Introduction To Dial Services

201
1018_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1
Introduction to Dial
Services
Session 201
201
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1018_05F9_c2.scr 1
Agenda
• Circuit Types
POTS, BRI, T1, E1, T3, E3
Signaling CAS, CCS, PRI
• Call Types
Analog and Digital Calls
“56K” Explained
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Dial Access
Mobile
User POTS Switch PSTN
Home
User POTS Switch Switch T1/E1/PRI
Enterprise / ISP
Small BRI Switch

Office
Public Switched
Local Loop Telephone Network Local Loop
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Plain Old Telephone Service
(POTS)
Mobile PSTN
User POTS T1/E1/PRI
Switch Switch
Enterprise / ISP
• Analog service delivered over a single

pair of copper wires
• Digitized at Central Office for transport
• Ubiquitous, inexpensive and familiar
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Basic Rate Interface

(BRI)
Small PSTN
Office BRI Switch Switch T1/E1/PRI
Enterprise / ISP
• Digital service delivered over same copper

wire as POTS
• Includes three separate data channels
Two bearer or “B” channels operating at 64Kbps each
and one signaling or “D” channel operating at 16Kbps
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T1, E1 and PRI
Mobile
Home
Enterprise / ISP
Small BRI Switch
Office
• Digital circuit used for dedicated

access to the PSTN
• Carried over two copper wire pairs
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T1 Frame
1 24
1 Channel Time Slot

1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
• 24 channels
• 8 bits/channel
• Each T1 data frame includes a framing bit
• 24 channels * 8 bits + 1 framing bit =
193 bits per frame
• 8kHz sampling frequency
• 193 bits * 8,000 samples/sec = 1.544Mbps
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E1 Frame
11 16 31
= Frame Synchronization
1 Channel Time Slot
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
• 32 channels
• 8 bits/channel
• Each E1 frame includes a timeslot for frame
Synchronization
• 32 channels * 8 bits = 256 bits per frame
• 8kHz sampling frequency
• 256 bits * 8,000 samples/sec = 2.048Mbps
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PSTN Circuits—T3
• 28 T1s
• 28 * 23 = 644 B channels
• 28 * 24 = 672 DS0s
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PSTN Circuits—E3
• 16 E1s
• 16 * 30 = 480 B channels
• 16 * 30 = 480 DS0s
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Signaling
• A method for one end to inform the

other end of control information
Call setup, phone numbers, etc…
Responsible for maintaining state
information
On-hook, off-hook, dial tone, etc…
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Channel Associated Signaling
(CAS)
Signaling
T1 / CAS
Signaling
E1 / CAS
• Utilizes a signaling element for each channel

T1 CAS—Robs the 8th bit of each timeslot in
every 6th frame
E1 CAS—Multiplexed in time slot 16
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Frame Synchronization
Common Channel Signaling

(CCS)
Signaling
T1 / PRI
Signaling
E1 / PRI
• Signaling is in a common dedicated

64K timeslot
T1 PRI—Uses time slot 24
E1 PRI—Uses time slot 16
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PRI Circuits
Signaling
T1 / PRI
23 ‘B’ channels for data and voice

Single ‘D’ channel used for signaling
Signaling
E1 / PRI
30 ‘B’ channels for data and voice

Single ‘D’ channel used for signaling
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Circuit Comparisons
Signaling
T1 / CAS
24 Channels
Signaling
T1 / PRI
23 B-Channels / 1 D-Channel
Signaling
E1 / CAS
30 Channels / 1 Signaling Channel
Signaling
E1 / PRI
30 B-Channels / 1 D-Channel
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Remote Access Scenarios
Mobile
Home
Enterprise / ISP
Small BRI Switch

Office
Local Loop Digital Network Digital Local Loop
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Analog and Digital
• Analog can be represented by a wide

range of possible values
Off, Low, Med, High
• Digital has a finite number of possible

values
Off, On
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Modulation and Demodulation
• MOdulate—DEModulate
The modem accepts digital data, typically from
a PC, and converts it to an analog wave that
can be transported over a normal analog phone
line (and vice versa)
PSTN
Digital Analog
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Analog to Analog
Analog PSTN Analog

Modem Modem
Switch Switch
POTS POTS
Analog Digital Analog
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Analog to Digital Conversion
Analog PSTN Analog

Modem Modem
Switch Switch
POTS POTS
• Transmitting end is converted from analog

to digital at the Central Office switch
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Digital to Analog Conversion
Analog PSTN Analog

Modem Modem
Switch Switch
POTS POTS
• Receiving end is converted from digital to

analog at the Central Office switch
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Sampling and Noise
01100011 10110111 00101101
• Waveform is sampled 8,000 times per

second and converted to one of 256
possible binary values
• Analog sample may not correspond to one
of the 256 possible binary values which
results in noise (quantization)
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Analog to Digital “56K”
NAS with V.90

Analog PSTN Modem
V.90 Modem
Switch Switch
POTS T1/PRI
Analog Digital
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“56K” Modem Call
• No A/D conversion since NAS modem is

directly connected to the PSTN
• Digital modems transmit digital values
• Signal is only converted from digital to
analog so no noise is introduced
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Client Only Receives “56K”
No A/D Conversion
PSTN
POTS T1/PRI
ü
Switch Switch
56K
Receive Send
A/D Conversion
PSTN
POTS Switch Switch T1/PRI
56K
Send Receive
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“56K” Characteristics
• Any analog to digital conversion will

prevent 56K operation
Channel Channel
bank bank
Switch Switch
56K
Receive Send
ü
Switch Switch
56K
Receive Send
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“56K” Limitations
• Problems at the local loop

Noisy analog lines caused by nearby power
lines or other environmental factors
• Problems at the central-office

Old equipment in the central-office may
introduce additional A/D conversions
Only obligated to provide a line capable of
handling 4.8Kbps
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Federal Communications
Commission Regulations
• Sending a signal requires electrical power

• The more power used, the greater chance
of a problem called crosstalk
• To avoid crosstalk, the FCC limits amount
of power that can be used, limiting data
throughput to 53Kbps
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Digital to Digital ISDN
Router
PSTN NAS
Switch Switch
Terminal
PRI
Adapter
Digital
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ISDN Call
• Requires terminal adapter or router

for client side
• Requires ISDN circuits from Telco
• BRI on client side
• PRI on server side
• All digital network
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Dial Services Review
Mobile
Home
T3/E3
Enterprise / ISP
Small BRI Switch

Office
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Please Complete Your
Evaluation Form
Session 201
201
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201

1018_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1

Small BRI Switch

• Analog service delivered over a single

Basic Rate Interface

• Digital service delivered over same copper

• Digital circuit used for dedicated

1 Channel Time Slot

• A method for one end to inform the

• Utilizes a signaling element for each channel

Common Channel Signaling

• Signaling is in a common dedicated

23 ‘B’ channels for data and voice

30 ‘B’ channels for data and voice

Small BRI Switch

Local Loop Digital Network Digital Local Loop

Analog and Digital

• Analog can be represented by a wide

Off, Low, Med, High

• Digital has a finite number of possible

Analog PSTN Analog

Analog Digital Analog

Analog PSTN Analog

• Transmitting end is converted from analog

Digital to Analog Conversion

Analog PSTN Analog

• Receiving end is converted from digital to

01100011 10110111 00101101

• Waveform is sampled 8,000 times per

Analog to Digital “56K”

NAS with V.90

• No A/D conversion since NAS modem is

Client Only Receives “56K”

• Any analog to digital conversion will

• Problems at the local loop

• Problems at the central-office

• Sending a signal requires electrical power

Digital to Digital ISDN

• Requires terminal adapter or router

Dial Services Review

Small BRI Switch

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