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CHAPTER 8: NATIONALISM
Section 1: Cavite Mutiny
I. The Seizure of Fort San Felipe, Cavite

A. The Mutiny

1. Began on the 20th of January, 1872

at about 9:00 pm
2. Led by Lamadrid, a native sergeant,
and 2 peninsular lieutenants under
disciplinary detention.

B. Governor General’s response to mutiny

1. Suppression of mutineers
2. Execution of Gomburza

II. Three versions of the mutiny

A. Jose Montero Y Vidal

1. Permanent War Council immediately

conducted investigation
2. Spanish hit Zamora because of his
relation with Burgos, and had conflict
once with the friars at Church.
3. Investigation: Burgos’ name was
brought up several times in the
interrogation.
4. Longest and closest in time to the
events of the mutiny.
5. Considered “official version”
6. A Tagalog girl who betrayed the
secret of the mutiny to save a Spanish
soldier she loved
7. Cavite was part of a larger revolution
planned by Burgos, Gomez and Vidal

B. Antonio M. Regidor

1. Highly questionable, very unreliable

account was imprisoned at the outbreak
of the Gomburza execution.
2. Anti-friar report: the friars knew in
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advance of the mutiny

3. The friars plotted the mutiny to assert
to Spain their importance to the colony

C. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera

1. A lot of errors
2. The mutineers were actually
disgruntled arsenal workers who were
exempted from tribute.
3. Conservatives in Manila viewed the
incident as a plot by anti-friar groups.

III. Sources of Information of the mutiny

A. Bonifacio Octavio

1. Directly involved in conspiracy

2. Declared that the mutiny aimed to kill
the Spaniards and declare Philippine
Independence
3. Octavio believed Fr. Burgos was
behind everything
4. His interrogation was inconsistent, not
precise, his information from personal
knowledge but from hearsay.

B. Rafael Izquierdo

Section 2: Izquierdo’s Reports

I. The urgent need for reform

A. Leadership was not based on legitimacy but on

political expediency

II. Izquierdo’s perspective on the Cavite Mutiny

A. Viewed the mutiny from a wider perspective

B. Found its explanation in the chronic malaise
and discontent within the colony.
C. Many were involved in the mutiny

1. native clergy
2. lawyers
3. gente de curio
4. marino sutil

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5. Filipinos
6. foreigners

D. Insisted that government neglect had

contributed to the worsening situation

III. Factors that Spain could depend on in the Philippines

A. The Spanish Friars

1. Loyalty to Spain
2. Influential, extremely conservative
3. Lost sense of mission

B. The Military

1. Mostly native
2. Inferiority
3. They had limited resources and
equipment: shoes, weapons, money

C. Very few Spaniards

1. Didn’t’ stay long enough to know the

country and do lasting service to the
government
2. Only wish to make a good life for
themselves

Section 3: Unknown Trials After The Mutiny

I. Trial and The GOMBURZA Execution

A. Rafael Izquierdo

i. Responsible for anomalies, incongruity

of sentences and executions
ii. Dispatched to Cotabato suspected
troops without submitting them to a trial
because, in his own words, “all the
indigenos are in the same situation.”

B. Supreme War Council - the judiciary arm of

Spain

i. Founded that there was no sufficient

evidence to have executed GOMBURZA
ii. Condemned all actions and decisions

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of Izquierdo
iii. Supreme War Council’s Decisions

1. Declared that lzquierdo

abused his powers and
exercised powers that he did
no possess
2. Stressed that judicial
sentences should be based
on evidence presented to the
court

II. Trials After The Mutiny

A. A Group Of Marine Artillery

i. Manila bench found one guilty, and

ranted an indult to the rest
ii. The Supreme War Council declared
that the Manila tribunal was incompetent
to pass judgment because neither its
presiding officer nor its members
belonged to the same body as the
accused

B. The Twelve Artillerymen

i. Found guilty of rebellion because they

has admitted knowledge of the plan
before it was carried out
ii. Eleven of them received the death
sentence, one that of life imprisonment,
because he reported what he had
known to the authorities

III. Birth Of Nationalism

A. The public execution of three Catholic priests

traumatized a young Jose Rizal
B. Rizal wrote to Mariano Ponce that if not for
1872 he would have become a Jesuit
C. Rizal would have had written a completely
different novel, instead, he wrote Noli me Tangere
D. Cavite was the birthplace of Filipino
Nationalism

Section 4— Possible Masonic Intervention In The

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Cavite Mutiny
I. The British Corvette Nassau

A. Sailed out of Manila on January 12, 1872 or

three days before the mutiny
B. Carried ammunition
C. Suspicious movements

II. The American Battleship Benecia

A. Informed the people beforehand about the

Cavite Mutiny
B. Left Manila Bay two days before the mutiny
started

III. Possible Masonic Intervention

A. Scottish rite masons in Hong Kong and

Philippine liberals and masons

i. Brought Filipinos exiles from

Philippines to Hong Kong
ii In 1875, dispatched two boats to the
Philippines which were apprehended hut
released after energetic protests from
London and Berlin
iii. Masons were the real in the Colony
iv. Spain Exercised caution in dealing
with masons to avoid foreign conflicts

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