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1
WELLBORE POSITION, QUALITY CONTROL,
GROSS ERRORS AND ERROR MODELS

SPE 2014-2015 Distinguished Lecturer Series

Nestor Eduardo Ruiz

Gyrodata

2
 OUTLINE

● Wellbore position
● Inclination measurements
● Azimuth measurements
● Error models for Magnetic tools
● Error models for Gyro tools
● Error models and gross errors
● Conclusions and Recommendations

3
WELLBORE POSITION

4
INCLINATION

5
 AZIMUTH
OLD MAGNETIC TOOLS

6
MULTISHOT MECHANISM

7
SOLID STATE MAGNETIC TOOLS

Dip Angle= f(Hx, Hy, Hz, Gx, Gy, Gz)

8
INCLINATION

9
INCLINATION

10
 AZIMUTH

• MAGNETIC TOOLS
– Very stable sensors
MAGNETIC REFERENCE
– Variable reference

• Rate Gyro tools

– Very stable reference
EARTH RATE REFERENCE – Variable sensors
– Self oriented with the
Earth Rate.

• Rate gyro tools

CONTINUOUS MODE – Dependent of one
initialization point
11
QUALITY CONTROL FOR MAGNETIC TOOLS

• INTERNAL TEST in each shot

– Total Magnetic Field (H Total)
– Total Gravity (G Total)
– Dip angle

– Additional tests
– Repeated measurements with additional
down-hole sensors

– Rotation Shot Misalignment Test

Tool misalignment components
For BHA-fixed tool
(SPE PAPER 105558)
12
FREE GYRO

13
 RATE GYRO
GYRO COMPASS MODE

Torque Instrument Axis

Accelerometers provide axis y
Inclination and Tool Face

Gyro provides the

Spin Axis
direction to true North Torque
z axis x

14
 RATE GYRO
CONTINOUS MODE

Horizontal Earth
Rotation Vector

Vertical Earth
Rotation Vector

Gyro Sensor

Wellbore Direction
15
QUALITY CONTROL FOR RATE GYRO TOOLS

● For Gyro Compass mode

● Horizontal Earth Rate Test for xy
Gyro system
● Total Gravity (G total)

●For Continuous mode

● Quality Number
● In run / Outrun comparison
16
 ERROR MODEL FOR MAGNETIC TOOLS
• Wolff and De Wardt model in 1981

• Basic MWD ISCWSA model in 2000 (Williamson SPE

67616)
• Assumptions
• Errors in the calculated well position are
caused exclusively by the presence of
measurement errors at the wellbore survey
stations

• Three element measurement vectors

• Depth
• Inclination,
• Azimuth.
• Tool Face angle is required for the
propagation of the error 17
ERROR MODEL FOR MAGNETIC TOOLS

• Error sources Statistically independent

• Linear relationship between the size of each

measurement error and the position (or
coordinate) error

• The combined effect on final position of any

number of measurements at any number of
survey stations is equal to the vector sum of
the contribution of the individual error effects.

18
ERROR MODEL FOR MAGNETIC TOOLS
ASSUMPTIONS

• Error propagation mode can be

• Random
• Systematic
• Well by Well or
• Global.

• MWD surveys run

• following standard procedures
• rigorous and regular tool calibration
• survey interval no greater than 100ft
• non-magnetic spacing according to standard
charts
• not surveying in close proximity to existing
casing strings or other steel bodies
19
 ERROR MODEL FOR GYRO TOOLS

• Set of terms for the ISCWSA compatible model for

Gyro compass mode

• Set of simplified terms for the continuous mode of

operation

• All terms for the ISCWSA need to be provided for

each gyro Company

SPE 90408
20
 Well 1
Well 1 Initial
Initial Well
Well Head
Head New New
Well WellSurvey
First
GROSS ERROR
Well 1 Initial Well Head
EXAMPLE
Well 1 Initial Well Head
WellWell
New 1 Actual Well Survey
Second Head

40 New
40 New Well
Well First
First Survey
Survey
15
15
0
30
30
10
10

5
20
5-5
20
(m)
(m)
NORTHING (m)
(m)

0
(m)

0
10
10
NORTHING
NORTHING

-10
NORTHING
NORTHING

-5
-5
00
-10
-10
-15

-10
-10
-15
-15
-20
-20
-20
-20
-25
-25
-25
-30
-30
-5 -10 -20
0 0 5 0 1010 15
20
20 20
-10 -20 0 EASTING
0 10 (m) 20
20
EASTING (m)(m)
EASTING
EASTING (m)(m)
EASTING 21
 GROSS ERROR EXAMPLE

Survey 1 Survey 2 Gyro

100
Survey 1 Survey 2
BOTTOM HOLE
90 700 LOCATED
MD: 3310.02

80 BOTTOM HOLE
600 LOCATED
BOTTOM HOLE
LOCATED MD: 3178.20
70 MD: 3153.00
500

60
I N CLI N ATI ON

NOR THI NG (m )

400

50
BOTTOM HOLE
300 LOCATED
40 MD: 3153.00

200
30

100
20

0
10

-100
0
0 500 1000
-300 -200 1500
-100 0 2000
100 200 2500
300 400 3000
500 3500
MEASURED DEPTH
EASTING (m)(m)
22
 COMPLETION APLICATION EXAMPLE
13.4

13.3 16

13.2 BOTTOM HOLE

14
LOCATED
MD: 2606.00
13.1
12

13.0
N ORTH IN G ( m)

10

12.9
NORTHING (m)

8
12.8
6
12.7

4
12.6

12.5 2

12.4 0

12.3 -2

-4 8.0 -2 08.2 2 4
8.4 6 8.6 8 108.8 12 14
9.0
EASTING (m)
EASTING (m) 23
 GROSS
Survey 1 ERROR EXAMPLE
Survey 2
3000

2500
Azimuth Survey 1 Azimuth Survey 2 Inclination Survey 2 Inclination Survey 1

2000
120
80 BOT
BOTTOM HOLE LOC
1500 LOCATED MD:
70 100 MD: 4066.86
BOTT
NORTHING (m)

60 1000 LOCA
80 MD:
INCLINATION

BO
AZIMUTH

50 500
LO
60 MD
40 0 BO
BOTTOM HOLE LO
30 LOCATED MD
-50040 MD: 4080.00

20
-1000
20
10
-1500

0 0
0
-500 500
0 1000
500 1500
1000 2000 2000
1500 2500 2500
3000 3000
35003500400040004500
MEASURED (m)
EASTING DEPTH (m) 24
 GROSS ERROR EXAMPLE
160
Gyro Gyro Database corrected MWD Database MWD MWD
Database
160
140
250
140
120
120
200
100
100
AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH

80
150
80
60
60
100
40
40
50
20
20

00
00 500
500
500 1000
1000
1000 1500
1500
1500 2000
2000
2000 2500
2500
2500 3000
3000
3000 3500
3500
3500 4000
4000
4000 4500
4500
4500
MEASURED DEPTH
MEASURED DEPTH(m)
(m)
MEASURED DEPTH (m) 25
ERROR MODELS

26
 BUSINESS CASE?

•A shorter gyro run $10,000 +

•A proximity ‘shut in’ $100,000 +
•A plug back side-track $1 million +
•A dry well or ‘Dead Zone’ $10 million +
•A deep landing $100 million +
•A minor collision blowout $1 billion +
•A major collision blowout $10 billion +

Prof Angus Jamieson

27
CONCLUSIONS
• Survey planning is very important in the
design of the well trajectory.

• Verify the wellhead position and the survey

program to avoid gross errors.

• The survey data needs to be validated

and screened for gross error before to
use in the error model.

• Internal Quality Control measures after

each shot are necessary but not enough.

28
CONCLUSIONS
• External Quality Control with an overlapping
independent survey is the most reliable way
to detect gross errors.

• Comparisons of Inclination, Azimuth and

coordinates to an independent verification
survey, is the most powerful Quality Control
available.

• Each error model is validated by the service

companies.

29
 SURVEY RECOMMENDATION PRACTICES

• After each survey station

• G-total-, H-total/dip- tests
• Misalignments, Declination, Sag and Depth are
not controlled

• At least once per survey section

• Rotation shot tests
• Misalignments are now controlled

• At the end of each survey section

• Multi station corrections
• Validity dependent on geometrical variation
• No more terms controlled
• Accuracy is improved

30
 SURVEY RECOMMENDATION PRACTICES

• At an intermediate bit run

• Independent verification survey tests
• EMS - Declination is not controlled
• Drop gyro - Depth is not controlled
• Wire-line gyro - All error terms are controlled

• At TD if a definitive survey is necessary

• Continuous gyro survey
• Independent initialisation
• Both in-run and out-run

31
•ISCWSA is a good source of
information and is part of SPE
please contact to
WWW.ISCWSA.NET

http://connect.spe.org/Wellbore
Positioning/home

32
Thank You

33
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