INTRODUCTION OF

SURVEYING

ARD | SEMESTER IV VIVA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE SRUSHTI JONDHALE_05

 ─ Introduction

Surveying is the art of determining relative positions of objects on the

surface of the earth by taking measurements on horizontal and vertical plane. The
part of surveying which deals with the measurements in vertical plane is known as
levelling and the papers on which these measurements are drawn are called
sections and elevations. The main objective of surveying is to obtain a map or a
plan of area survey.

─ OBJECT :
• The aim of surveying is to prepare a map to show the relative positions of the
objects on the surface of the earth.
• The map is drawn to some suitable scale. It shows the natural features of a
country, such as towns, villages, roads, railways, rivers, etc. Maps may also
include details of different engineering works, such as roads, railways,
irrigation canals, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYS

PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING

- PLANE SURVEYING
Plane surveying is a common method of
calculating land composition and topography that
involves considering a set expanse of land as a
flat plane. This kind of land surveying works
best for small areas of land, in large part because
the Earth is not actually flat. A plane survey
conducted over a vast expanse of land is likely to
be inaccurate, because it is incapable of
accounting for the natural curvature of the earth.
In some circles, aerial land surveying, that which
is done by airplanes, may also be called "plane
surveying," though this use is less common.

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GEODETIC SURVEY
• In geodetic surveying, the curvature of the earth is
taken into consideration. It is extended over a large
area.
• The line joining any two points is considered as a
curved line.
• The triangle formed by any three points is considered
to be spherical and the angles of the triangle are
assumed to be spherical angles.
• Geodetic surveying is conducted by the Survey of
India department, and is carried out over an area
exceeding 250 km².
BASED ON - Chain survey
- Compass survey
INSTRUMENT
- Plane table survey
- Theodolite survey
- Tacheometric survey
- Photogrammetry survey

METHOD - Triangulation survey

- Traverse survey

PLACE - Land survey

- Hydrographical or marine survey
- Aerial survey

TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
LAND SURVEY

CADASTRAL SURVEY

CITY SURVEY

ENGINEERING SURVEY

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₋ LINEAR MEASUREMENT
In engineering survey, the linear horizontal distance is to be measured to complete
a survey. The measurement of this linear horizontal distance between two points
on the earth surface is known as linear measurement. Linear measurement can be
achieved by various instruments. The measurement type can be divided as,

• DIRECT METHOD
The method consists in measuring the line in short horizontal lengths called steps.
Suppose it is required to measure the horizontal distance between point A and B.
To obtain better results chaining is don from top of hill to down the hill.
The following instruments are used while chaining:
• Chains
• Tapes
• Arrows
• Ranging rods and offset rods
• Pegs

- Chain
The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild
steel wire called links. It is 20 or 30 m long and is made from
ribbon of steel 16 mm wide. T he brass handles in swivel joint
are provided at the ends.

-Tapes
Tapes are used for more accurate measurements. The tapes are classified based on
the materials of which they are made of such as:
₋ Cloth or linen tape
₋ Fiber tape
₋ Metallic tape
₋ Steel tape
₋ Invar tape

LINEN TAPE

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-Arrows
They are also called as marking or chaining pins and are used to mark
the end of chain during the process of chaining. They are made up of
good quality hardened and tempered steel wire of 4 mm in diameter.
The arrows are made 400 mm in length. The one pointed part of an
arrow is inserted into ground and the other is attached with ring.

-Ranging rods and offset rods

Ranging rods or offset rods are round poles made up of wood
or metal. These rods are used to range intermediate points of
a survey and to set out straight lines on the field when the
surveying length is long.  Ranging rods and offset rods are
commonly occurs in 3m length but the ranging poles are
Available up to 8m length. The rods possess a metal point at
its bottom and the rod or pole is painted with red & white or
black & white successive combination.

-Pegs
The pegs are made up with wood and they used to mark the
survey positions or terminals.The size of the depends on the
type of survey work they are used for and the type of soil
they have to be driven in. Although the pegs are driven into
the ground 1/5 th of its part should be visible on the ground
surface.

─ PRINCIPLE OF CHAIN SURVEYING

• The principle of chain surveying is triangulation.

• This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small
triangles which should be well conditioned.
• In chain surveying the sides of the triangles are measured directly on the field
by chain or tape, and no angular measurements are taken. Here, the tic lines
and check lines control the accuracy of work.
• It should be noted that plotting triangles requires no angular measurements to
be made, if the three sides are known.

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─ SURVEY STATION
Survey stations are the points at the beginning and at the end of the chain line.
They may also occur at any convenient position on the chain line. Such stations
may be :
-Main stations
-Subsidiary stations
-Tie stations

─BASE LINE
The line on which the framework of the
survey is built is known as the 'base line’.
It is the most important line of the survey .
Generally, the longest of the main survey
line is considered as the base line. This
line should be measured very carefully
and accurately. In fig. BD is the base line.

─CHECK LINE
The line joining the apex point of a
triangle to some fixed points on its base is
known as the 'check line'. It is taken to
check the accuracy of the triangle.
Sometimes this line is helps to locate
interior details

─ OFFSET
Offset is the perpendicular distance taken from either side of the chain line
running in a particular direction. The purpose of offset is to locate the objects
which lie in the vicinity of the main survey line.