَ فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ًـږػي تـيـ ىْي ػـولًْْ لپاؿٍ امـتؼوالـيږی چـي پَ تيـ:) اعـتعـوـال۱
. ًاهؼلْم ّعت کي ىـّع اّ عتن ىْي ّي
Diagram:
Ex: I have eaten food. ( time is unknown). .)ٍ (ّعت ًاهؼلْم ػ.ٍ ها ډّډۍ عْړلي ػ:هخال
Note: ًْټ
When present perfect tense is used in this way usually followed by
adverbs of time , like: already ,recently ,yet ,so for ,several times ,before,
lately…..etc.
،کلَ چي صال کاهلَ فهاًَ پَ ػي طـيمَ امتؼوال ىي هؼوْالً ػ ّعت لَ ليؼًّْ مـٍ يْځاي کيږي
پَ ػي ّؿمتيْ کي، هغکي، َ څْځل، َ تـػي ځاي،َ تـاّم، ) اعيـاً(ًږػي، ) هغکي(پغْا:َلک
. اّ ػامي ًْؿ......
Ex: We have already finished the work. .ٍ هْږ هغکي کاؿ عتن کړي ػ:هخال
Ex: I have not visited Paris yet. . ها تـاّمَ پاؿيل ًؼٍ ليؼلي:هخال
څغَ ّؿّمتَ اّ ځيٌي ّعت ػ رولي پَ اعيـ کيHave , has َ ؽکـ ىْي ليؼًَّ ځيٌي ّعت ل:ًْټ
.ؿاځي
Ex: We have just finished the lesson. . هْږ ليږىيثَ هغکي ػؿك عتن کړ:هخال
Ex: He has just arrived from Kandahar. . ُغَ ليږ ىيثَ هغکي لَ کٌؼُاؿٍ ؿاّؿميؼ:هخال
3) Usage: Present perfect tense is used with (since) and (For) to show an
action which started in the past and continued up to now.
( مـٍ ػُغَ ػول ښْػلْ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږيFor) ّ( اsince) َ صال کاهلَ فهاًَ ل:) اعتعوال۳
.چي پَ هاضي کي ىـّع ىْي ّي اّ تـاّمَ اػاهَ لـي
Ex: The students have continued the lessons for ten months.
.ٍ فػٍ کًّْکْ ػ لنْ هياىتْ لپاؿٍ ػؿمًْْ تَ ػّام ّؿکړي ػ:هخال
.( ػ ّعت اّږػّالي ښييSince) ّ( ػ ّعت هْػٍ ښيي اFor) :ًْټ
:
4) Usage: Present perfect tense shows an action which happened in the
past but the results or effects are still seen in the present time.
ّ صال کاهلَ فهاًَ ُغَ ػول ښيی چي پَ تيـّعت کي ّالغ ىْي ّي اّ ًتايذ ا:) اعتعوال۵
.احـات يي پَ صاضـ ّعت کي ليؼل کيږي
Ex: Ali has cut his finger. .)(اّط ُن ّيٌَ جشياى لشي.ٍ ػلي عپلَ ګْتَ پـي کړي ػ:هخال
Note:ًْټ
In present perfect tense the action it is self is very important than of
the exact time , but in the simple past tense exact time is important.
َ هګـ پ، ٍپَ صال کاهلَ فهاًَ کي پغپلَ ػول (ػ ػول مـتَ ؿميؼل) لَ ػ ليك ّعت څغَ ډيـ هِن ػ
.ٍماػٍ تيـٍ فهاًَ کي ػ ليك ّعت هِن ػ
Ex: I have seen Mustafa today. (at any time today).
.) ( ًي پَ کْم ّعت کي.ٍ ها ًي هَطفي ليؼلي ػ:هخال
Ex: I saw Mustafa at nine o‟clock today. (at an exact time).
.) ( يْ ػ ليك ّعت. ها ًي پَ ًَ تزْ هَطفي ّليؼ:هخال
Note: Present perfect tense and simple past tense are both used with
adverbs of time like:( ever ,never, always, often, several times,…..etc) but
both tenses express the same idea in different periods of times.
،)َ (ُـ(ُـکل:َصال کاهلَ فهاًَ اّ تيـٍ ماػٍ فهاًَ ػّاړٍ ػ ّعت لَ ليؼًّْ مــٍ امتؼواليږي لک
ْاًّْؿ) هګـ ػّاړٍ فهاًي يْىاى هفکْؿٍ ػ ّعت پَ هغتلف......َ څْځل، ً اکخـا، َ ُويي، َُيڅکل
.ػّؿّ کي تياًْي
Ex: :هثال
We lived in Kabul for three years. (past but now).
.)ًَ (پغْا هګـ اّك.ها ػؿي کالَ پَ کاتل کي ژًّؼ ّکړ
We have lived in Kabul for three years. (past and now).
.) ( پغْا اّ اّك.ٍها ػؿي کالَ پَ کاتل ژًّؼ کړي ػ
Helping verbs of P.P.C tense ًَْػ صال کاهلي راؿي فهاًي کْهکي فؼل
Structure: جْړښت
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکل Sub + Have /Has + been + V1 + ing + Comp.
Ex: I have been studing Pashto. . فٍ ػ پښتْ پَ هطالؼَ هيغْل ّم:هخال
Question form
عْالي ؽکل Have /Has + Sub + been + V1 + ing + Comp?
Ex: Have I been studying Pashto? آيا فٍ ػ پښتْ پَ هطالؼَ هيغْل ّم؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل Sub + Have/Has + Not + been +V1 + ing+ Comp .
Ex: I have not been studying Pashto. . فٍ ػ پښتْ پَ هطالؼَ هيغْل ًَ ّم:هخال
Have/Has +Sub + Not + been + V1 + ing + Comp -?
Negative interrogative Ex: Have I not been studying Pashto? آيا فٍ ػ پښتْ پَ هطالؼَ هيغْل ًَ ّم؟:هخال
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل
Haven‟t/Hasn‟t + Sub + been +V1 + ing +Comp -?
Ex: Haven‟t I been studing Pashto. آيا فٍ ػپښتْ پَ هطالؼَ هيغْل ًَ ّم؟:هخال
1) Usage: Present perfect continuous tense is used for the actions which
begin in the past , continued upto now is still continuing (may or may
not go the future.
صال کاهلَ راؿي فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ػولًْْ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي چي پَ تيـّعت کي ىـّع:) اعتعوال۲
( هوکي. تـاّمَ يي اػاهَ پيؼا کړي (پَ ػي صاضـ ّعت کي) تَ ُن رـياى ّلـي، ىْي ّي
.)ؿاتلًْکي تَ اػاهَ پيؼا کړي
Ex: Karrim has been swimming in the pool since four o‟clock.
.ٍ کـين لَ څلْؿتزي ؿاُيني پَ صُْ کي پَ الهثْ ُّلْ هيغْل ػ:هخال
Ex: Naghma has been washing the clothes for three hours.
.ٍ ًغوَ ػ ػّّ ماػتْ لپاؿٍ ػ کالْ پـيوٌځلْ هيغْلَ ػ:هخال
Note: The adverbs like: all day long , all this morning , all week , all night ,
…etc are used in this usage of present perfect continuous tense.
اّػامي ًْؿ ػ صال کاهلي...، َ ټْلَ ىپ، ټْلَ اًّّۍ، ًي ټْل مِاؿ، ټْلَ ّؿځ: َ ليؼًَّ لک:ًْټ
.راؿي فهاًي پَ ػغَ امتؼوال کي پکاؿ ّړل کيږي
Ex: Abdul Hadi has been playing cricket all this morning.
.َ ػثؼالِاػي ًي ټْل مِاؿ ػ کـکيټ لْتَ کْل:هخال
Ex: Basheer has been watching T.V all day long.
.ْ تييـ ټْلَ ّؿځ تلْيقّى کتل:هخال
ٍ صال کاهلَ راؿي فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ػول ػ هْػي ػ تاکيؼ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي چي تي ځٌډ:) اعتعوال۳
.ؿّاى ّي
Ex: Fareed has been working in a bank for the last years.
.ٍّ فـيؼ تيـ کلًَْ پَ تاًک کي پَ کاؿ تْعت:هخال
Ex: Asmat has been studing the lesson in Kabul university for last years.
.ٍّ ػَوت تيـ کلًَْ ػ کاتل پَ پٌُْتْى کي پَ ػؿك تْعت:هخال
(Verbs ًَْ)فعل
Verb is a word which shows an action , state , possession , presence or
absence.
. هْرْػيت اّ ًا هْرْػيت ښکاؿٍ کْي، هلکيت،) صالت(ّضؼيت، فؼل ُغَ کلوَ ػٍ چي يْ ػول
Ex: Sibghatullah is writing a letter. (action). .)(ػول. ٍثغت هللا ػ ليک ليکلْ پَ صال کي ػي:هخال
Ex: Arghandab is a beautiful place .(state). .)(صالت.ٍ اؿغٌؼاب يْ ښکلي ځاي ػ:هخال
Ex: Sidiqullah has a car.(possession). .) (هلکيت. ٍؼيك هللا يْ هْټـ لـي:هخال
Ex: Karrim is not here. (absence). .)(ًا هْرْػيت.َ کـين ػلتَ ًيت:هخال
Verbs divided into two parts: فعلًَْ پَ دٍّ ډّلَ ّيؾل ؽْي ديي
)ػؿين صالت اّلَ هَؼؿ مــٍ يْځاي اّ ػهؼوْلي(اٍلي، کْهـکي فؼـلًَْ ُغَ ػي چـي لَ مـاػٍ ىکل
.فؼلًْْ فهاًَ تيکليلْي
Auxiliary verbs are divided into three parts:کْهکي فعلًَْ پَ دسي تشخْ ّيؾل ؽْي
The Principal auxiliary verbs are those which form the main part of
auxiliary verbs.
.اٍلي کْهکي فؼلًَْ ُغَ ػي چي ػ کْهکي فؼلًْْ امامي تـعَ تيکيلْي
Ex: Shabeer is a moralist student. .ٍ ىثيـ يْ اعاللي فػٍ کًّْکي ػ:هخال
Ex: Khalid was a pilot. .ٍّ عالؼ يْ پيلْټ:هخال
Ex: I am a teacher. . فٍ يْ هؼلن ين:هخال
1 2 3
To be verbs To have verbs To do verbs
Ex: I do my homework every day. . فٍ ُـٍ ّؿځ عپلَ کْؿًۍ مـتَ ؿمْم:هخال
Ex: He does service every month. . ُغَ ُـٍ هياىت عپلَ ًْکـي مـتَ ؿمْي:هخال
Ex: I did my homework yesterday. .َ ها تيـٍ ّؿځ عپلَ کْؿًۍ ّظيفَ مـتَ ّؿمْل:هخال
Structure 1: جْړښت:۱
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکل Sub + Will /Shall +V1 + Comp.
Ex: Khalid will learn Arabic. . عالؼ تَ ػـتي فػٍ کړي:هخال
Question form
عْالي ؽکل Will /Shall + Sub + V1 + Comp?
Ex: Will Khalid learn Arabic? آيا عالؼ تَ ػـتي فػٍ کړي؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل Sub + Will /Shall + Not +V1 + Comp .
Ex: Khalid will not learn Arabic. . عالؼ تَ ػـتي فػٍ ًکړي:هخال
Will /Shall +Sub + Not + V1 + Comp -?
Negative interrogative Ex: Will Khalid not learn Arabic? آيا عالؼ تَ ػـتي فػٍ ًکړی؟:هخال
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل
Won‟t/Shan‟t + Sub +V1 + Comp -?
Ex: Won‟t Khalid learn Arabic? آيا عالؼ تَ ػـتي فػٍ ًکړي؟:هخال
Structure 2: جْړښت:۲
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکل Sub + To be + going to +V1 + Comp.
Ex: Khalid is going to learn Arabic. . عالؼ تَ ػـتي فػٍ کړي:هخال
Question form
عْالي ؽکل To be + Sub + going to + V1 + Comp?
Ex: Is Khalid going to learn Arabic? آيا عالؼ تَ ػـتي فػٍ کړي؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل Sub + To be + Not + going to +V1 + Comp .
Ex: Khalid is not going to learn Arabic. . عالؼ تَ ػـتي فػٍ ًکړي:هخال
Negative interrogative To be + Not + Sub + going to + V1 + Comp -?
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل Ex: Is not Khalid going to learn Arabic? آيا عالؼ تَ اًګليني فػٍ ًکړي؟:هخال
.ٍ( فْؿهْل ًنثت لْهړي فْؿهْل تَ ډيـ ػام ػTo be going to) ػ:ًْټ
1) Usage: Simple future tense is used to show an action which will take
place at some exact time in the future.
ماػٍ ؿاتلًّْکي فهاًَ ػ ُغَ کاؿ ػ تياى لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي چي پَ ؿاتلًّْکي کي:) اعتعوال۲
.تَ ؿاهٌځ تَ ىي
Diagram:
Note: Some advrbs like: tomorrow , next week , next year , next month
…etc are used in this usage of simple future tense.
اًّْؿ... ؿاتلًّْکي هياىت، ؿاتلًّْکي کال، ؿاتلًّْکي اًّّۍ، مثا:َ ځيٌي ليؼًَّ لک:ًْټ
.ػ ماػٍ ؿاتلًّْکي فهاًي پَ ػي امتؼوال کي پکاؿ ّړل کيږي
Ex: Haneef will go to Ghazni tomorrow. . صٌيف تَ مثا غقًي تَ الړ ىي:هخال
Ex: I is going to meet him next week. . فٍ تَ ؿاتلًّْکي اًّّۍ لَ ُغَ مـٍ هاللات ّکړی:هخال
2) Usage: Simple future tense is used to talk about things which we can
not control ; it expresses genral facts in the future.
ؿاتلًّْکي ماػٍ فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ىياًْ پَ تاؿٍ کي عثـي کْي چي فهْږ پَ کٌتـّل کي:) اعتعوال۲
.ًَ ّی ؛ (يؼٌي) ُغَ صميمتًَْ چي پَ ؿاتلًّْکي کي ّالغ کيږي
Ex: We will know the exam results in April. . هْږ تَ تَ ػ اهتضاى ًتيزي پَ اپـيل کي هؼلْهي ىي:هخال
Structure 2: جْړښت۲
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکل Sub + To be + going to + be +V1 + ing + Comp.
Ex: He is going to be playing now. . ُغَ تَ اّك ػ لْتي پَ صال کي ّي:هخال
Question form
عْالي ؽکل To be + Sub + going to + be +V1 + ing + Comp?
Ex: Is he going to be playing now? آيا ُغَ تَ اّك ػ لْتي پَ صال کي ّي؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل Sub + To be + Not + going to + be + V1 + ing + Comp .
Ex: He is not going to be playing now. . ُغَ تَ اّك ػلْتي پَ صال کي ًَ ّي:هخال
Negative interrogative To be + Not + Sub + going to + be + V1 + ing + Comp -?
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل Ex: Is not I going to be playing now? آيا ُغَ تَ ػ لْتي پَ صال کي ًَ ّي؟:هخال
Ex: We will be doing our homework, while they will be working in the garden.
. فٍ تَ ػ کْؿًي کاؿ پَ تـمـٍ کْلْ تْعت ين، کلَ چي ُغْي پَ تاؽ کي پَ کاؿ تْعت ػي:هخال
Ex: He will be getting ready for the exam all next week.
. ُغَ تَ ټْلَ ؿاتلًّْکي اًّۍ ػ اهتضاى لپاؿٍ ځاى چوتْ کْي:هخال
Ex: Our classmates will be exercising for the races all next month.
. فهْږ ُوٌَــفـياى تَ ټْلَ ؿاتلًّْکي هياىت ػ هناتمي لپاؿٍ ځاى چوتْ کْي:هخال
Ex: Amin will be typing the letters all afternoon .
. اهيي تَ ټْل هامـپـښيـي پَ عظ ليکلْ تْعت ّي:هخال
4) Usage: The future continuous tense can be also used in the conditional
sentences.
. ُوؼاؿًګَ ؿاتلًّْکي راؿي فهاًَ کْالي ىي پَ ىـطيَ رولْ کي امتؼوال ىي:) اعتعوال۴
The modal auxiliary verbs are those which don‟t have any final (s) or
(es) at the third singular person ,they don‟t have any past participle and
infinitive form; therefore can‟t be used in the continuous form.
ًَْ( ًَ غْاړي ؛ ػغَ فؼلes) ( اّياs) ًٍوًَْ يـي کْهـکي فؼلًَْ ُغـَ ػي چـي ػ ػؿين ىغـٌ لپاؿ
ْػؿ ين صالـت ًَ لــي اّ ُـوؼاؿًګَ ػ هَؼؿ ىـکل ًَ لــي لـَ ػي کثلَ يـي پَ رـاؿي ىـکل ًيـ
.امتؼوالْالي
The modal auxiliary verbs are consist in:ًَوًَْ يي کْهکي فعلًَْ عثاست دي ل
Note :ًْټ
“ (Be) able to” تْاًيذل، تْاًايي لشل، کْل
“ (Be) able to” is possible to use instead of (Can), but (Can) is more
usual.
.ٍ( ډيـ هؼوْل ػCan) هګـ، ( پَ ځاي امتؼوال ىيCan) ) “ هوکي ػBe( able to”
“ Can” has only two forms , “Can” is in the (present) and “Could” is
used in the (Past) ; So sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able to.
“پَ هاضيCould” ّ “ پَ ماػٍ صالت کي امتؼواليږي اCan” “ يْافي ػٍّ صالتَ لـيCan”
.( امتؼوال ىيbe) able to. کي امتؼواليږي؛ ًْ پَ ػي عاطـ ځيٌی ّعت ضـّؿت ػٍ چي
Ex: I will be able to win this match easily. . فٍ تَ تْاًايي ّلـم چي ػغَ هناتمَ پَ اماًۍ مـٍ ّګټن:هخال
Note:ًْټ
The verb “could” is may sometimes show a present probability.
.“ فؼل ځيٌي ّعت کْالي ىي يْ اصتوالي ػول پَ صال فهاًَ کي تياى کړيcould” ػ
Ex: If I participate in the class every day , I could succeed in the exam.
. اصتواالً پَ اهتضاى کي کاهياب کيږم، کَ چيـي پَ ټْلګۍ کي ُـٍ ّؿځ ىـکت ّکړم:هخال
Note: ًْټ
In some sentences “God” comes and in some doesn‟t come.
.“ اّپَ ځيٌْ رولْ کي ًَ ؿاځيGod” پَ ځيٌْ رولْ کي
“Might” is used in the past form of (may) and in the indirect speech.
“Must”:)ًتايذ (حتوا
“Must” is a modal auxiliary verb which shows strongest command or obligation.
.“ يْ ًوًَْ يي کْهکي فؼل ػٍ چي ډيـ لْي اهـ اّيا هزثْؿيت ښکاؿٍ کْيMust”
Ex: We must help the poor. .ّ هْږ تايؼ لَ فميـاًْ مـٍ هـمتَ ّکړ:هخال
Ex: Every Muslim must pray five time in a day. . ُـ هنلواى تايؼ پَ ّؿځ کي پٌځَ ّعتَ لوًْځ ّکړي:هخال
Ex: We must finish the work to day. .ّ هْږ تايؼ ًي ّؿځ کاؿ عتن کړ:هخال
Ex: I think , she must be sick. . فٍ فکـ کْم ُغَ تَ ًاؿّؽ ّي:هخال
Note: “Mustn‟t” is the contracted from of “Must not” the first “t” is silent
.کيږي
.“ څغَ کاؿ اعينتل کيږيHad to” َ“ پَ ځاي لMust” پَ هاضي کي ػ:۲ًْټ
هګـ،“ اکخـاً ُغَ ّعت امتؼواليږي چي ارثاؿ يا ُؼايت فهْږ(هتکلن) لَ عْا ّيMust” :۳ ًْټ
. “ ُغَ ّعت امتؼواليږي چي ارثاؿ اّ ُؼايت ػ عاؿري ػْاهلْ لَ طـفَ ّیHas to”
You
We Have to
They
Ex: We have to study for exam. .ّ هْږ تايؼ ػ اهتضاى لپاؿٍ هطالؼَ ّکړ:هخال
He
She Has to
It
Ex: He has to work in this company. . ُغَ تايؼ پَ ػغَ کوپٌۍ کي کاؿ ّکړي:هخال
“Shall” and “will” are modal auxiliary verbs , which are used in the future
tenses.
.چي پَ ؿاتلًْکْ فهاًْ کي امتؼواليږي، “ ًوًَْ يي کْهکي فؼلًَْ ػيwill” ّ“ اShall”
“Will” and “Shall” are used in the future tenses as helping verbs.
“will” is usually used with the pronouns (he ,she, they, it ,you ,and
singular
or plural names). “shall” is usually used with “I” and “we”.
Ex: She will help his. . ُغَ (هًْج) تَ لَ ُغَ مـٍ هـمتَ ّکړي:هخال
Ex: They will come tomorrow. . ُغْي تَ مثا ّؿځ ؿاىي:هخال
Ex: I shall play tomorrow. . فٍ تَ مثا لْتَ ّکړم:هخال
Note : “Will” is more common but in interrogative sentences with “I” and
“we” “Shall” is used.
“Shall” ٍ“ مــwe” ّ“ اI” َ“ ډيــ هؼوـْل ػٍ هګـ پَ مـْالـي رولْ کـي لـWill” :ًــْټ
.امتؼواليږي
Ex: Will /Shall we help them today? آيا هْږ تَ ًي لَ ػّي مـٍ کْهک ّکړّ؟:هخال
Ex: Shall we meet them? آيا هْږ تَ ًي لَ ػّي مـٍ هاللات ّکړّ؟:هخال
Ex: He should studied his lesson. . ُغَ تايؼ عپل ػؿمًَْ هطالؼَ کړي:هخال
Ex: He should be in the class room now. . ُغَ تَ اّك پَ ټْلګۍ کي ّي:هخال
Ex: I would pass the exam, If I studied hard.. فٍ کاهياتيؼلن کَ چيـي ها مغتَ هطالؼَ کړي ّاي:هخال
a polite request.
( لَ کلوْ مـٍ تـکيثيږي هاػتاًَ تماضا( غْښتٌَ) تياًْيmind) ّ( اplease) “ هؼوْالً ػWould”
Ex: Would you please close the door ? آيا هِـتاًي تَ ّکړي ػؿّافٍ عالٍَ کړي؟:هخال
Ex: Would you mind telling me the fact? آيا هِـتاًي تَ ّکړي چي صميمت ؿاتَ ّّايي؟:هخال
Ex: Would you mind ringing me? آيا هِـتاًي تَ ّکړي هاتَ يْ فًګ ُّّي؟:هخال
Note :ًْټ
(Please) is used with simple form of the verb but (mind) is used with (ing)
form of the verb.
.( ىکل مـٍ امتؼواليږيing) َ( ػ فؼل لmind)( ػ فؼل لَ ماػٍ ىکل مـٍ امتؼواليږي هګـPlease)
Ex: I would like to see you after. . فٍ غْاړم ّؿّمتَ لَ تامـٍ ّّيٌن:هخال
Ex: I wish! I would pass the exam. . کاىکي فٍ پَ اهتضاى کي کاهياب ىْي ّاي:هخال
Ex: He wishes ! He would visit Kandahar. . کاىکي! فٍ ػّتاؿٍ کٌؼُاؿ تَ تللي ّاي:هخال
“Ought to”:تايذ
Ex: I Ought to tell him the fact. . فٍ تايؼ ُغَ تَ صميمت ّّاين:هخال
Ex: He ought not to neglect in his duties. . ُغَ تايؼ پَ عپلْ ّظايفْ کي غفلت ًَّ کړي:هخال
.)“ ډيـامتؼواليږيShould”( . ٍ“ څغَ ډيـ هؼوْلي ػOught to” َ“ لShould”
There are three semi modal auxiliary verbs in English language which
consist in: Need , Dare and Used to.
ّ اDare ,Used to :َ پَ اًګليني ژتَ کي ػؿي ًيوَ ًوًَْ يی کْهکي فؼلًَْ ػي چي ػثاؿت ػي ل:َػثاؿت ػي ل
.َ څغNeed
Ex: He need not go there. (auxiliary). .)(کْهکي. ضـّؿت ًيتَ چي ُغَ ُلتَ الړ ىي:هخال
ًْټ :کلَ چي ػ ” “Needفؼل پَ رولَ کي يْافي اّيا لَ هَؼؿ مـٍ يْځاي امتؼوال ىي اٍلي
فؼل ػٍ اّ کلَ چي پَ مْالي يا هٌفي ىکل امتؼوال ىي تيا کْهکي فؼل ػٍ؛ کَ چيـي پَ هخثتَ رولَ
کي لَ تل فؼل مـٍ ؿاىي ځيٌي ّعت ػ امــن پَ صيج کاؿ کْي.
Ex: I need a pen to write.(ordinary). هخال :فٍ ػ ليکلْ لپاؿٍ يْ للن تَ ضـّؿت لـم(.اٍلي).
.
هخال :فٍ پَ رـئت مـٍ ُغَ تَ هْضْع ّاين(.کْهکي)Ex: I dare till him the matter. (auxiliary). .
هخالُ :غي رـئت ًَّ کړ لَ هامـٍ عثـي ّکړي(.اٍلي)Ex: She did not dare to talk me. (ordinary). .
a) When (used to) is followed by the simple form of the verb , means
(before) or (ago).
کلَ چي ) (used toػ فؼل لَ ماػٍ ىکل مـٍ امتؼوال ىي ػ )هغکي ( يا )پغْا ( هؼٌی ّؿکْي.
Ex: Amran used to work in a bank. هخال :ػوـاى پغْا پَ يٍْ تاًک کي کاؿ کاٍّ.
b) When (used to) used with to be verb, followed by the (ing) form means
Habit.
( ىکل ػالٍّ ىيing)( فؼل مـٍ امتؼوال ىي اّ ّؿّمتَ لَ ُغَ ػto be) ( ػused to) کلَ چي
.ػ ػاػت هؼٌي ّؿکْي
Ex: I am used to living in Kabul. . فٍ پَ کاتل کي لَ ژًّؼ کْلْ مـٍ ػاػت ين:هخال
Ex: He was used to playing cricket. .ٍّ ُغَ ػ کـکيټ لَ لْتي مـٍ ػاػت:هخال
Noun
اعــــن
Noun is a word which is used as the name some person , place , place
or animal or thing.
. صيْاى اّيا ىي ػ ًْهْلْ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي، هکاى، ٌامــن ُغَ کلوَ ػٍ چي ػ ىغ
Ex: Obaid , Asad , Kandahar ,cow…etc. . اًّْؿ... غْا، کٌؼُاؿ، امؼ، ػثيؼ:هخال
Ex: Stone , earth , house , boy …etc. . اّػامي ًْؿ... ُلک، کْؿ، َ ځوک، ٍ ډتـ:هخال
Ex: Child , school ,class ,book…etc.. اًّْؿ... کتاب، ټْلګۍ، ښًّْځۍ، هاىْم:هخال
Ex: Wood , Milke ,Gold ,water…etc. .اًّْؿ...َ اّت، مـٍ فؿ،ىيؼي، لـګی:هخال
Note: ًْټ
Ex: Shortcut.
Note: ًـْټ
Abstract nouns are formed as follow: د هعٌی اعوًَْ پَ الًذي ډّل تؾکيليږي
Note: The names arts and sciences are also abstract nouns.
. ػ ٌُـًّْ اّ ػلْهْ ًْهًَْ ُن ػ هؼٌي اموًَْ ػي:ًْټ
Noun Gender
)د اعن جٌغيت(ًْعيت
.هًْج ّالي اّيا عٌخی ّالي لَ لضاظَ تؼيٌْل ػي، لَ رٌل څغَ هٌظْؿ ػ امن ػ هؾکـّالي:اّيا
Ex: Father , boy , lion , king…etc. . اًّْؿ... ٍ پاػىا، فهـي، ُلک، پالؿ:هخال
Ex: Child , student ,teacher , animal, …etc. .اًّْؿ...،صيْاى، ښًّْکۍ،فػٍ کًّْکي، هاىْم:هخال
Pluralization of nouns
د اعـوـًْْ جوع تٌذي
The general way for pluralization of noun is adding (s) or (es) at the
end of the singular nouns.
َ( لَ ػالٍّ کْلْ څغes) ( ياs) ػ امن ػ روغ تٌؼي لپاؿٍ ػوْهي طـيمَ ػ هفـػ امـن پَ اعيـ کي ػ
.ٍػثاؿت ػ
Ex: :هثال
1) Nouns ending in ( s ,ss ,ch ,sh ,x , z) take (es) in the plural form.
.( اعتياؿّيes) ( عتن ىْي ّي پَ روغ ىکل کيs ,ss ,ch ,sh ,x , z) َُغَ اموًَْ چي پ
Ex: :هثال
Note: ًْټ
When (ch) give the sound of (k) at the end of the nouns, add only
(s) in the plural form.
.( اعتياؿّيs) ( غـږ ّؿکړي پَ روغ ىکل کي يْافيk) ( ػ امن پَ اعيـ کي ػch) کلَ چي
Note: ًْټ
2) Nouns ending in (y) following a consonant ,change (y) into (I) and
than add (es).
ُغَ اموًَْ چي پَ ) (yتاًؼي عتن ىْي اّ ػ يْتي غږٍ تْؿي پَ تؼـمية ؿاغلي ّي( ػ ) (yلَ
تْؿي هغکـي يْ تي غږٍ تْؿي ؿاغـلي ّي) ً″ـْ (y) ″پَ ) (Iتاًؼي تؼليږي اّ ّؿّمـتَ )(es
ّؿػالٍّ کيږي.
3) Nouns ending in (y) following a vowel take only (s) without any change.
ُغَ اموًَْ چي پَ ) (yعتن ىْي ّي ( اّلَ ُغَ څغَ هغکي يْ غږلـًّکي تْؿي ؿاغلي ّي)
تي لَ کْم تغيـ څغَ ػ ) (sتْؿي اعتياؿّي.
4) Nouns ending in (O) following a consonant take (es) in the plural form.
ُغَ اموًَْ چي پَ ) (Oعتن ىْي ّي (اّ لَ ُغَ هغکي يْ تي غږٍ تْؿی ؿاغلي ّي) پَ روغ
صالت کي ) (esاعتياؿّي.
اعـتـثـٌـاّي Exceptions
5) Nouns ending in (O) following a vowel take (s) without any change.
( څغَ هغکي غږلـًّکي تْؿي ؿاغلي ّي) تيO) َ( عتن ىْي ّي (اّلO) َُغَ اموًَْ چي پ
.( اعتياؿّيs) َلَ کْم تغيـ څغ
6) Nouns ending in (f) or (fe) change (f) or (fe) to (v) than add (es).
َ( تاًؼي تؼليږي ّؿّمتv) َ( پfe) ( ياf) ، ( تاًؼي عتن ىْي ّيfe) ( اّياf) َُغَ اموًَْ چي پ
. اضافَ کيږي″ّؿ″ (es)
Exceptions اعـتـثـٌـاّي
َ ػ روؼي پGerman َ( عتن ىْي ّي ػعاٍْ اموًْْ پَ امتـخـٌا لکman) َُغَ اموًَْ چی پ
. تؼليږي″تاًؼي″ (men) َ( پman) ىکل کي
Ex: :هثال
Ex: :هثال
11) Some of the nouns always written in the plural form , because they
are paired.
.ځيٌی اموًَْ ُوييَ پَ روغ ىکل ليکل کيږي ځکَ ُغْي رْړٍ(رفت) ػی
Ex: Shoes , Gloves , …etc. . اّػامي ًْؿ...، ًَْ ػمتکي، ًَْ تْټ:هخال
12) Some nouns are irregulary pluralized becsuse they are originally
Latin.
. لـي″َؿيښ″ځيٌي اموًَْ پَ تي لاػؼٍ ډّل روغ تٌؼي کيږي ځکَ ُغْي پَ صميمت کي اليتيٌي
Ex: :هثال
13) The letters , numbers and other symbols are pluralized by adding („s).
.„( ػ ػالٍّ کْلْ پَ ّامطَ روغ کيږيs) ػؼػًَّ اّ ًْؿ موثْلًَْ ػ، تْؿي
Ex: 8 – 8‟s.
Ex: M – M‟s.
Ex: :هثال
Sentence
َجـوـلـ
A group of related words which has a subject and predicate and makes
a complete sense is called sentence.
ػ رـولي پَ ًْم″ّؿکړي″ يْ ګــّپ ػ کلوـْ چي ػ هثتؼا اّعـثـ لــًّکي ّي اّ يـٍْ کاهلَ هؼـٌي
.ياػيږي
Ex: Shafiq studies English every day. . ىفيك ُـٍ ّؿځ اًګليني هطالؼَ کْي:هخال
A sentence which has one subject and a predicate or has only a finite
verb is called simple sentence.
يْ هضؼّػ فؼـل ّلـي ػ مـاػٍ رـولي پَ ًْم″ُـن″ ُـغَ رولَ چـي يْ هثـتؼا اّ يْ عـثـ ّلــي اّيا
.ياػيږي
Ex: Please close the door. .ٍ لطفا ً ػؿّافٍ تٌؼٍ کړ:هخال
Ex: May I use your pen? متا للن امتؼوال کړم؟″چي″ ٍ ػ″ٍاراف″ :هخال
Ex: Don‟t go away. . لطفا ً لـي هَ ځۍ:هخال
Note: ًْټ
In the imperative sentences the subject is omitted because it is known.
.ٍپَ اهـيَ رولْ کي هثتؼا لَ هٌځَ ّړل کيږي ځکَ ُغَ هؼلْم ػ
Ex: You come here please. .َ هِـتاًي ّکړٍ ػلتَ ؿاى:هخال
Ex: Come here please. .َ هِـتاًي ّکړٍ ػلتَ ؿاى:هخال
Ex: Would you please the room? آيا لطفا ً تَ اطاق پاک کړي؟:هخال
Ex: Would you mind ringing me? آيا هوکٌَ ػٍ تي فصوتَ ؿاتَ فًګ ُّّي؟:هخال
Subject )(هثتـذا
.ٍ(هثتؼا) هغکي ػ فاػلي ضويـًّْ پَ تضج کي هکول تيـيش ىْي ػ
Predicate )(خـثـش
1. The essential word in the predicate is verb that can be either transitive
or intransitive.
.پَ عثـ کي هِوَ کلوَ فؼل ػٍ چي کيؼاي ىي الفهي ّي يا هتؼؼي ّي
Ex: Ahmad broke the chair. .ٍ اصوؼ چْکۍ هاتَ کړ:هخال
Ex: The boby cries every night. . هاىْم ُـٍ ىپَ ژاړي:هخال
Ex: Shbeer spoke very clearly. . ىثيـ ډيـ پَ ّا ضش ډّل عثـي کْي:هخال
Note: ًْټ
An interrogative sentence is formed by three ways
:پَ پْښتًْکي جولَ پَ دسيْ طشيقْ تؾکيليږی
Ex: Can you play chess? آيا تَ ػ مطـًذ لْتَ کْالي ىي؟:هخال
Gerund
د هصذساعن
Gerund is the (ing) form of a verb which does the work of a noun.
Gerund has both the force of a noun and a verb.
Ex: We come here for learning. .ْ هْږ ػلتَ ػ فػٍ کړي لپاؿٍ ؿاځ:هخال
Ex: He prevents me from going alone. . ها ُغَ لَ يْافي تګ څغَ هٌغ کْي:هخال
6. Gerund is also used for prevented actions in the plaques and attention.
.ُوؼاؿًګَ ػ هَؼؿ امن ػ ػولًْْ ػ هغٌيْي اّ تْرَ لپاؿٍ پَ لْصْ کي امتؼواليږی
Infinitive
هـصـذس
The base form of a verb which is often followed by (to) is called
infinitive
.( مـٍ يْځاي کيږي ػ هَؼؿ پَ ًْم ياػيږيto) َػ فؼل امامي ىکل چي اکخـاً ل
Like: To study , To play , To go…etc .اًّْؿ... تلل، لْتَ کْل، هطالؼَ کْل:َلک
Ex: To study English is useful. .ٍ ػ اًګلني هطالؼَ کْل ګټْؿٍ ػ:هخال
Ex: To exercise sport is useful for health. .ٍ ػ مپْؿت توـيي کْل ػ ؿّغتيا لپاؿٍ ګټْؿ ػ:هخال
Ex: The class is about to start. .ٍ ټْلګۍ ىـّع کيؼلْ ًږػي ػ:هخال
Ex: Ali is about to leave the Kabul. .ٍ ػلي ػ کاتل تـک کْلْ تَ ًږػي ػ:هخال
Ex:We study to improve our knowledge. .ّ عپل ػلن تَ اًکياف ّؿکړ″ْتـڅ″ّْ هْږ فػٍ ک:هخال
Ex: This is not the time to play. . ٍ ػا ػ لْتي کْلْ ّعت ًؼ:هخال
Tag questions
ًَْضويوَ يي عْال
Tag questions are short additions at the end of the sentences asking
for agreement or confirmation.
. ػ تايؼ يا تَؼيك لپاؿٍ پْښتٌَ کْي، ضويوَ يي مْالًَْ ػ رولْ پَ اعيـ کی ُغَ لٌډ ضواين ػي
Ex: Omer is a doctor, isn‟t he? آيا ًؼٍ؟، ٍ ػوـ يْ ډاکټـ ػ:هخال
Ex: You play chess, Do not you? آيا ُوؼامي ًؼٍ؟، تامي ػ مطـًذ لْتَ کْي:هخال
Rules: قاعذي
1) Affirmative sentences are followed by negative tags.
.)هخثتي رولي ػ هٌفي ضوايوْ پَ ّامطَ تؼـمـثيـږي(تـمـٍ کيږي
Ex: He does not tell lie, Does he? ُغَ ػؿّاؽ ًَ ّايي؟ آيا ّايي يي؟:هخال
Ex: You are not come here, Are you? آيا ؿاځي ؟، تَ ػلتَ ًَ ؿاځي:هخال
Note: ًْټ
If the sentence contains auxiliary verbs , the auxiliary verb itself is
repeated as subject of the tag, otherwise we use (to do) verbs.
کْهکي فؼل پغپلَ ػ ضويوي پَ صيج تکـاؿيږي، کَ چيـي پَ رولَ کي کْهکي فؼل هْرْػ ّي
.ّْ( فؼلًَْ امتؼوالto do) تغيـ لَ ُغَ هْږ ػ،
Ex: Ahman can speak Urdu, Can‟t he? آيا ًَ يي ىي کْالي؟، اصوؼ پَ اُؿػّ عثـي کْالي ىي:هخال
Ex: We went to the party , Didn‟t we? آيا ًَ ّالړّ؟،ّ هْږ هلوـنـتيا تَ ّالړ:هخال
3) The imperative sentences have the tag (will you) or (would you) .
Ex: Please close the door, will you? آيا تٌؼٍ تَ يي کړي؟،ٍ لطفا ً ػؿّافٍ تٌؼٍ کړ:هخال
Ex: Please, be quite, would you? آيا عاهْه تَ مي؟، لطفا ً عاهْىَ اّمي:هخال
4) The sentences which have request or demand form , have the tag
(will not you) or (won‟t you).
.( ضويوَ لـيwon‟t you) ( ياwill not you) ُغَ رولي چي غْښتٌَ يا ػؿعْامت لـي ػ
Ex: Have a drink, Won‟t you? آيا ّتَ يي ًَ څښي؟،َ څَ ىي ّڅښ″َؿاى″ :هخال
Ex: Have a seat, Will not you? آيا ًَ تَ کښيٌی؟، ٌَ لطفا ً ؿاىَ کښي:هخال
ٍ امتؼوال ىْي ّي تايؼ تْرَ ّىي چي آيا لَ ًږػي اهـ مـplease پَ ُغَ رولْ کي چي:ًْټ
َ( لwill you) پَ ُغَ ٍْؿت کي چي لَ ًږػي اهـ مـٍ ّي ًْػ، ٍػٍ اّيا لَ غْښتٌي مـ
اّکَ چيـي لَ ًږػي غْښتـٌي مــٍ ّی پَ ُغَ ٍْؿت کي، ضويـوي څغَ کاؿ اعينتل کيږي
.( لَ ضوـيوي څغَ کاؿ اعينتل کيږيwill not you) ػ
5) The sentences which are started by (Let‟s) have the tag (shall we).
.( ضويوَ لـيshall we) ( ىـّع ىْي ّي ػLet‟s) َُغَ رولي چي پ
Ex: Let‟s chess, Shall we? آيا ّتَ يی کړّ؟،ّ ځَ چي ػ مطـًذ لْتَ ّکړ:هخال
Ex: Let‟s go to the bazaar, Shall we? آيا ّالړ تَ ىْ؟،ْ ځَ چي تافاؿتَ الړ ى:هخال
6) Sentences which contain words such as (Never, no, none ,scarcely, rarely
, hardly ever, seldom) ……etc are considered as negative and have the
positive tags.
اّػامی...(Never, no, none ,scarcely, rarely , hardly ever, seldom) ُغَ رولي چي ػ
.ًْؿّ کلوْ لـًّکي ّي هٌفي رولي ىويـل کيږي اّ هخثتي ضويوي لـي
Ex: I never tell lie, Do I ? آيا ُوؼامي ًؼٍ؟، فٍ ُيڅکلَ ػؿّؽ ًَ ّاين:هخال
7) When the subject of the sentence , are words like (nobady , anybody,
somebody…etc) the pronoun (they) is used as the subject of the tag.
Ex: Nobady came to the party, Did they? آيا ؿاغلي ػي؟، ُيڅْک هلونتيا تَ ًؼي ؿاغلي:هخال
Ex: Somebody broke the glass, Didn‟t they? آيا ُوؼامي ًؼٍ؟،ٍ کْم کل ىييَ هاتَ کړ:هخال
8) The tag of (I am) is (aren‟t I). .ٍ( ػaren‟t I) َ( ضويوI am) ػ
9) The tag of ( I am not) is (am I). .ٍ( ػam I) َ ( ضويوI am not) ػ
10) The sentences which have positive form but express a negative
meaning , have the positive tags.
. هخثت ضواين لـي، ُغَ رولي چي هخثت ىکل لـي هګـ هٌفي هفِْم تياًْي
Conditional sentences
ؽــشطـيـَ جــوـلـي
Conditional sentences are those which are formed by (If) or (whether)
and express a condition.
.( پَ ّامطَ تيکيليږي اّ يْ ىـط تياًْيwhether) ( ياIf) ىـطيَ رولي ُغَ ػي چي ػ
َ پَ تل ػثاؿت پَ ػغَ ىـطي، هوکٌَ ىـطيَ رولي ُغَ ػي چي پَ هوکي ػول تاًؼي ػاللت کْي
.ٍ کي ػ ػول مـتَ ؿمْلْ اهکاى هْرْػ ػ″ْرول″
Note: ًْټ
Note: ًْټ
Ex: Wheter we went to the party, we would have very happy time.
. ډيـ عْىضالَ ّعت تَ هْ ػؿلْػ، کَ چيـي هلـونتيا تَ تللي ّاي:هخال
Note: ًْټ
It is possible to use (were) instead of (was) for ( I , he, she ,it) in the
improbable conditions.
(were) ( پَ ځايwas) ( لپاؿٍ ػI , he, she ,it) کي ػ″ْرول″هوکٌَ ػٍ پَ ًاهوکٌَ ىـطيی
.امتؼوال ىي
Ex: If I were , I would accept it. . کَ چيـي ػ متا پَ ځاي ّاي لثْالٍّ هي:هخال
Had Had
Structure: عاختواى
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکل Sub + Had + V3 + Comp.
Ex: He had eaten food. .ٍّ ُغَ غؾا عْړلي:هخال
Question form
عْالي ؽکل Had + Sub + V3 + Comp?
Ex: Had he eaten food? آيا ُغَ غؾا عْړلي ٍّ؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل Sub + Had + Not + V3 + Comp .
Ex: He had not eaten food. .ٍّ ًَ ُغَ غؾا عْړلي:هخال
Had + Sub + Not + V3 + Comp -?
Negative interrogative Ex: Had he not eaten food ? آيا ُغَ غؾا عْړلي ًَ ٍّ؟:هخال
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل
Hadn‟t + Sub + V3 + Comp -?
Ex: Hadn‟t he eaten food ? آيا ُغَ غؾا عْړلي ًَ ٍّ؟:هخال
1. Usege: The past perfect tense is used to express that an action com-
pleted in the past before other action.
Or: Past perfect tense is used to show an action which started before
the time of speaking in the past and was just finished.
َ تيـٍ کاهلَ فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ػول ػ تياًْلْ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي چي لَ يْ تل ػول څغَ پ:اعتعوال
. کي تکويل ىْي ّي″ّعت″تيـ
َ تـيـٍ کاهلَ فهاًَ ػ ُغـَ ػول ػ تياًْلْ لپاؿٍ امتؼـوالـيږي چـي ػ عثـي کْلْ لَ ّعت څغ:اّيا
.هغکي ىـّع ىْي اّ ليږ ّؿّمتَ عتن ىْي ّي
Diagram:
Note: ًْټ
Note: In this usage, past perfect tense is used commonly with the
simple past tense.
. پَ ػغَ امتؼوال کي تيـٍ کاهلَ فهاًَ ػوْها ً لَ ماػٍ تيـي فهاًي مـٍ امتؼواليږي:ًْټ
Note: The words (when , befor ,because , after , as soon as , till ,until…etc)
can be used in past perfect tense.
)اّػامي ًْؿي...until, till , as soon as , after , because , befor , when ) ػ:ًْټ
.کليوي کْالي پَ تيـٍ کاهلَ فهاًَ کي امتؼوال ىي
Helping verb of P.P.C tense ػ تيـي کاهلي راؿی فهاًي کْهکي فؼل
Had been Had been
Structure: عاختواى
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکل Sub + Had + been + V-ing + Comp.
Ex: Amran had been studying Pashto. .ٍّ ػوـاى ػ پښتْپَ هطالؼَ هيغْل:هخال
Question form
عْالي ؽکل Had + Sub + been + V-ing + Comp?
Ex: Had Amran been studying Pashto? آيا ػوـاى ػ پښتْ پَ هطالؼَ هيغْل ٍّ؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل Sub + Had + Not + been +V-ing + Comp .
Ex: Amran had not been studying Pashto. .ٍّ ًَ ػوـاى ػ پښتْ پَ هطالؼَ هيغْل:هخال
Had + Sub + Not + been +V-ing + Comp -?
Negative interrogative Ex: Had Amran not been studying Pashto? آيا ػوـاى ػ پښتْپَ هطالؼَ هيغْل ًَ ٍّ؟:هخال
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل
Hadn‟t + Sub + been + V-ing + Comp -?
Ex: Hadn‟t Amran been studying Pashto? آيا ػوـاى ػپښتْ پَ هطالؼَ هيغْل ًَ ٍّ؟:هخال
Diagram:
Ex: The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before
caught him.
. پْليل ػٍّ کالَ پَ هزـم پني ګـځيؼٍ هغکي لَ ػي چي ُغَ ًّيني:هخال
2) Usage: Past perfect continuous tense is also used for the actions
with emphasis which were in progress before another actions or
another time in the past.
َ ُوؼاؿًګَ تيـٍ کاهلَ فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ػولًْْ چي لَ تاکيؼ مـٍ پَ تيـٍ فهاًَ کي ل:) اعتعوال۱
.ًْؿّ ػولًْْ اّيا تل ّعت څغَ هغکي پَ رـياى کي ّي
Phrase
عثاست
Phrase is a group of related words which acts as a word and does
not have subject and predicate , so it cannot work like a sentence .
Or:Phrase is a group of words which does not make a complete sense.
ًَ ػثاؿت يْ ګـّپ ػ تړلْ کلوْ ػٍ چي ػ يْ کليوي پَ صيج کاؿکْي اّ ػ هثتؼا اّعثـ لـًّکي
. پل ًْ ُغَ ػ يْي رولي پَ څيـ کاؿ ًيي کْالي، ّي
. ػثاؿت يْ ګـّپ ػ کلوْ ػٍ چي کاهل هفِْم ًَ افاػٍ کْي:اّيا
Exs: :ًَْهثال
Separable phrasal verbs are those that we can use a noun or pronoun
between verb and preposition.
رال کـيؼًّکي ػثاؿتي فؼلًَْ ُغَ ػي چـي هـْږ کْالي ىـْ امن يا ضوـيـ ػ فؼـل اّاضافـي
.ّتْؿي تـهٌځ امتؼوال کړ
Like: :هثال
Ex: Abrahim threw the ball away. .ٍّ اتـاُين تْپ لـي ّغْؿځا:هخال
Noun امـن
Inseparable phrasal verbs are those that we can not use a noun or
pronoun between verb and preposition.
ًَ رال کيؼًّکي ػثاؿتي فؼلًَْ ُغَ ػي چي هْږ ًيْ کْالي امن يا ضويـ ػ فؼل اّ اضافي
.ّتْؿي تـهٌځ امتؼوال کړ
Like: :َلک
Adjective
صـفـت
Adjective is a word which modifies a noun or pronoun. It gives extra
information about a noun , and we usually use it before a noun.
ُغَ ػ امن پَ تاؿٍ کي اضافي هؼلْهات ّؿکْي.ٍفت ُغَ کلوَ ػٍ چي يْامن يا ضويـ تٌظيوْي
.ّْ اّ هْږ هؼوْالً ُغَ لَ امن څغَ هغکي امتؼوال،
Note: ًْټ
1) An adjective which is used along with a noun as an attribute is
called attributive or direct adjective.
ُـغـَ ٍفـت چي لَ امـن مــٍ يْځاي ػ متايٌي پَ صيج امتؼواليږي ػ تٍْيـفي يا هنتـمـين
.ٍفت پَ ًْم ياػيږي
Ex: This is a small class. .ٍ ػغَ يٍْ کْچٌۍ ټْلګۍ ػ:هخال
Ex: Ahmad is a talented student. .ٍ اصوؼ يْ تا امتؼـؼاػٍ فػٍ کًّْکي ػ:هخال
Ex: The cat in the garden is fat. .ٍ پَ تاؽ کي ػٍ چاغَ ػ″چي″ ُغَ پيي:هخال
Ex: Sediqullah seems happy. . ٍؼيك هللا عْىضالَ هؼلْهيږي:هخال
ًْټ Note:
When article (The) is used before these adjectives ,they are changed
to nouns.
کلَ چي ػ ) (Theتؼـيف تْؿی لَ ٍفتًْْ څغَ هغکي امتؼوال ىی ،پَ امن تثؼيليږي.
((ػ اىغاٍْ پَ هؼـفي کْلْ ػاللت کْي)).
Ex: Azatullah found some money. هخال :ػقت هللا يٍْ اًؼافٍ پـيـني پيؼا کـړي.
Ex: We need some books. هخال :هْږ يٍْ اًؼافٍ کتاتًْْ تَ ضـّؿت لـّ.
?Ex: Do you have some water هخال :آيا تامي يٍْ اًؼافٍ اّتَ لـي؟
Ex: He doesn‟t have any books. هخالُ :غَ يٍْ اًؼافٍ کتاتًَْ ًَ لـي.
?Ex: Do you have any pens هخال :آيا تَ يٍْ اًؼافٍ للوًَْ لـي؟
يادًَّ “Many” :لَ روغ ىويـًّکي اموًْْ مـٍ پَ هخثتَ تياًيَ ،هٌفي تياًيَ اّ مْالي رولْ
کي امتؼواليږي ؛ اّ ” “Muchلَ غيـ ىويـًّکي اموًْْ مـٍ پَ هٌفي تياًيَ اّ مْالي رولْ
امتؼواليږي.
يادًَّ “Little” :لَ غـيـ ىـويـًّکي اموـًْْ مــٍ اّ ” “Fewلَ ىوـيـًّکـي اموـًْْ مــٍ
امتؼوالـيږي.
Numeral Adectives show how many persons or things are meant; or
in which position or degree a person or thing stands.
ػـؼػي ٍفـتًَْ ښـيي ″چي ″څْهـٍ اىغاً يا ىياى پَ ً″ظـ کي ″ػي ؛ اّيا ″ػاچي ″يْ ىغٌ
يا ىي پَ کْم همام يا ػؿرَ کي لـاؿ لـي.
Like: One , Two, First , Secound…etc. . اّػامي ًْؿ... ػُّن، لْهړی، ٍّ ػ،ْ ي:َلک
Like: One , Two ,Three ,Four…etc. . اّػامي ًْؿ...څلْؿ، ػؿي، ٍّ ػ، ْ ي:َلک
Like: First ,Secound ,Third , Fourth…etc. .اًّْؿ... څلْؿم، ػؿين، ػُّن، لْهړي:َلک
Note: The ordinals are formed by adding (th) at the end of cordinals ,
except first , second , third.
پَ امتخٌا،( پَ فياتْلْ مـٍ تيکيليږيth) ػ اٍلي ػؼػًّْ پَ اعيـکي ػ″ًَْفؼل″ ؿتثَ يي:ًْټ
. ػؿين، ػُّن، ػ لْهړي
Ex: Fourth , Fifth , sixth , tenth…etc. .اًّْؿ... لنن، ىپږم، پٌځن، څلْؿم:هخال
Demonstrative adjectives are those which are used before nouns and
point out to person , place , or thing.
ٍ هکاى اّيا ىي تَ اىاؿ، ٌاىاؿي ٍفتًَْ ُغَ ػي چي لَ امـن څغَ هغکي امتؼواليږي اّ ىغ
.کْي
Possessive adjectives are those which are used before noun and show
possession and ownership.
.هلکي ٍفتًَْ ُغَ ػي چي لَ امـن څغَ هغکي امتؼواليږي اّ هلکيت اّ هالکيت ښکاؿٍ کْي
Ex: Which class are you in? تامي پَ کْم ټْلګۍ کي يامت؟:هخال
Ex: What is your favorite meal? ػ تامي ػ عْښي غؾا څَ ىي ػٍ؟:هخال
Ex: Who is your close friend? ػ تامي ًږػي هلګـي څْک ػٍ؟:هخال
Ex: Whose picture is this? ػغَ تَْيـ ػچا ػٍ؟:هخال
Proper adjectives are those which are derived or teken from a proper
noun .
.عاً ٍفتًَْ ُغَ ػي چي لَ عاً امن څغَ هيتك يا اعينتل ىْي ػي
Distributive adjectives are used before nouns and indicate each person of
a number or group.
تْفيؼي ٍفـتًَْ لَ اموًْْ څغَ هغکي امتؼـوالـيږي اّ ػ يْ ګـّپ يا ډلی پَ ُـ ىغـٌ تاًؼي
.))((ػ يْ ګـّپ پَ فـػ فـػ تاًؼي ػاللت کْي.ػاللت کْي
Note: ًـْټ
1) Each : is used for small groups and when the number is limited and
definite.
. ػ کْچٌي ګـّپًْْ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي ُغَ ّعت چي تؼؼاػ يي هضؼّػ اّ هؼيي ّي:Eaich
2) Every : is used for large groups and when the number is not limited.
. ػ غټْ ګـّپًْْ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي ُغَ ّعت چي تؼؼاػ يی ًا هضؼّػ ّي:Every
Comparison of Adjectives
َد صـفـتـًْْ هـقـايـغـ
The usual way for comprison of adjectives is using the positive com-
parative and superlative degree.
َ تفضيلي ػؿري اّ ػالي ػؿري ل، ػ ٍفتًْْ ػ همايني لپاؿٍ هؼوْلي طـيمَ ػ هطلمي ػؿري
.ٍامتؼوال څغَ ػثاؿت ػ
Note:ًْټ
When the positive degree is used for comparison of two person or things
it is usually placed between (as.............. as); this form is called compar-
ison of equality.
ًکـلـَ چـي هطـلمـَ ػؿرـَ ػ ػّّ اىـغـاٍـْ يا ىـياًـْ هـمـايـني لـپـاؿٍ امـتـؼـوالـيـږي هـؼـوـْال
.( ځـاي ًـينـي ؛ ػغـَ ىـکل ػ تـنـاّي هـمـايـنـي پـَ ًـْم يـاػيـږيas ...........as)
Ex: Moheeb is as tall as his brother. .ٍ هضية ػعپل ّؿّؿ پَ څيـ رګ ػ:هخال
Note: But in the negative form the first (as) is changed to (so).
.( تاًؼي تؼليږيso) َ( پas) هګـ پَ هٌـفی ىکل کي لْهړی:ًْټ
Ex: Shafiqa is not so pretty as her sister. .ٍ ىـفـيـمَ ػ عـپـلي عـْؿ پَ څـيـ ښـکلـي ًؼ:هخال
Ex: Jamil is cleverer than Naqib. .ٍ رويل لَ ًـمية څغَ اليمـتـ ػ:هخال
Note: ًـْټ
The preposition (than) is usually used in the comparative degree to
introduce the second part of comparison.
.( اضافي تْؿی پَ تفضيلي ػؿرَ کي امتؼواليږي تـڅْ ػ همايني ػُّوَ تـعَ هؼـفي کړيthan) ػ
Ex: Kabul is nicer than Ghazni. .ٍ کاتل ًنثت غقًي تَ ښکلي ػ:هخال
Note: ًْټ
Another way for comparison is using (less , more , most , like , alike...etc).
.ٍ اّػامي ًْؿ( امتؼوالًَْ ػ.... alike , like ,most , more , less) ػ همايني يٍْ تلَ الؿٍ ػ
Ex: Ahmad is less strong than Rahim. .ٍ اصوؼ لَ ؿصين څغَ کوقّؿي ػ:هخال
Note: ًـْټ
Sometimes in the comparative degree , we do not actually name the
second part of comparison.
.ّْ هْږ ػ همايني پَ ػُّوَ تـعَ ػوالً ًْم ًَ ؽکـ ک، ځيٌي ّعت پَ تفضيلي ػؿرَ کي
Ex: Wahid is taller than any other boy. .ٍ ّصيؼ لَ تل ُـ ُلک څغَ لْړ تـ ػ:هخال
Note:ًـْټ
Sometimes the qualities of two persons are clear , we use article (the)
before comparative degree.
( ػ تؼـيفthe) هْږ ػ تفضيلي ػؿري هغکي، ځيٌي ّعت ػ ػّّ اىغاٍْ هماينَ ّاضش ّي
.ّْامتؼوال
Note: ًـْټ
The usual way to form the comparative and superlative degree adding
( er , est , more , most) with the positive degree.
( فياتْل ػيer , est , more , most) ػ تفضيلي اّ ػالي ػؿرْ ػ تيکيليؼّ هؼوْلي طـيمَ ػ
.ٍلَ هطلمي (ماػٍ) ػؿري مـ
Rules: قـاعـذي
1) One syllable adjectives take (er) in the comperative and (est) in the
superlative forms.
.( اعتياؿّيest) ( اّ پَ ػالي ىکل کيer) يْ ُزايي ٍفت پَ تفضيلي ىکل کي
Note: ًـْټ
When adjectives end in (e) only take (r) in the comparative and (st) in
the superlative forms .
.( اعتياؿّيst) ( اّپَ ػالي ىکل کيr) ( عتـن ىي پَ تـفـضيلي ىکل يْافيe) َکلَ چي ٍفتًَْ پ
َ( اّ پer) (( عتن ىْي ّي پَ تفضيلي ىکل کيer , ow , le , y)) َػٍّ ُزايي ٍفتًَْ چي پ
.( اعتياؿّيest) ػالي ىکل
3) More than two syllable adjectives always form their comparative and
superlative by taking (more) and (most) before the positive degree.
َ( پmost) ّ( اmore) لَ ػّّ څغَ فيات ُزايي ٍفتًَْ پغپلْ تـفـضيلي اّ ػالي ػؿرْ کي ػ
.فياتْلْ مـٍ ػ ماػٍ ىکل څغَ هغکي تيکيليږي
Beutiful َښاينت More beutiful ښاينتَ تـ Most beutiful ښاينتَ تـيي
Note: ًـْټ
(Most + Simple form of adjective) without article (the) means very much.
.( تؼـيف تْؿي څغَ پـتَ ػ ډيـ هؼٌی ّؿکْیthe) ػ ٍفت لَ ماػٍ ىکل مـٍ ػMost
Ex: Noor Aamad is most intelligent boy. .ٍ ًْؿاصوؼ ډيـ ُْښياؿ ُلک ػ:هخال
Memory: ياداښت
.ٍ( امتؼوالًَْ ػleast ,less ( ّ ) اa like ,like) ػ ٍفتًْْ ػ همايني تلَ طـيمَ پَ اًګليني ژتَ کي ػ
Ex: Hayat runs like deer. . صيات ػ ُْمۍ پَ څيـ هٌډي ُّي:هخال
Ex: Ahmad is less talented than Saleem. .ٍ اصوؼ لَ ملين څغَ کوتـ امتؼؼاػٍ ػ:هخال
ٍ( ػ ډيــّ ځايًْْ لپاؿFurther) ( يْافي ػ فاٍلي لپاؿٍ امتؼـواليږی هګــFarther) :ًـْټ
.امتؼوالـيـږي
( هضؼّػ تـ امتؼـوال لـي اّهؼوْالً ػ کْؿًۍ ػelder) ( ډيـ امتؼوال لـي هګـOlder) :ًْټ
.( لَ اضافي تْؿي مَ ًَ امتؼواليږيthan) ( ػelder) َلْي غړّ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږی اُّوؼاؿًګ
Adverbs
َقـيـذًّـ
Adverb is a word which is used to add something to the meaning of a
verb , an adjective or another adverb.
. ٍفت اّيا تل ليؼ پَ هؼٌی يْ ىي اضافَ کْي، ليؼ ُغَ کلوَ ػٍ چي ػ فؼل
Ex: Ahmad runs fast. (verb). .) (فؼل. اصوؼ تيق ځغلي:هخال
Ex:He spoke quite correctly. (adverb). .)(ليؼ. ُغَ کاهالً پَ ٍضيش ډّل عثـي ّکړي:هخال
Ex: The Afghans are very hospitable.(adjective). .) (ٍفت. افغاًاى ډيـ هيلوَ پال ػي:هخال
Kinds of Adverbs
َد قـيـذ ډّلـًْـ
Adverbs are mainaly divided into three parts:
:قيذًَّ اعاعا ً پَ دسي تشخْ ّيؾل ؽْي دي
Note: ًْټ
Adverbs of manner only modify verbs and are normally used after the
verbs, but they can have end position.
هګـ کيؼای، ػ څـًګْالي ليؼًَّ يْافي فؼلًَْ هؼيٌْي اّ ػوْها ً لَ فؼلًْْ څغَ ّؿّمتَ امتؼواليږي
.ىي پَ اعيـ کي ځاي ّلـي
Ex: We will come here tomorrow. .ْ هْږ تَ مثا ػلتَ ؿاى:هخال
These adverbs show exact time. .ػغَ ليؼًَّ هؼيي ّعت ښـيي
These adverbs show inexact time. .ػغَ ليؼًَّ ًاهؼيي ّعت ښيي
Like: Already , ago , early .....etc. . اّ ػامي ًْؿ...... ّعتي، پغْا، هغکي:َلک
Ex: Jamal came here yesterday. . روال تيـٍ ّؿځ ػلتَ ؿاغي:هخال
Like: So , Therefore , Because ....etc. . اّ ػامی ًْؿ.... َ ځک، ٍ ػػي لپاؿ، ًْ :َلک
Like: No )ًَ( , Of course )َ (الثت, May be ) (هـوکي, Sure )ً (يـميٌا, Yes )ُْ(
,Surely )َ (تييک, Probably ) (ګًْؼي....etc.
Ex: Do you know him? No, I do not. . ًَ يي پيژًن، ًَ آيا تَ ُغَ پيژًي؟:هخال
Ex: He even smokes cigarette now. . ُغَ صتی اّك ُن مګـيټ څکْي:هخال
Ex: I have seen Kandahar twice. .ٍ ها ػٍّ ځلي کٌؼُاؿ ليؼلي ػ:هخال
These adverbs show exact number. .ػغَ ليؼًَّ هؼيي تؼؼاػ ښيي
Like: Once ) (يْ ځلي, Twice ) (ػٍّ ځلي, Firistly )ً (اّال, Secondly ) (ػُّـن ّاؿ....etc.
These adverbs show inexact number. .ػغَ ليؼًَّ ًاهؼيي تؼؼاػ ښيي
Like : Sometimes )َ (ځـيـٌي ّعـتــًْـ, Often ) (اکـخــاً ّعـت, Usually )ً (هـؼــوـْال,
Always )َ (ُويي, Several times ) (څْ ځلي, Seldom)َ(کلَ کل, Rarely)َ(کلَ کل...etc.
Ex: Dervish often goes to Kandahar. . ػؿّيو اکخـاً ّعت کٌؼُاؿ تَ ځي:هخال
Like: Very ) (ډيـ, Quite )ً (کاهال, Too ) (فيات, Enough )(کافي, Much )(ډيـ...etc.
Formation of Adverbs
ًَّد قيذًّْ جْړ
Like: Perfect – Perfectly )ً (کاهل ـــ کاهال, Quick – Quickly )ٍ(تيقــ پَ تيقي مـ
Rules: قاعـذي
1) Adjectives ending in (y) change (y) into (I) and add (ly).
.( ػالٍّ کيږيly)ّ( تؼليږي اI) َ( پy) ( عتن ىْي ّيy) َُغَ ٍفتًَْ چي پ
2) Adjectives ending in (ible) and (able) drop (e) and add (y).
.( ػالٍّ کيږيy) ّ( لَ هٌځَ ځي اe) ( عتـن ّيable) ّ( اible) َُغَ ٍفتًَْ چي پ
Exceptions: اعـتـثـٌاّي
Like: Due – Duly. ) (ًتيزَ ــ پَ ًتيزَ کي, Whole – Wholly. )ً(کاهل ــ کاهال
True – Truly. )ً(صميمت ــ صمـيمتا
4) Adjectives ending in a single (l) take (ly) but adjectives ending in (ll)
take only (y).
(y) ( عتن ّي يْافيll) َ( اعتياؿّي هګـ ُغَ ٍفتًَْ چي پly) ( عتن ّيl) ُغَ ٍفتًَْ چي
.اعتياؿّي
Note: ًـْټ
Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form,
.ځيٌي ٍفتًَْ اّ ليؼًَّ ػيي ىکل لـي
Like:Early )ٍ پَ ّعت مـ، (ّعتي,Deep )ٍ پَ ژّؿّالي مـ،(ژّؿ, Fast )ٍ پَ تيقي مـ،(تيق
Low ) ٍ پَ کښتَ ّالي مـ،َ (کښت, Far )ٍ پَ لـي ّالي مـ، (لـي, high)ٍ پَ لْړّالي مـ،(لْړ
Hard )ٍ پَ مغتی مـ، (مغت..... etc.
Ex: Corolla is a fast car.(adjective). .) (ٍفت.ٍ کْؿّال يْ تيق هْټـ ػ:هخال
Ex: Asad runs fast. (adverb). .) (لـيؼ. آمـؼ پَ تيقي مـٍ ځغلي:هخال
5) Some adjectives are combined with (a) , (be) and (to) and form adverb.
.( پَ هغتاړي مـٍ تـکيثـيـږيto) ّ( اbe) ، (a) ځيٌی ٍفتًَْ ػ
Comparision of Adverbs
َد قـيـذًّـْ هـقـايـغـ
Many of the adverbs are compared as adjectives and have three degrees
of comparison.
.ػيـ ليؼًَّ ػيٌا ً ػ ٍفتًْْ پَ څيـ هماينَ کيږي اّ ػ همايني ػؿي ػؿري لـي
1) One syllable adverbs form their comparative by adding (er) and the
superlative by (est).
ْ( پَ اضافَ کْلest) ( اّ پَ ػالي "ىکل" کي ػer) يْ ُزايي ليؼًَّ پغپل تفضيلي ىکل کي ػ
.تيکيليـږي
Positive degree َماػٍ ػؿر Comparative degree َتفضيلي ػؿر Superlative degree َػالي ػؿر
Fast ٍ پَ تيقي مـFaster ٍ پَ ډيـ تيقي مـFastest ٍپَ ډيـفيات تيقي مـ
Hard ٍ پَ مغتي مـHarder ٍ پَ ډيـ مغتي مـHard ٍپَ ډيـ فيات مغتي مـ
Soon ژؿSooner ډيـ ژؿSoonest ډيـ فيات ژؿ
2) Two or more than two syllable adverbs take (more) in the comparative
and (most) in the superlative forms.
( اّپَ ػالي ىکلmore) ػٍّ يا لَ ػّّ څغَ فيات ُزاء "لـًّکي" ليؼًَّ پَ تفـضيلي ىکل کي
.( اعتياؿّيmost) کي
Positive degree َماػٍ ػؿر Comparative degree َتفضيلي ػؿر Superlative degree َػالي ػؿر
Quickly ٍپَ چاتکي مـ More quickly ٍپَ ډيـ چاتکي مـ Most quickly ٍپَ ډيـ فيات چاتکي مـ
Bavely ٍپَ فړٍ ّؿتْب مـ More bravely ٍپَ ډيـ فړٍ ّؿتْب مـ Most bravely ٍپَ ډيـ فيات فړٍ ّؿتْ ب مـ
Positive degree َماػٍ ػؿر Comparative degree َتفضيلي ػؿر Superlative degree َػالي ػؿر
Well ٍ پَ ښَ ّالي مـBetter ٍپَ ډيـ ښَ ّالي مـ Best ٍپَ ډيـ فيات ښَ ّالي مـ
Little ٍ پَ ليږّالي مـLess ٍپَ ډيـ ليږّالي مـ Least ٍپَ ډيـفيات ليږّالي مـ
The correct uses of some adverbs: ًَْد ځيٌي قيذًّْ دقيق اعتعوال
1. “Good”: َښــ
“Good” is an adjective which shows condition and modifies nouns.
.“ ُغَ ٍفت ػٍ چي ػ کيفيت يا صالت اّ ػ اموًْْ متايٌَ تياًْيGood”
2. “Well”: َښـ
“Well” is an adverb which expresses good health and modifies verbs.
.“ ُغَ ليؼٍ ػٍ چي ښَ ٍضت اّ ػ فؼلًْْ متايٌَ تياًْيWell”
Ex: I have enough time to stay here. . فٍ ػلتَ ػ پاتي کيؼّ لپاؿٍ کافي ّعت لـم:هخال
4. “Very”: ډيـش
“Very” is an adverb which is used before adjectives and other adverbs
to show degree.
.“ ُغَ ليؼ ػٍ چي لَ ٍفتًْْ اّ ًْؿّ ليؼًّْ څغَ هغکي امتؼواليږي اّ ػؿرَ ښيیVery”
Ex: This hous is very large. .ٍ ػغَ کْؿ ډيـ غټ ػ:هخال
5. “Much”: صيات،ډيـش
“Much” is both adverb and adjective which shows amount or quantity , it
can be also used before comparative degree.
اّ ُوؼاؿًګَ کيؼاي ىي لَ تفضيلي، “ ُـن ليؼ ػٍ ُـن ٍفت چي همؼاؿ اّ اًؼافٍ تياًْيMuch”
.څغَ هغکي امتؼوال ىي
“Still” is used for a period of time that continued from the past to pres-
ent , and it is used in declarative (affirmative , negative and question)
sentences.
ّ ا، “ ػ ّعت ػ ػّؿاى لپاؿٍ پکاؿ ّړل کـپږي چـي لَ هاضي څغَ تـاّمَ اػاهَ لـيStill”
. هٌفي اّ مْالي) رولْ کي امتؼواليږي، ػغَ "ليؼ" پَ عثـي (هخثت
Ex: Are you still working now? آيا تَ تـاّمَ پْؿي پَ کاؿ هَـّف يي؟:هخال
Ex: It is still raining. تـاّمَ پْؿي تاؿاى ّؿيږي:هخال
Ex: Is the lunch ready yet ? آيا تـ اّمَ ػ غـهي ډّډۍ اهاػٍ ػٍ ؟:هخال
Ex: He will fail in exam too. . ُغَ تَ ُـن پَ اهتضاى کي ًاکام ىي:هخال
“Also” is usually used at the middle and at the end of the sentences.
.“ هؼوْالً ػ رولْ پَ هٌځ اّ اعيـ کي امتؼواليږيAlso”
Ex: This water is fairly hot. . ػغَ اّتَ ًنثتا ً ګـهي ػي:هخال
Ex: This water is rather hot. . ػغَ اّتَ لَ صؼٍ فياتي ګـهي ػي:هخال
Ex: He only fixed the car. . ُغَ فمظ هْټـ تـهين کړ:هخال
Structure: جْړښت
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکل Sub + Will /Shall + Have + V3 + Comp.
Ex: I will have finished the work. . ها تَ کاؿ عتن کړي ّي:هخال
Question form
عْالي ؽکل Will /Shall + Sub + Have + V3 + Comp?
Ex: Will I have finished the work? آيا ها تَ کاؿ عتن کړي ّي؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل Sub + Will /Shall + Not + Have + V3 + Comp .
Ex: I will not have finished the work. . ها تَ کاؿ عتن کړي ًَ ّي:هخال
Will /Shall +Sub + Not + Have + V3 + Comp -?
Negative interrogative Ex: Will I not have finished the work? آيا ها تَ کاؿ عتن کړي ًَ ّي؟:هخال
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل
Won‟t/Shan‟t + Sub + Have + V3 + Comp -?
Ex: Won‟t I have finished the work? آيا ها تَ کاؿ عتن کړي ًَ ّي؟:هخال
Will have been / Shall have been Will have been / Shall have been
Structure: جْړښت
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکل Sub + Will /Shall + Have + been + V + ing + Comp.
Ex: Ali will have been playing chess. . ػلي تَ ػ مطـًذ پَ لْتَ تْعت ّي:هخال
Question form
عْالي ؽکل Will /Shall + Sub + Have + been + V + ing + Comp?
Ex: Will Ali have been playing chess? آيا ػلي تَ ػ مطـًذ پَ لْتَ تْعت ّي؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل Sub + Will /Shall + Not + Have + been + V + ing + Comp .
Ex: Ali will not have been playing chess. . ػلي تَ ػمطـًذ پَ لْتَ تْعت ًَ ّي:هخال
Will /Shall +Sub + Not + Have + been + V + ing + Comp -?
Negative interrogative Ex: Will Ali not have been playing chess? آيا ػلي تَ ػ مطـًذ پَ لْتَ تْعت ًَ ّي؟:هخال
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل
Won‟t/Shan‟t + Sub + Have + been + V + ing + Comp -?
Ex: Won‟t Ali have been playing chess? آيا ػلي تَ ػ مطـًذ پَ لْتَ تْعت ًَ ّي؟:هخال
1) Usage: The future perfect continuous tense is used to show the dura-
tion of an action which will be continuing before some specified time
or before another action in the future.
ؿاتلًّْکي کاهلَ راؿی فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ػول ػ رـياى ػ ښْػلْ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي چي:) اعتعوال۱
پَ ؿاتلـًّْکي کي تَ لَ هؼـيي ّعت څغَ هغکي اّيا لَ تل ػول څغَ هغکـي ػ ػّام پَ صالت کی
.ّی
Diagram:
Ex: I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time he gets home.
. څْ چي ُغَ کْؿتَ ؿاځي ها تَ ػ ػّّ ماػتْ لپاؿٍ عْب کړی ّي:هخال
Ex:You will have been playing volleyball with us for two hours tomorrow.
. تامي تَ مثا لَ هْږ مـٍ ػ ػّّ ماػتْ لپاؿٍ ػ ّاليثال پَ لْتَ هيغْل يامت:هخال
Clause
فشض، ؽشط، َقضي
A group of words which has subject and predicate and forms part of a
sentence is called clause.
ُغَ ګـّپ ػ کلوْ چـي ػ هثتؼا اّ عثـ لـًّکـي ّي اّ ػ رولي يٍْ تـعـَ رْړٍ کـړي ػ لـضي پَ ًْم
.ياػيږي
But if we add another sentence with each of them, then they can make
a complete sense.
پَ ُغـَ ّعت کـي تَ تيا کاهل هفِـْم،ّهګــ کَ چيـي يٍْ تلَ رولَ لَ ُغـْي ُـ يْ مـٍ اضافَ کـړ
.افاػٍ کړی
Ex: Ahmad said that he was fine. .ٍّ َ اصوؼ ّّيل چي ُغَ ښ:هخال
Ex: This is the car which I bought last year. . ػغَ هْټـ ػٍ چي ها تيـ کال ّاعينت:هخال
The sentences which support them are called principal and the others are
subordinating clauses.
.ُغَ رولي چي ػ لضيي صوايت کْي ػ اٍلي لضي اّ ًْؿي ػ فـػي لضيْ پَ ًْم ياػيږي
The part of the sentence which does not express a complete meaning and
can not stand alone is called subordinating clause.
ػ رولي ُغَ تـعَ چي هؼٌی تياى ًکړي اّ پَ تٌِايي مـٍ "هفِْم" ّؿًکړي ػ فـػي لضيي پَ ًْم
.ياػيږي
Note: ًْټ
what ,that ,which ,whose ,whom ,who اٍلي اّ فــػي لضيي ػ ؿتطی پَ ّامطَ لکـَ؛
. اّ ػامي ًْؿ ٍّليږي.... when ,
A group of words which has subject and predicate of its and does the
work of an adjective is called adjective clause.
َُغـَ ګـّپ ػ کلـوْ چـي ػ هثتؼا اّ عثـ لـًّکي ّي اّ ػ ٍفت کاؿ تـمــٍ کړي ػ ٍّفي لضي پ
.ًْم ياػيږي
Note: ًـْټ
Some times especially conversion the relative pronoun are omitted when
the sentence has object case.
ځيٌي ّعتًَْ هؼوْالً کلَ چي پَ عثـّ اتـّ يا هکالوَ کي رولَ هفؼْلي صالت ّلـي هٍْْلي
.(ؿتطي) ضويـ لَ هٌځَ ّړل کيږي
Ex: :هخال
- This is the chair which he sits on. .ػغَ چْکۍ ػٍ چي ُغَ پـي کښيٌي
- This is the chair he sits on. .ػغَ چْکۍ ػٍ "چي" ُغَ پـي کښيٌي
Note:ًْټ
Some times the principal clause is divided into two parts by subordinat-
ing adjective clause.
.ځيٌي ّعتًَْ اٍلي لضيَ ػ فـػي ٍّفي لضي پَ ّامطَ پَ ػّّ تـعْ ّييل کيږي
َد اصلي قضي لْهړۍ تشخ َفــشعــي قــضـيـ َد اصلي قضيي دُّوَ تشخ
.ٍّ َ چامـٍ چي ها تيـٍ ّؿځ هاللات ّکړ يْ فها لَ هلګـّ څغ:هخال
َد اصلي قضي لْهړۍ تشخ َفــشعــي قــضـيـ َد اصلي قضيي دُّوَ تشخ
. کْؿ چي ُغَ پکي ډيـ ښکلي ژًّؼ تيـّي:هخال
A group of words which has subject and predicate of the own and does
the work of an adverb is called adverb clause.
َُغَ ګـّپ ػ کلوْ چي ػ هثتؼا اّ عثـ لـًّکي ّي اّ ػ "لـيـؼ" کاؿ تـمـٍ کړي ػ ليؼ ي لضي پ
.ًْم ياػيږي
Ex: If you study your lessons, you will succeed in the exam.
. پَ اهتضاى کي تَ کاهياب ىي، کَ چيـي تَ عپل ػؿمًَْ ّّايي:هخال
Additions to remarks
)ّّضوايـن پَ ًظشياتْ(هلتيا
Note: ًـْټ
Remark is the first longer sentence which expresses the first idea.
.ػ لْهړي ػؿافتـي رولی ًظـيَ ػٍ چي لْهړي هفکْؿٍ تياًْي
Ex: Najeeb is a clever student. .ٍ ًزية يْ اليك فػٍ کًّْکي ػ:هخال
Note:ًْټ
Addition is the second shorter sentence which is added at the end of the
remark and expresses the second idea.
.ػ ػُّوي لٌډ تـي رولي ضويوَ ػٍ چي ػ ًظـيي پَ اعيـ کي اضافَ کيږي اّ ػُّوی هفکْؿٍ تياًْي
Note: ًـْټ
1) Affirmative additions to affirmative remarks are formed by:
(Subject + auxiliary + too) or (So + auxiliary + Subject).
(So + auxiliary + Subject) ّ( اSubject + auxiliary + too) هخثت ضوايـن پَ هخثتًْظـياتْ ػ
.پَ ّامطَ تيکيليږي
Ex: I saw him yesterday but he didn‟t . . ها ُغَ تيـٍ ّؿځ ُغَ ّليؼ هګـ ُغَ ًَّ ليؼم:هخال
Ex: He can‟t speak Pashto but I can. . ُغَ پَ پښتْ عثـي ًيي کْال هګـ فٍ يي کْالي ىن:هخال
Ex: Muhammad has failed but I haven‟t. . هضوؼ ًاکام ىْي ػٍ هګـ فٍ ًَ ين ىْي:هخال
Structure: جْړښټ
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکلSub + Would / Should + V1 + Comp.
Ex: I would visit him in the park. . فٍ تَ لَ ُغَ مـٍ پَ پاؿک کي ګْؿم:هخال
Question form
عْالي ؽکل Would / Should + Sub + V1 + Comp?
Ex: Would I visit him in the park? آيا فٍ تَ لَ ُغَ مـٍ پَ پاؿک کي ّګْؿم؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل Sub + Would / Should + Not + V1 + Comp .
Ex: I would not visit him in the park. . فٍ تَ لَ ُغَ مـٍ پَ پاؿک کي ًَّ ګْؿم:هخال
Would / Should +Sub + Not + V1 + Comp -?
Negative interrogative Ex: Would I not visit him in the park? آيا فٍ تَ لَ ُغَ مـٍ پَ پاؿک کي ًَّ ګْؿم؟:هخال
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل
Wouldn‟t / Shouldn‟t + Sub + V1 + Comp -?
Ex: Wouldn‟t I visit him in the park? آيا فٍ تَ لَ ُغَ مـٍ پَ پاؿک کي ًَّ ګْؿم؟:هخال
Note: Future in the past tenses are usually followed by the improbable
conditional sentences.
. ؿتلًّْکي فهاًی پَ هاضي کي هؼوْالً ػ ًاهـوکٌَ ىـطيَ رولْ پَ ّامطَ تؼمـيثـيږي:ًْټ
Structure: جْړښټ
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکلSub + Would / Should + Be + V1 + ing + Comp.
Ex: He would be playing chess. . ُغَ تَ ػ مطـًذ پَ لْتَ هَـّف ّي:هخال
Question form
عْالي ؽکل Would / Should + Sub + Be + V1 + ing +Comp?
Ex: Would he be playing chess? آيا ُغَ تَ ػ مطـًذ پَ لْتَ هَـّف ّي؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل Sub + Would / Should + Not + Be + V1 + ing + Comp .
Ex: He would not be playing chess. . ُغَ تَ ػ مطـًذ پَ لْتَ هَـّف ًَ ّي:هخال
Would / Should +Sub + Not + Be + V1 + ing + Comp -?
Negative interrogative Ex: Would he not be playing chess? آيا ُغَ تَ ػ مطـًذ پَ لْتَ هَـّف ًَ ّي؟:هخال
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل
Wouldn‟t / Shouldn‟t + Sub + Be + V1 + ing + Comp -?
Ex: Wouldn‟t he be playing chess? آيا ُغَ تَ ػ مطـًذ پَ لْتَ هَـّف ًَ ّي؟:هخال
1) Usage: Future in the past continuous tense is used to show the dura-
tion of an action that would be in progress at some specified time in
the future of the past but the action did not happen.
پَ تيـٍ راؿی کي ؿاتلًّْکي فهاًَ ػ ُغَ کاؿ ػ رـياى لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږي چي:) اعتعـوـال۱
ٍپَ هؼـيي ّعت کي تَ پَ ؿاتلًّْکي تيـٍ فهاًَ کي ػ رــياى پَ صالت کي ّي هګــ ػول ًؼ
.ّالـغ ىْي
Ex: The kids would be going to the pool if the parents admitted them.
. کَ چيـي هْؿ اّپالؿ هاىْهاًْ تَ ارافٍ ّؿکړي ٍّ ُغْي تَ صُْ تَ تلل:هخال
. ػغَ فهاًَ ػ ؿاتلًّْکي راؿي فهاًي پَ ځاي پَ غيـ هنتمين عثـّ کښي امتؼواليږي:ًْټ
Conjunctions
د ّصل (ستظ) تْسي
Ex: Arfan and Muzamil are brothers. . ػــفاى اّ هقهل ّؿّڼَ ػي:هخال
Ex: I was present but he was absent. .ٍّ فٍ صاضـ ّم هګـ ُغَ غيـ صاضـ:هخال
Ex: I am a doctor and he is a student. .ٍ فٍ يْ ډاکتـين اّ ُغَ يْ فػٍ کًّْکي ػ:هخال
The cumulative conjunctions are used to one idea to another idea or one
action to another action.
ٍػ ٍّل فياتًْکي تْؿي يٍْ هفکْؿٍ لَ تلي هفکْؿي مـٍ يا يْ ػول لَ تل ػول مـٍ ػ ٍّلْلْ لپاؿ
.امتؼواليږي
Ex: Ahmad is generous but poor. .ٍ اصوؼ مغي ػٍ هګـ غـية ػ:هخال
Ex: I was sick so I went to sleep earlier. . فٍ ًاؿّؽ ّم ًْ ډيـ ّعتي ّيؼٍ ىْم:هخال
Ex: She is lazy therefore I dislike her. . ُغَ ټٌثلَ ػٍ لَ ُغَ مثثَ فٍ ُغَ ًَ عْښْم:هخال
These conjunctions are used in pairs and join words and sentences.
.ػ ٍّل ػغَ تْؿي پَ رْړٍ يی (ػٍّ ګًْی) ىکل امتؼوالۍږي اّ کلوْ اّ رولْ تَ ؿتظ ّؿکْي
A group of words which are used as conjunctions to join words and se-
ntences are called compound conjunctions.
َُغَ ګـّپ ػ کلوْ چي ػ ٍّل ػ تْؿّ پَ څيـ کلوْ اّ رولْ تَ ؿتظ ّؿکْي ػ هـکثْ ؿتطي تْؿّ پ
.ًْم ياػيږي
Preposition
اضافي تْسي
Preposition is a word which is used to show the relationship between
two persons or things.
.اضافی تْؿی ُغَ کولَ ػٍ چي ػ ػّّ اىغاٍْ يا ىياًْ تـهٌځ ؿاتطَ ښيي
Ex: A cup of tea is on the table. .ٍ يٍْ پيالَ چاي ػ هيق پَ مـ ػ:هخال
Ex: Come to me and tell the fact. .َ هاتَ ؿاىَ اّ صميمت ّّاي:هخال
The simple prepositions are those which are used in the ordinary or sta-
ndard form and show the relationship between two persons or things.
ًْمـاػٍ اضافـي تْؿي ُغـَ ػي چي پَ هؼـوـْلي اّيا حاتت ىکل امتؼـوـاليږي اّ ػػّ اىغاٍـْ يا ىيا
.تـهٌځ ؿاتطَ ښيي
Ex: Sediq sat by me. .ٍ ٍؼيك لَ هامـٍ ًږػي ًامت ػ:هخال
Ex: We went to Mazar by road. .ْ هْږ ػ مړک لَ الؿي هقاؿ تَ ځ:هخال
Ex: She went to Saudi by Airplain. .ٍ ُغَ ػ ُْايي راف لَ الؿي مؼْػي تَ ّالړ:هخال
C) By = Before هغکي
Ex: I will complete this work by june. . فٍ تَ لَ رْى څغَ هغکي ػغَ کاؿ عتن کړ:هخال
Ex: I will go to Kandahar by April. . فٍ تَ لَ آپـيل څغَ هغکي کٌؼُاؿ تَ ّالړ ىـن:هخال
Ex: You can help us by the police. . تَ کْالي ىي ػ پْليل پَ ّامطَ لَ هْږ مـٍ هـمتَ ّکړي:هخال
Ex: We sent the money by check. . هْږ ػ چيک پَ ّامطَ پيـني ّامتْلي:هخال
Ex: He drives carefully by night. . ُغَ ػ ىپي پَ تـڅ کي پَ اصتياط مـٍ ډؿيْؿی کْي:هخال
)(د
H) By God = To swear of God. لـنـن پَ عؼاي
Ex: By God , I didn‟t do it. . کَ ها ُغَ مـتَ ؿمْلي ّي، ) لنن پَ عؼای (د:هخال
Ex: He ate fast by mistake. .ٍ ُغَ پَ اىتثاٍ مـٍ ؿّژٍ ّعْړ:هخال
Note: “By” is used with all means of traveling like: airplain , car , train ,
bicycle , ship ..... etc.
ًْټ “By” :ػ مفــ لَ ټْلْ ّمايلْ مـٍ امتؼواليږي لکَ :طياؿٍ ،هْټـ ،اّؿګاډی ،تاينيکل ،
کښتۍ ......اّ ػامي ًْؿ.
Ex: I come here at nine o‟clock. هخال :فٍ پَ ًَ تزْ ػلتَ ؿاځـن.
Ex: The teacher is at the office. هخال :ښًّْکي پَ ػفتـ کي ػٍ.
ُ Aboveغَ ّعت امتؼواليږي چي يْىي تي لَ تواك څغَ هؼوْالً پَ ػوْػي ىکل ّالغ ّي.
Ex: Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan. هخال :کاتل ػ افغاًنتاى پايتغت ػٍ.
Ex: The play football is useful for health. هخال :ػ فْټثال لْتَ ػ ؿّغتيا لپاؿٍ ګټْؿٍ ػٍ.
Ex: I study for three hours every day. هخال :فٍ ُـٍ ّؿځ ػ ػؿيْ ماػتْ لپاؿٍ هطالؼَ کْم.
The compound prepositions usually contain more than one syllable and
show the relationship between two persons or things.
ًْهـکة اضافـي تْؿي هؼـوـْالً لَ يـٍْ څغَ ػ فياتْ ُزا لـًّکـي ّي اّ ػ ػّّ اىغاٍْ يا ىـيا
.تـهٌـځ ؿاتـطَ ښکاؿٍ کـْي
Structure: جْړښت
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکل Sub + Would / Should + Have + V3 + Comp.
Ex: I would have carried out every thing. . هاتَ ټْل ىياى تـمـٍ کړي ّي:هخال
Question form
عْالي ؽکل Would / Should + Sub + Have + V3 + Comp?
Ex: Would I have carried out every thing? آيا هاتَ ټْل ىياى تـمـٍ کړي ّي؟:هخال
Negative form
هٌفي ؽکل Sub + Would / Should + Not + Have + V3 + Comp .
Ex: I would not have carried out every thing. . هاتَ ټْل ىياى ًَ ّي تـمـٍ کړي:هخال
Would / Should +Sub + Not + Have + V3 + Comp -?
Negative interrogative Ex: Would I not have carried out every thing? آيا هاتَ ټْل ىياى ًَ ّي تـمـٍ کړي؟:هخال
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل
Wouldn‟t / Shouldn‟t + Sub + Have + V3 + Comp -?
Ex: Wouldn‟t I have carried out every thing? آيا هاتَ ټْل ىياى ًَ ّي تـمـٍ کړي؟:هخال
َ پَ تيـٍ کاهلَ کـي ؿاتلـًّْکي فهاًَ ػ ُغَ ػول ػ تياى لپاؿٍ امتؼـواليږي چـي پ:) اعـتعـوال۱
. هګـ ػول ًؼٍ ّالغ ىْي، ٍّ تيـ ؿاتلًّْکي کي تَ تکويل ىْي
Ex: The people would not have faced any problems if the incharges had more
attention.
. علک تَ لَ هيکالتْ مـٍ ًَ ٍّ هغاهظ ىْي، ٍّ کَ چيـي هنـْليٌْ ډيـٍ تْرَ کړي:هخال
Ex: Ahmad and Ali would have completed the work whether they had started
earlier.
.ٍّ کاؿ تَ عتن ىْي، ٍّ کَ چيـي اصوؼ اّ ػلي ّعت تـ ىـّع کړي:هخال
Structure: جْړښت
Affirmative form
هثثت ؽکل Sub + Would / Should + Have + been + V + ing + Comp.
Ex: I would have been playing cricket. . فٍ تَ ػ کـکيټ پَ لْتَ هَـّف ّم:هخال
Question form Would / Should + Sub + Have + been + V + ing + Comp?
عْالي ؽکل
Ex: Would I have been playing cricket? آيا فٍ تَ ػ کـکيټ پَ لْتَ هَـّف ّم؟:هخال
Negative form Sub + Would / Should + Not + Have + been + V + ing + Comp .
هٌفي ؽکل
Ex: I would not have been playing cricket. فٍ تَ ػ کـکيټ پَ لْتَ هَـّف ًَ ّم؟:هخال
Would / Should + Sub + Not + Have + been + V + ing + Comp -?
Negative interrogative Ex: Would I not have been playing cricket? آيا فٍ تَ ػ کـکيټ پَ لْتَ هَـّف ًَ ّم؟:هخال
form هٌفي عْالي ؽکل Wouldn‟t / Shouldn‟t + Sub + Have + been + V + ing + Comp -?
Ex: Wouldn‟t I have been playing cricket? آيا فٍ تَ ػ کـکيټ پَ لْتَ هَـّف ًَ ّم؟:هخال
Ex: She would have been working at the bank if she had not gotten married.
.ٍّ َ کَ چيـي ُغي ّاػٍ ًَ ٍّ کړي پَ تاًک کي تَ پَ کاؿ هَـّف:هخال
Ex: They would have meeting their counterparts if they did not cancel the meeting.
.ٍّ کَ چيـي هاللات ًَ لغٍْ کيؼٍ ُغْي تَ لَ عپلْ ُوکاؿاًْ مـٍ پَ هاللات هيغْل:هخال
Mood
د فعل ّجَ يا حالت
Mood is the mode or manner in which the action denoted by the verb
is presented.
.ّرَ ػثاؿت لَ ُغَ صالت څغَ ػٍ چي ػول يا "ػفؼل صالت" پکښي تياًيږي
Or: اّيا
Mood is the manner of the verb which shows how the action occurred.
.ّْرَ ػ فؼل صالت ػٍ ښيي چي ػول څٌګَ ّالغ ى
Ex: To come on time is very necessary. .ٍ پَ ّعت ؿاتلل ډيـ ضـّؿي ػ:هخال
Ex: To play football is interesting for him. .ٍ ػ فْټثال لْتَ کْل ػ ُغَ لپاؿٍ رالثَ ػ:هخال
The state of the verb which has verbal and attributive form is called
descriptive mood.
.ػ فؼل "ُغَ" صالت چي ػ فؼلي اّ ٍّفي ىکل ػؿلْػًّکي ّي ػ تٍْيفي ّري پَ ًْم ياػيږي
The state of the verb which expresses an action in request , demand , ad-
vice , entreaty , prayer or direct command is called imperative mood.
ػػا اّيا هنتمين اهـ پَ ډّل تياى کړي، ػؾؿ، پٌؼ، تماضا،ػ فؼل "ُغَ" ىکل چي ػول ػ غْښتٌی
.ػ اهـی ّري پَ ًاهَ ياػيږي
Ex: Suppose he fails , what will he do? څَ تَ ّکړي؟، ٍ فـُ کړي ُغَ ًاکام ػ:هخال
Ordinary(main) verbs
ًَْهعـوـْلـي(اصـلـي) فعـلـ
Ordinary verbs are those which express a complete meaning and can
stand alone.
.هؼوْلي(اٍلي) فؼلًَْ ُغَ ػي چي کاهلَ هؼٌی تياًْي اّ پَ تٌِايي مـٍ ػ هفِْم لـًّکي ّي
Ordinary verbs are divided into three parts: هعوْلي فعلًَْ پَ دسي تشخْ ّيؾل ؽْي دي
Like: ًهثال
Like: ًهثال
Shine)(ځليذل Cry )(ژړل Smile)(هْعکا کْل Laugh)(خٌذيذل
Note:ًْټ
Transitive and intransitive verbsًَْهتعذي اّ الصهي فعل
Transitive and intransitive verbs is sometimes poor of object and sometimes not
poor of object , it means sometimes it gives clear and complete meaning without
object and sometimes it does not give clear and complete meaning without object.
ُغَ پَ ػي هؼٌی،هتؼؼي اّ الفهي فؼلًَْ ځيٌي ّعت هفؼْل تَ هضتاد ّي اّ ځيٌي ّعت هفؼْل تَ هضتاد ًَ ّي
َچي کلَ تي لَ هفؼْل څغَ ُن ّاضش اّ ؿّښاًَ هؼٌي ّؿکْي اّځيٌي ّعت تي لَ هفؼْل څغَ ّاضش اّ کاهل
.هؼٌی ًَ ّؿکْي
Causative verbs
ًَْعلتي يا عثثي فعل
“Causative verbs” are those verbs which we don‟t perform an action dir-
ectly , we get it done indirectly by some one else.
َ ػول ػ تل ىغٌ پَ ّامط،ّْػلتي فؼلًَْ ُغَ فؼلًَْ ػي چي هْږػول هنتميوا ً پغپلَ مـتَ ًَ ؿم
.پَ غيـ هنتمين ډّل ٍْؿت ًيني
Causative verbs consist in: َعلتي فعـلًَْ عثاست دي ل
Get Have Has Make
Help Cause Let
ػغَ فْؿهْل ُغَ ّعت امتؼواليږي چي هْږ غْاړّ ًْؿ ػ کاؿ تـمـٍ کْلْ تَ چوتْ کړّ يا ػا
.چي پَ ػي فْؿهْل کي تل ىغٌ ػي تَ چوتْ کّْ چي هْږ تَ کْم کاؿ تـمـٍ کړي
Ex: I made him fix the picture on the wall. . ها ُغَ هزثْؿ کړ "چي" پَ ػيْال تَْيـ ّلګْي:هخال
Ex: We compel him fix our car. . هْږ ُغَ هزثْؿٍ کړ چي فهْږ هْټـ تـهيــن کړي:هخال
3) The other formula which is usually used in the causative form is:
(Sub + Have / Get + Obj + V3).
(Sub + Have/Get + Obj +V) :َتل فْؿهْل چي هؼوْالً پَ مثثي ىکل کي امتؼواليږي ػثاؿت ػٍ ل
.َڅغ
In this formula the subject of the sentence either accepts the result of
the action or causes the action.
.پَ ػي فْؿهْل کي ػ رولي فاػل اّ يا ػا چي ػػول ًتيزَ لثْلْي اّيا ُن عپلَ ػ کاؿمثة کيږي
Ex: Abdullah got his car stolen. .ْ ػ ػثؼهللا هْټـ غال ى:هخال
Or: Active voice is a form of the verb in which the doer of an action
(subject) is the subject of the sentence.
. ػ فؼل هؼلْم ىکل ػ فؼل ُغَ ىکل ػٍ چي ػػول کًّْکي(فاػـل) پکي ػ رولي هثتؼاء ّي:يا
4) The first and second form of the verb is changed into third form of
the verb.
.ػ فؼل لْهړي اّ ػُّن ىکل پَ ػؿين ىکل تاًؼي تؼليږي
5) Use (to be) verb according to the tense of the active sentence.
.( فؼـلًَْ امتؼوال کړيto be) ػ هؼلْهي رولي ػ فهاًي پَ هطاتك ػ
7) The subject pronouns are changed to object pronouns and the object
pronouns changed to subject pronouns.
.فاػـلي ضويـًَّ پَ هفؼـْلي تثؼيليږي اّ هفؼـْل ضويـًَّ پَ فاػـلي ضويـًّْ تثؼليږي
8) In the continuous tenses , an extra (being) is added after the (to be)
verb.
. ػالٍّ کيږي، (being) ( څغَ ّؿّمتَ يْ اضافيto be) َپَ راؿي فهاًّْ کي ل
Ueses of passive
"ًَْد هجِـْل د اعتعوال "ځاي
The passive form is mostly used in the following ways:
:هزِـْل ىکل ػوؼتا ً پَ الًؼي ځايًْْ امتؼواليږي
Ex: :هخال
Active هعـلْم Passive هجِـْل
He asks her. She is asked by him.
.ُـغـَ لَ ُـغـي څغـَ پْښـتي .ُغـَ (هًْج) ػ ُغـَ پَ ّامـطَ پْښتـل کـيږي
Does he ask her? Is she asked by him?
آيا ُغَ ُغَ (هًْج) پْښتي؟ آيا ُغَ (هًْج) ػ ُغَ پَ ّامطَ پْښتل کيږي؟
He doesn‟t ask her. She is not asked by him.
.ُغَ ُغَ (هًْج) ًَ پْښتي .ُغَ (هًْج) ػ ُغَ پَ ّامطَ ًَ پْښتل کيږي
Does he not ask her ? Is she not asked by him?
آيا ُغَ ُغَ(هًْج) ًَ پْښتي؟ آيا ُغَ (هًْج) ػ ُغَ پَ ّامطَ ًَ پْښتل کيږي؟
Doesn‟t he ask her? Isn‟t she asked by him?
آيا ُغَ ُغَ (هًْج) ًَ پْښتي؟ آيا ُغَ (هًْج) ػ ُغَ پَ ّامطَ ًَ پْښتل کيږي؟
Ex: :هخال
Active هعـلْم Passive هجِـْل
They are electing him. He is being elected by them.
.ػّي ُغـَ اًـتغاتـْي .ُغَ ػ ػّي پَ ّامطَ اًتغاتـيږي
Are they electing him? Is he being elected by them?
آيا ػّي ُغـَ اًتغـاتْي؟ آيا ُغَ ػ ػّي پَ ّامطَ اًتغاتـيږي؟
They are not electing him. He is not being elected by them.
.ػّي ُغـَ ًَ اًتغاتْي .ُغَ ػ ػّي پَ ّامطَ ًَ اًتغاتيږي
Are they not electing him? Is he not being elected by them?
آيا ػّي ُغَ ًَ اًتغاتْي؟ آيا ُغَ ػ ػّي پَ ّامطَ ًَ اًـتغاتـيږي؟
Aren‟t they electing him? Isn‟t he being elected by them?
آيآ ػّي ُغَ ًَ اًتغاتْي؟ آيا ُغَ ػ ػّي پَ ّامطَ ًَ اًتغاتـيږي؟
Ex: :هخال
Ex: :هخال
Ex: :هخال
Active هعـلْم Passive هجِـْل
I was doing the homework. The homework was being done by me.
.ٍّها کْؿًي کاؿ مـتَ ؿما .ٍکْؿًي کاؿ فها پَ ّامطَ مـتَ ؿميؼ
Was I doing the homework ? Was the homework being done by me?
آيا ها کْؿًی کاؿ مـتَ ؿماٍّ؟ آيا کْؿًی کاؿ فها پَ ّامطَ مـتَ ؿميؼٍ؟
I was not doing the homework . The homework was not being done by me.
.ٍّها کْؿًی کاؿ مـتَ ًَ ؿما .ٍکْؿًی کاؿ فها پَ ّامطَ مـتَ ًَ ؿميؼ
Was I not doing the homework? Was the homework not being done by me?
آيا ها کْؿًی کاؿ مـتَ ًَ ؿماٍّ؟ آيا کْؿًي کاؿ فها پَ ّامطَ مـتَ ًَ ؿميؼٍ ؟
Wasn‟t I doing the homework? Wasn‟t the homework being done by me ?
آيا ها کْؿًی کاؿ مـتَ ًَ ؿماٍّ؟ آيا کْؿًي کاؿ فهاى پَ ّامطَ مـتَ ًَ ؿميؼٍ؟
Ex: :هخال
Active هعـلْم Passive هجِـْل
They had elected him. Ha had been elected by them.
.ٍّ ػّي ُغَ اًتغاب کړي .ٍّ ُغَ ػ ػّي پَ ّامطَ اًتغاب ىْي
Had they elected him ? Had he been elected by them?
آيا ػّي ُغَ اًتغاب کړي ٍّ؟ آيا ُغَ ػ ػّي پَ ّامطَ اًتغاب ىْي ٍّ؟
They hadn‟t elected him . He hadn‟t been elected by them.
.ٍّ ًَ ػّي ُغَ اًتغاب کړي .ٍّ ًَ ُغَ ػ ػّي پَ ّامطَ اًتغاب ىْي
Had they not elected him? Had he not been elected by them ?
آيا ػّي ُغَ اًتغاب کړي ًَ ٍّ؟ آيا ُغَ ػ ػّي پَ ّامطَ اًتغاب ىْي ًَ ٍّ؟
Hadn‟t they elected him? Hadn‟t he been elected by him ?
آيا ػّي ُغَ اًتغاب کړي ًَ ٍّ؟ آيا ُغَ ػ ػّي پَ ّامطَ اًتغاب ىْي ًَ ٍّ؟
The past perfect continuous tense doesn‟t change from active into passive.
.تيـٍ راؿي فهاًَ لَ هؼـلْم څغَ هزِـْل تَ ًَ تثؼيليږي
Ex: :هخال
Ex: :هخال
We can express our or somebody else‟s ideas into two ways in English
language .
.ّپَ اًګليني ژتَ کي هْږ کْالي ىْي عپل اّيا ػ ًْؿّ عثـي پَ ػّّ ىکلْ تياى کړ
The indirect speech denotes the speaker‟s ideas but not all of his exact
words.
.غيـ هنتمين کالم ػ ّيًْکي پَ ّيٌاّّ ػاللت کْي هګـ ًَ ټْلي ػليمي کليوي
3) The first word in the narration should begin with capital letter.
.پَ ّيٌَ کي تايؼ لْهړي تْؿي پَ غټ تْؿي ىـّع ىي
Ex: Ahmad said, “My classmates will take a trip to Mazar next week.”
" . " ؿاتلًّْکي اًّّۍ تَ لَ ُوٌَفياًْ مـٍ هقاؿ تَ مفـ ّکړم، اصوؼ ّّيل:هخال
2. The conjunction (that) is used to connect the main verb with the rest
of the sentence.
.( ؿتطي تْؿي ػ اٍلي فؼـل لَ پاتي رولي مـٍ ػ ًښلْلْ لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږيthat) ػ
4. If the main verb is in simple past tense , the tenses are changed.
. فهاًي تغـيـ کـْي، کَ چيـي پَ تيـٍ ماػٍ فهاًَ کي اٍلي فؼـل ّي
5. All the words and adverbs which show the near situation are change
to far.
.ټْلي کلوي اّ ليؼًَّ چي ًږػي ّضش(صالت) ښيي پَ لـي تاًؼي تثؼيليږي
6. The verbs ( Must , Should , Ought to , Could) are not changed in the
indirect form.
. ( فؼـلًَْ پَ غيـهنتمين ىکل تاًؼي ًَ تثؼليږيCould , Ought to , Should , Must) ػ
- He said, “I come here every day”. ." "فٍ ُـٍ ّؿځ ػلتَ ؿاځن، ُغَ ّّيل-
- He said that he came there every day. .َ ُغَ ّّيل چي ُغَ ُـٍ ّؿځ ُلتَ ؿات-
Note: ًْټ
When the main verb is not in the simple past tense , no change is
possible in the tenses.
. پَ فهاًْ کي تغيـ ًَ ؿاځي، کلَ چي پَ ماػٍ تيـٍ فهاًَ کي اٍلي فؼـل ًَ ّي
Ex: :هخال
- Ahmad says, “ I know him”. ." " فٍ ُغَ پيژًن، اصوؼ ّايي
- Ahmad says that he knows him. .اصوؼ ّايي چي ُغَ پيژًي
Ex: :هخال
- He has said , “ Amran is a clever student”.
." ٍ " ػوـاى يْ اليمَ فػٍ کًّْکي ػ، ُغَ ّيلي ػي
- He has said that Amran is a clever student.
.ٍُغَ ّيلي ػي چي ػوــاى يْ اليمَ فػٍ کًّْکي ػ
Note:ًْټ
When the narration is unchangeable general fact , no change is made in
the indirect speech ; even if the main verb is in the simple past tense.
َ پَ غيـ هنتمين کالم کي تغيـ ًَ ؿاځي ؛ صتی کَ چيـي پ، کلَ چي ًمـل لْل(ّيٌا) کلي صميمت ّي
.ماػٍ تيـٍ فهاًَ کي اٍلي فؼـل ُن هْرْػ ّي
Ex: :هخال
- Shabeer said , ” The sky is blue”. ." ٍ " آمواى آتي ػ، ىثيـ ّّيل
- Shabeer said that the sky is blue. .ٍىثيـ ّّيل چي آمواى آتی ػ
Like : Ask ) مْال کْل، (پْښتل, Inquire ) (تيا پْښتٌَ کْل, Want to know ) پيژًؼل، (پُْيؼل
...etc.
5. The subject is placed before verb. .فاػـل لَ فؼـل څغَ هغکي ځاي ًيني
Note: ًْټ
The words (do , does , did) are omitted in the indirect speech.
.( کلوي پَ غيـهنتمين کالم کي لَ هٌځَ ځيdid , does , do) ػ
Ex: :هخال
- He said: “ Can I help you?” " " آيا کْالي ىن لَ تامی مـٍ هـمتَ ّکړم؟:ُغَ ّّيل
- He asked if he could help me. .ُغَ پْښتٌَ ّکړٍ چي آيا ُغَ کْالي ىْاي لَ هامـٍ هـمتَ ّکړي
Ex: :هخال
Ex: :هخال
- Ali said: “Have you visited Kabul?” " " آيا تامي کاتل ليؼلي ػٍ؟:ػلی ّّيل
- Ali asked me if I had visited Kabul. .ٍّ اصوؼ ّپْښتل چي آيا ها کاتل ليؼلي
Ex: :هخال
- Khalid said: “Where are you going now?” " " تامي چيـي ځۍ؟:عالؼ ّّيل
- Khalid wanted to know where I was going then. .عالؼ غْښتل ّپُْيږي چي فٍ چيـي تـلـن
Ex: :هخال
- The students said: “When is our examination?” " " فهْږ اهتضاى څَ ّعت ػٍ؟:ىاګـػاًْ ّّيل
- The students asked when their examination was. .ٍّ ىاګـػاًْ ّپْښتل چي اهتضاى يي څَ ّعت
Like: Order ) (ُؼايت ّؿکْل, Request ) (غـْښتٌَ کْل, command ) (اهـ کْل... etc.
2. To connect the two parts of the sentence. .ػ رولي ػٍّ تـعي مـٍ ًښلْي
A) Use (to) in the positive case. .( امتؼواليږيto) پَ هخثت صالت کی
B) Use (not to) in the negative case. .( امتؼواليږيnot to) پَ هٌفي صالت کي
Ex: :هخال
Ex: :هخال
- He said: “Don‟t go away please.” ". َ " لطفاً لـی هَ ځ: ُغَ ّّيل
- He asked me not to go away. .ُغَ لَ هاڅغَ غْښتٌَ ّکړٍ تـڅْ لـی الړ ًين
Ex: :هخال
- Jalal said: “Please study your lessons well.” " .َ "لطفا ً عپل ػؿمًَْ ػي ښَ ّّاي:رالل ّّيل
- Jalal requested me to study my lessons well. .رالل لَ ها څغَ غْښتٌَ ّکړٍ چي عپل ػؿمًَْ ښَ ّّاين
1. The main verb is changed to one of the verbs which can express em-
otion or strong feeling.
.اٍلي فؼـل پَ يْ ُغَ فؼـلًْْ تثؼيليږي چي ُيزاى يا اصناك تياى کړي
Like: Cry ) فـياػ کْل، (ژړل, Appreciate ) متايل، ػؿک کْل، (ػؿًاّي کْل,
Shout ) (فـياػ کْل, Admire ) تيْيمـْل، ( متايل.... etc.
3. The other changes (tenses and adverbs) are the same as declarative
form.
.ػ ًْؿّ (فهاًْ اّ ليؼًّْ) تغيـات ػ عثـي صالت پَ څيـ ػي
Ex: هخال
- He said, “ Welcome to Ghazni !” " ! " غـقًي تَ ښَ ؿاغالمت، ُغَ ّّيل
- He greeted with me saying that welcome to Ghazni.
.ُغَ ػ ښَ ؿاغالمت ّيلـْ غقًي تَ لَ هامـٍ ؿّغثړ ّکړ
Ex: :هخال
- Ahmad said, “Well-done you won the challenge !”
"! " آفـيي ػ هناتمي ّړًّکي ىْي، اصوؼ ّّيل
- Ahmad appreciated me saying that I had won the challenge.
.ٍاصوؼ ػػي پَ ّيلْ مـٍ چي فٍ ػ هناتمي ّړًّکي ىْي ّم لَ ها څغَ متايٌَ ّکړ
Ex: :هخال
- He said , “What a noisy he is !” "! ٍ " څَ يْ غالوغالي (مړي) ػ، ُغَ ّّيل
- He should what a noisy man he was. .ٍّ )ُغَ فـياػ ّکړ چي څَ يْغالوغالي (مړي
Interjection
د غـږ(ًذا) تْسی
Interiection is a word which is used to express some sudden feelling or
emotion.
.ػ ًؼا تْؿی ُغَ کلوَ ػٍ چي ػ اصناك اّيا ُيزاى لپاؿٍ امتؼواليږی
These interjections usually contain one syllable and express strong feeling
or emotion.
.ػ ًؼا ػغَ تْؿي هؼوْالً يْ ُزايي ػي اّ لْي اصناك يا ُيزاى تياًْي
- The natural interjections are as follow: حقيقي د ًذا تْسي پَ الًذي ډّل دي
Ex: Oh! What a tall building. .ٍ آٍ! څَ لْړٍ ّػاًۍ ػ:هخال
5. To express disgust , pity and blaming. .ٍػ ًفـت مـښٌؼًي اّ هالهتيا ػ تياى لپاؿ
Ex: Fie! Disoppointed in the exam. .!ٍ پَ اهتضاى کی پَ ًاکاهۍ تاًؼي عزالت ّکاږ:هخال
Ex: Fie, fie! You are blame. . تل! تَ هالهت يي، تل:هخال
Ex: Pooh! I hurt my finger. .ٍ پٍْ(اط)! ها عپلَ ګْتَ غْڅَ کړ:هخال
)(د
7. To express greeting and farewell. .ٍپَ اهاًي ػ تياى لپاؿ ػ ؿّغثړ اّ عؼاي
Ex: Adieu! See you tommorow. .ٌْ عؼاي پاهاى! مثا ّي:هخال
Like : Well-done! )! (آفــيـي, Wellcome! )! (ښــَ ؿاغــالمـت, Good heavense
)!َ (اي عؼايـَ ػـزيـث,Shame on you! )!ٍ (عزـالت ّکـاږ, Ah me! )!(افـنـْك پَ هـا
Good bye! )! (عؼاي پاهاى, Just my luck! )! (فها تؼ تغت, It is all very well !
)! ًَ (متـګي ؿّښا.... etc)(اًّْؿ
Note:ًْټ
Sometimes we can express emotion or feeling by sentences, which are
called exclamatory sentences.
چـي (پَ ػي ٍـْؿت کي) ػ، ځيٌي ّعـتًَْ هـْږ ُيزاى يا اصناك پَ رولَ کـي ښکاؿٍ کـْالي ىـْي
.ًؼايـي رولـْ پَ ًْم ياػيـږي
Ex: :هخال
- What a noisy guy he is! !ٍڅَ يْ غالوغالي (مړي) ػ
- How terrible it is! !څْهـٍ ډاؿى
Prefixes: هـخـتـاړي
Prefixes are syllables which are added before words and change their
meaning.
.هغتاړي ُغَ الفاظ ػي چي لَ کلوْ څغَ هغکي ػالٍّ کيږي اّ ػ ُغـْي هؼٌي تَ تغيـ ّؿکْي
Like:
Like – Dislike ) (عْښيؼل ــ ًَ عْښْل, Read – Reread ) (ّيل ــ ػّتاؿٍ ّيل.... etc.
The most importan prefixes are as follow: هِوتشيي هختاړي پَ الًذي ډّل دي
1) Un:
2) In:
It is added before adjectives and converts their meaning.
.ػ ٍفتًْْ څغَ هغکي ػالٍّ کيږي اّ ػ ُغْي هؼٌی تَ تغيـ ّؿکْي
Ex: Direct – Indirect ) (هنتمين ــ غيـهنتمين, Formal – Informal )(ؿموي ــ غيـ ؿموي.
3) Dis:
It is placed before adjectives and verbs and converts their meaning.
.ػ ٍفتًْْ څغَ هغکي ځاي ًيني اّ ػ ُغـْي هؼٌي تَ تغيـ ّؿکْی
Ex: Agree - Disagree) (هْافميت کْل ــ هغالفت کْل, Appear - Disapear )(ښکاؿٍ کيؼل ــ ّؿکيؼل
4) Re:
Ex:Write - Rewrite ) (ليکل ــ ػّتاؿٍ ليکل, Correct – Recorrect )(تَضيش کْل ــ ػّتاؿٍ تَضيش کْل
Suffixes: سّعــتـاړي
Suffixes are syllables which are placed after words and change their
meaning.
.ؿّمتاړي ُغَ الفاظ ػي چي لَ کلوْ څغَ ّؿّمتَ ځاي ًيني اّ ػ ُغـْي هؼٌی تَ تغيـ ّؿکْي
The most important suffixes are as follow: هِوتشيي سّعتاړي پَ الًذي ډّل دي
1) Or – er :
These are placed after words and turn them into nouns.
.ػغَ لَ کليوْ څغَ ّؿّمتَ ځاي ًيني اّ ُغـْي پَ اموًْْ تثؼيلْي
Ex: Hold – Holder ) (ًيْل ــ ًيًْکي, Act -- Actor )(توخيل کْل ــ توخيل کًّْکي.
2) Al :
It is added at the end of nouns and changes them to adjectives.
.ػ امـوًْْ پَ اعيـ کي ػالٍّ کيږي اّ ُغـْي پَ ٍفتًْْ تثؼيلْي
3) Ion :
It is added at the end of verbs and turns them into nouns.
.ػ فؼـلًْْ پَ اعيـ کي ػالٍّ کيږي اّ ُغـْي پَ اموًْْ تثؼيلْي
Ex: Locate - Location) (هْلؼيت لـل ــ هْلؼيت, Participate - Participation.)(ګډّى کْل ــ ګډّى
4) Sion :
It is placed at the end of the verbs and changes them to abstract nouns.
.ػ فؼـلًْْ پَ اعيـ کي ځاي ًيني اّ ُغـْي ػ هؼٌی پَ اموًْْ تاًؼی تثؼيليږي
Ex: Decide – Decision ) (تَوين ًيْل ــ تَوين, Divide – Division )(تمنيوْل ـ تمنين.
5) Ize :
6) Ness :
This suffix is placed after adjectives and changes them to abstract nouns.
.ػغَ هغاړی لَ ٍفتًْْ څغَ ّؿّمتَ ځاي ًيني اّ ُغـْي ػ هؼٌی پَ اموًْْ تثؼيلْي
7) Less :
Is added after nouns and converts their meaning.
.لَ اموًْْ څغَ ّؿّمتَ ػالٍّ کيږي اّ ػ ُغـْي هؼٌی تغيـّي
Ex: Care – Careless)َ (تْرَ ــ تي تْر, Hope – Hopeless ) (اهيؼ ــ ًا اهيؼ..... etc.
8) Ful :
Ex: Sin – Sinful ) (ګٌاٍ ــ ګٌِکاؿ, Pain – Painful ) (ػؿػ – ػؿػًاک..... etc.
9) Ive :
Ex: Conclude – Conclusive ) (ًتيزَ ــ ًتيزَ تغو, Indicate – Indicative )(ښْػل ــ ښًْکي
10) Ment :
It is added at the end of verbs and turns them into nouns.
.ػ فؼـلًْْ پَ اعيـ کي اضافَ کيږي اّ ُغـْي پَ اموًْْ تاًؼي تثؼيلْي
11) Able :
Ex: Eat – Eateable ) (عْړل – عْړًکي, Drink – Drinkable ) (څښل ــ څښًْکي.... etc.
Punctuation
ًَعالهَ ايښْد
Punctuation is an important part of Grammar by which the speaker can
explain Himself or herself well.
ػالهَ ايښْػًَ ػ ګـاهـ يٍْ هِوَ تـعَ ػٍ چي ّيًْکی ػ "ُغَ" پَ ّامطَ کْالي عپل ُـؼف ّاضش
."تياى" کړي
2) Comma ( , ) : َکـاهـ
1. To separate the series of words which have the same task in a sent-
ence.
.ػ يْ ػمتَ کلواتْ رال کْلْ لپاؿٍ چي پَ يٍْ رولَ کي ػيي ّظيفَ مـتَ ؿمْي
Ex: Herat , Ghazni , Wardak and Kunar are the provinces of Afghanistan.
. ّؿػک اّ کٌړ ػ افغاًنتاى ّاليتًَْ ػي، غقًي، ُـات:هخال
Ex: He said , “ I am very happy.” " . " فٍ ډيـ عْىضالَ ين، ُغَ ّّيل:هخال
3. After (yes) and (no). .َ( څغَ ّؿّمتno) ّ( اyes) َل
Semi colon shows a longer pause than comma but shorter than period.
.ټکي کاهَ ًنثت لَ کاهي څغَ ػؿافتـځٌډ هګـ لَ ټکي څغَ لٌډتـ ځٌډ ښکاؿٍ کْي
Ex: To see , saw , seen ; to ride , rode , ridden ; to write , wrote , written.
Colon represents the longer pause than semi colon but shorter than period
and is used as follow.
ىاؿصَ ًنثت لَ ًيوَ ىاؿصي څغَ پَ ػؿافتـ هګـ ټکي تَ پَ لٌډتـ ځٌډ ًوايٌؼٍ ګي کْي اّ پَ الًؼي
.ډّل امتؼواليږي
2. Instead of comma in the direct speech. .پَ هنتمين کالم کي ػ کاهي پَ ځاي
Ex: He said : “I do my homeworke.” ". َ " هاعپلَ کْؿًۍ ّظيفَ مـتَ ّؿمْل: ُغَ ّّيل:هخال
Exclamation mark is used as follow: ػ غږيا تؼزة ػالهَ پَ الًؼي ډّل امتؼواليږي
Ex: Pooh! I hurt my finger. .ٍ اط! ها عپلَ ګْتَ پـي کړ:هخال
2. At the end of the exclamatory sentences. .ػ ًؼايي رولْ پَ اعيـ کي
Ex: Can you speak Arabic? آيا تَ پَ ػــتی عثـي کْالي ىي؟:هخال
Ex: I studied from page 10 – 20. .ٍ هظ پْؿي هطالؼَ ّکړ۲۱ څغَ تـ۱۱ َ ل:هخال
2. To show tongue obstacles and stammering. .ٍػ ژتي تٌؼيو اّ تْتلي ښْػلْ لپاؿ
Ex: Afghanistan has two native languages. (a) Pashto (b) Dari .
.( ػؿیb) ْ( پښتa) افغاًنتاى ػٍّ هضلي ژتي لـي:هخال
Ex: The auxiliary verbs consist in: am , is , are , was , were , must ... etc.
. اّػامي ًْؿ... Must , were , was , are , is , am :َ کْهکي فؼـلًَْ ػثاؿت ػي ل:هخال
Writing
ٌَلـيکـ
Writing is a basic art and modern necessity. Through writting we can
express our ideas for others and understand about the others ideas as-
well.
ػ ليکٌي لَ الؿي هْږ کْالي ىْ عپل ًظـيات يا اُؼاف.ٍليکٌَ يْ امامي اّ ػَـي ضـّؿت ػ
. ًّْؿّتَ تياى کړّ اّ ُن پَ "ضوي کي" ػ ًْؿّ لَ ًظـياتْ يا اُؼافـْ څغَ اطالس صاٍلَ کړ
Ex: Ahmad plays footbal every day. . اصوؼ ُـٍ ّؿځ ػ فْټثال لْتَ کْي:هخال
1. The first letter must be capital. .لْهړي تْؿی تايؼ لْي ّي
2. Threre must be space among the words. .ػ کلوْ تـهٌځ تايؼ فاٍلَ هْرْػٍ ّي
A paragraph usually has one topic sentence and several supporting sente-
nces.
هْضْػي رولَ هؼوْالً ػ رولي. ػ هْضْػي رولي پَ ًْم ياػيږي، ُغَ رولَ چي هتي هؼـفي کْي
.پَ مـکي ليکل کيږي
The sentences which support the topic sentence and add details to a par-
agraph are called supporting sentences.
ُغَ رولي چي هْضْػي رولَ صوايَ کـْي اّ پَ هتي تاًؼي رـقيات فياتْي ػ صوايـْي رـولْ پَ ًْم
.ياػيږي
Letter writing
ٌَلـيـک ليکـ
Ltter writing constitute the main parts of writing , of course letter writing
is a way to communicate with others in writing.
ّ الـثتَ ليک ليکٌَ ُغَ طـيمَ ػٍ چي ػ ُغی پَ ّميلَ لَ ًْؿ،ليک ليکٌَ ػ ليکٌي هِوَ تـعَ تيکيلْي
.ْمـٍ اړيکي ًين
1) Heading ػـٌـْاى
2) Greeting or salutation ؿّغثړ يا مالم
3) Body or text ػ "ليک" هتي
4) Closing َ"ػ ليک" عاتو
5) Signature "ػ اهضاء "ځاي
1) Heading : عـٌـْاى
In the heading the write‟s adress and the date of writing is written.
.پَ ػٌْاى کي ػ ليکًّْکي آػؿك اّ ػ ليکٌي ًيټَ ليکل کيږي
Like: Dear sir )َ(ګـاًَ ښاغلي, My dear Dad ) (فها ګـاًَ تاتا, Dear Madam )(ګـاًی آغلي.
.هتي ػ يْ ليک هِوتـيٌَ تـعَ ػٍ چي ػ ليکًّْکي ُؼف لَ ليکٌي اّ ػ ليک همَؼ تياًْي
2. Avoid using complicated words. .ػ پيچلْ کلوْ څغَ هغٌيْي ّىي
3. There must be space among the words. .ػ کلوْ تـهٌځ تايؼ فاٍلَ ّي
It is not fair to close a letter abruptly. .هٌامثَ ًؼٍ چي يْ ليک ػفؼتا ً عتن کړي ىي
A letter is usually closed by the following words.
.يْ ليک هؼوْالً پَ الًؼي کلوْ عاتوَ پيؼا کْي
Sincerely yours )ٌ (متامْ هغل, Yours ever )" (متامْ ُوييګي "هلګـی, Truly yours
) (متامْ ٍاػق.... etc.
In this part the writer usually write‟s his name and signature. The signat-
re is placed below the closing in the middle.
اهضاء ػ ليک پَ الًؼي اعـيـي هاتـيي کـي ځـاي.پَ ػي تـعَ کي ليکـًّْکي عپل ًـْم اّ اهضاء کْي
.ًيني
Sincerely yours
References
ًَْاخځليکـ