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Purpose of surveying
a. Topographical survey:This kind of survey is carried out for the purpose of preparing
topographical maps.
b. Geodetic survey:This kind of survey is carried out with the aim of knowing the Earth’s shape
and size (the Earth's configuration)
c. Cadastral survey:This kind of survey is conducted with the aim of preparing a legal document
such as house plans, town or city boundaries, etc. It is mainly used for ownership purposes.
d. Engineering surveys:This kind of survey is conducted for the building and construction layout
of railways, bridges and roads.
e. Geological survey:This kind of survey is conducted with the aim of knowing the distribution of
rocks and minerals under the Earth’s surface.
f. Topographical surveying:This kind of survey is carried out for the purpose of preparing
topographical maps.Topographical maps are those maps whose contents include both man-made
features such as linear features (roads, railways, telephone lines, water systems, and electricity
poles) and natural features such as rivers, oceans, mountains, etc.The topographical survey has
the following ways or methods of conducting the survey: 1.Chainortapesurvey; 2. Theprismatic
compasssurvey; 3. Theplane tablesurvey; 4. The technique of levelling.
Chain Survey
Chain/Tape Survey
Describe chain/tape survey
It is a method of Surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear
measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure.It measures a
series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points
relative to theline of traverseeither by right angles (offsets) ortie lines.
Ranging poles
Ranging polesare made up of wood or light metal and measure about 2m long at the
top. The equipment has steel shades on its legs so it can be stuck into the ground.
Ranging poles are painted red and white so that they can be easily seen even from a
distance. They are used for making stations.
Arrows
Arrowsare made of steel wire of diameter 4mm and their ends are bent into a circle
where red cloth is tied to facilitate visibility. They are used for showing points on the
ground.They are also used for counting the number of chains while measuring a chain
line.
Pegs
Pegsare made of wood 40mm square by 50cm long and are used for permanently
marking positions during survey
Surveyors' band
Thesurveyor’s bandis made of a steel strip which is rolled into a metal frame with a
winding handle. It is 30m, 50m or 100m long. Is used in projects where more accuracy
measurement is required.
Cross staff
Thecross staffis made of metal or wood witheye slipsat right angles and is used to
measure right angles from the line of traverse
Notebook
Notebooksare used during field work to record data obtained. The notebook should be
of good quality and 150mm x100mm in size
1. It help to prepare a topographical map which shows the hills, valleys, rivers, villages, towns,
forests, etc. of a country.
2. It helps to prepare a cadastral map showing the boundaries of the fields, houses and other
properties.
3. It help to prepare an engineering map which shows the details of engineering works such as
roads, railways, reservoirs, irrigation canals, etc.
4. It help to prepare a military map showing the road and railway communications with different
parts of a country.
5. It helps to prepare a contour map to determine the capacity of a reservoir and to find the best
possible route for roads, railways, etc.
6. It helps to prepare a geological map showing areas including underground resources.
7.