Chap 14 – The Philippine- American War
Antonio Luna of La Independencia attacked
The occupation of the Americans in the
Phils took more time and violence to
accomplish.
The colonial motives of the United
States over the Phils were:
1. economic
2. politico- military
3. religious
The “Benevolent Assimilation´Proclamation
1. Pressure groups had interests in the Phils as a
colony of America.
a. American businessmen whose interests
included the Phils as a market of american
products and a stepping stone to Asia’s
market;
b. military and naval pressure, who wanted
the Phils as a base for American ships and
a frist line of defense
c. the religious pressure groups, who wanted
the Phils as a base for Protestant
missionaries.
2. It is the first time Pres McKinley officially
announced the American Policy regarding
the Phils.
3. He issued the “Benevolent Assimilation”
Proclamation. Intentions of the
Proclamation:
a. US intention to exercise sovereignty
over the entire Phils , making it a US
colony.
b. ordered the American military
commanders in the Phils to extend
American sovereignty over the entire
archipelago by force.
Filipino reaction to the Proclamation
1.
the proclamation severely and said that it was
a trick to make the Filipino people quiet;
2. Aguinaldo issued a strongly worded
proclamation saying… “ my govt is disposed
to open hostilities if the american troops
attempt to take forcible possession of the
Visayan Islands” .
Attempts to relax the tension
1. Gen Elwell Otis succeeded Gen Merritt.
2. Aguinaldo knew that was will only bring
hardship and suffering to the people.
3. Aguinaldo tried to relax the tension by
suggesting to Gen Otis:
a. representatives should meeto to
discuss ways and means to avoid the
conflict.
4. the composition—
3 US Military officers
3 Filipino Military representatives
5. Nothing came put of the meetings bec the
American representatives were stalling
which heightened the tension between the 2
panels
The shot that started the war
1. On the night of Feb 4, 1899, Private Willie
W. Grayson shot a Filipino soldier in Sta
Mesa Manila.
2. The Filipinos answered with rifle fire and the
Philippines – American war was on.
3. Within an hour, all american units were
effectively deployed and mobilized
throughout Manila and the suburbs.
The incident investigation
1. Aguinaldo ordered an investigation to know
the truth.
2. Findings of the investigation:
a. As early as Feb 2 and 3, Filipino
employees employed in american ships
has been dismissed;
b. in the morning of Feb 4, 200 nd 300
american soldiers boarded 2 cascos for
Cavite. Later to be found out that these
soldiers returned to Manila to rejoi ntheir
units.
c. the sudden attack by the americans
showed that they have been preparing for
an offensive against the Filipinos;
3. Gen Otis did not attempt to make any
investigation. Instead, he ordered an all – out
attack against the Filipino troops everywhere.
The American Drive to the North
1. The americans have all the advance
preparations and superior arms.
2. They can easily capture towns after towns:
a. Rizal Province
b. Battle of Laloam near the Chinese
cemetery
c. Caloocan take by Gen McArthur – Gen
Antonio Luna was defeated
d. Pulo, Bulacan
3. Filipino victories:
a. Filipino troops repulsed Gen Wheaton in
the Battle of Pulo
b. In Plaridel, Major Bell was killed by
Filipino troops led by Gregorio del Pilar
c. Col. Stotsenberg was killed in a battle
fought on April 23, 1899
d. Gen Geronimo’s group defeated the
americans under Gen Lawton in the Battle
of San Mateo. Gen Lawton died in the
battle.
The battle of Bagbag
1. Gen Luna retreated farther North of Luzon
and established a headquarters in
Calumpit, north of Malolos.
2. he prepared his defenses here.
3. What angered him was the refusal of Gen
Tomas Mascardo to send reinforcements
since the Americans were pursuing him
4. He brought many men that they leave for
Guagua to punish Gen Mascardo
5. During Luna’s absence, it was Gen
Gregorio del Pilar who commandered the
sector of Bagbag, a barrio of Calumpit
6. The americans swarmed over the place
and defeated Del Pilar.
7. When Luna arrived in Calumpit, the
Americans already captured the a whole
portion of the town
8. Luna retreated to Pampanga to prepare fpr
the advancing American army
The Fall of the Mabini Cabinet
1. Mabini was president of the Cabinet.
2. Aguinaldo depended on him bec he was
honest, hard working and incorruptible.
3. He never used his high position to enrich
himself.
4. He was poor when he entered the govt and
he was very poor when he died.
5. When the americans tried to win the
Filipinos by promising freedom and
independence,
- Mabini said it was a trick
a. he was for the independence of the
Phils.
 - The enemies of Mabini who belong to
the wealthy and powerful opposed him
a. they believed that autonomy would
be good for the Filipinos
b. these wealthy filipinos are:
Pedro A. Paterno
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
Felipe Buencamino
6. They persuaded Aguinaldo to remove Mabini
from office.
7. Aguinaldo informed Mabini that Paterno was
forming a new Cabinet.
8. Mabini knew what this meant. He tendered
his resignation.
9. Mabini spent his last year in his armchair
writing articles against the Americans.
The assasination of Luna
1. General Antonio Luna
a. the most brilliant Filipino military officer
b. he belongs to the wealthy and educated
family from Ilocos Norte
c. He studied in Manla and Spain and is one
of the propagandist
d. one defect - he was short
tempered
e. he was exiled in Spain and coming back to
the Phils, a family friend Felipe Agoncillo
gave him a letter of recommendation to
Gen Aguinaldo and a revolver .
f. Aguinaldo recognized his brilliance and
appointed him to a high position in the
army.
g. Luna saw that the army has no discipline.
h. Luna in the army:
1. he instill discipline in the army
2. he made many enemies bec of his short
temper
3. He slapped Felipe Buencamino , Sec of
Foreign Affairs who disagreed to his
strong opposition to any negotiation
with the americans
4. slapped soldiers who are inefficient or
who failed to meet his standards
i. He went to Cabanatuan and got angry
when he did not find the President.
j. He heard a rifle shot, cursed the soldiers
and slapped one of them.
k. A Captain named Pedrong Kastila hacked
Luna with a bolo. The other soldiers
seeing that he was wounded started
hacking Luna with their bolos and even
fired gunshots on him.
l. Luna drew his revolver but he fell outside
the convent and des saying “ Cowards!
Assassins!”.
m. Luna died with more than 40 wounds in
his body and head
The conquest of the Visayas
1. The Visayan patriots under Gen Martin
Delgado decided to fight than surrender to
the Americans.
2. The Americans came in full force and
conquered Iloilo, Jaro, Santa Barbara,
Oton and Mandurriao.
3. Cebu was not easy to conquer too. The
Cebuanos resulted to guerilla warfare
under the command of General Arcadio
Maxillom and Leandro Fullon.
It took some time and much effort to
completely subdue the brave Cebuanos.
4. In Negros:
a. Negros sympathize with the
Americans. They raised the American
flag when the Americans came.

b. A committee composed of prominent
Negrenses was sent to Manila to ask
Gen Otis to allow them to a battalion to
maintain peace and order.
c. Otis approved the petition for this very
unusual act of collaboration with the
americans.
d. Visayan Military District was created.
d. 1. It was composed of Panay, Negros
and Cebu
d. 2. The Negrenses were allowed to
meet to frame a Constitution
known as the Negros Constitution.
d. 3. It was submitted to Pres McKInley
but he did not take it seriuosly and
nothing came of it.
The Kiram Bates Treaty
1. The Americans used diplomacy to win
friendship with the Muslims.
2. The Provisions of the treaty:
a. The sovereignty of the United States
over the whole archipelago of Sulu
and its dependencies is declared
acknowledged.
b. the rights and dignities of the Sultan
and his datus shall be fully respected.
c. the americans promised not to
interfere in religious matters and not
to persecute anybody on account of
his religious beliefs.
d. The americans agreed to pay the
Sultan and his datus monthly salaries.
Aguinaldo retreats to Palanan
1. The death of Gen Luna demoralized the
Filipino field commanders.
2. Gen Otis made plans to entrap Aguinaldo
3. Aguinaldo, on the other hand, ordered for
guerilla warfare against the enemy.
- Americans not familiar with the terrain
- american not used to tropical climate
4. Aguinaldo fled to Pangasinan. The
americans tried to follow him but failed bec
the people contributed money, food and other
supplies to the Revolutionary Army of
Aguinaldo.
5. On Sep 6, 1900, Aguinaldo and his men
reached Palanan, Isabela and established their
headquarters.
The Battle of Paong Tirad
1. IN the Mountain Province, Aguinaldo asked
Gregorio Del Pilar to remain behind to
intercept the Americans.
2. This would give Aguinaldo a sufficient time
to widen the distance between him and
pursuing americans.
3. Del Pilar chose Pasong Tirad.
It is a narrow pass of 4,500 feet .
There is only 1 trail leading to it. So
narrow that only 1 man at a time can climb it.
It is in Pasong Tirad that Del Pilar and
his men positioned themselves.
4. But an igorot, guided Major Peyton March to
a secret trail leading to Del Pilar’s men.
5. This surprised the Filipino troops and Del
Pilar was killed by a bullet that passed
through his neck.
6. American soldiers went to his body and took
his personal belongings as souvenirs.

7. They left the body of Del Pilar and for 2 days
it remained unburied. On the 3rd day, the
igorots buried his remains in a shallow grave.
The Stage of Guerilla Warfare
1. Aguinaldo was no longer an effective leader.
2. Instead, the local military leaders sustained
the war with the support of the townspeople.
This emboldened them with renewed
enthusiasm.
3. Americans used cruel methods so filipinos
will cooperate with them:
a. water cure - forcing water to the stomach
until it gets filled
b. placing a rope around the person’s neck
and twisting it to choke him
c. beating until he becomes blue in face
d. massacre to avenge the death of their
comrade was done in Samar
e. a whole down was burned down in
Balangiga and killed all men even 10
year old boys
f. blockaded food from getting to guerrilas
4. Many surrendered bec they could not take the
brutalities.
The Capture of Aguinaldo
1. Lazaro Segovia is a spaniard who joined the
filipino forces against the Americans. He
helped the americans by pretending to
capture some american soldiers.
2. They walked to Palanan and informed
Aguinaldo who was happy to hear the news.
3. When Segovia arrived in the house where
Aguinaldo was staying, he signaled their
corades to start firing.
4. Col Frederick Funston told Aguinaldo to
surrender.
5. Aguinaldo was brought to Manila on April 1,
1901 and took his oath of allegiance to the
govt of the United States.
6. On April 19, he appealed to the Filipino
people to accept the “ sovereignty of the
United States”.
The end of the guerilla warfare
1. Few Fil generals refused to surrender
Simeon Ola in Bicol
Roman Manalan in Pangasinan and Zambales
Manuel Tomines in Isabela
2. Gen Miguel Malvar of Batangas took over
the leadership of the Filipino Govt. He
wasso successful that the Americans tried to
frighten the civilian population of
reconcentrating them in a place were food
was assured.
3. If they live outside this zone , it means severe
shortage food and hunger.
4. On April 16, Gen Malvar surrendered to save
his people from hunger.
Pacifying the Ladrones, Non Christian and
Moro People
1. It was a continuing fight by politico religious
groups called the Ladrones by the americans
2. Ladrones
a. means thieves or bandits
b. composed of poor and uneducted
peasants.
 c. they continue to harass Phil Scouts or
filipinos serving the US Army.

d. they believe in the power of prayer,

ritual, amulets ( anting-anting)

e. they are anti foreigners ( friars,

spanish and americans)

f. they are aslo anti caciques and

landlords

g. the likes of –

- samahans and confradias of

Ruperto rios of Tayabas

- Apo Ipe Salvador of Bulacan

- Papa Isio of Negros
- Pulajenes in Cebu
- Dios Dios in Leyte
- Papa Pablo in Leyte

H . war ended in these places using

violent means

3. The Non Christian Filipinos – are those in the

Cordileras of Luzon and Muslims in Sulu
archipelago

a. they were pacified by the creation of

2 special provinces:

Moro Province in 1903

Mountain Province in 1908

4. In the Moro Province, warfare continued up

to 1916.

5. The US used brutal military campaign

against the Moros like the massacre at Bud
Dajo. All the Tausugs- men, women and
children about a thousand of them were all
killed.