Module 6.

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY

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Filipino American War (1899-1902)
JoAnn Marcon
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 TIMELINE OF EVENTS

1895 Renewal of the Cuban revolution for independence from Spain

1898 Explosion of the battleship Maine in Havana Harbor

1898 Spanish-American War; Battle of Manila Harbor; annexation of Hawai’i, Puerto Rico, and Guam

1898-1899 Senate debates annexation of the Philippines

1899 Outbreak of war with Filipinos; U.S. Senate annexes the Philippines; Open Door notes

1900 Boxer Rebellion in China; McKinley reelected as President

1901 McKinley assassinated; Theodore Roosevelt becomes President

1902 Philippine-American War ends

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 BEGINNINGS OF
AMERICAN IMPERIALISM

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 American people’s belief that they
have the sacred obligation to spread
their institution and way of life.

Rooted on Charles Darwin’s Survival of

the fittest
- supports the racial superiority of the Americans

Manifest Destiny 4
Economic

America’s Westward Expansion

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John O. Sullivan

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 Rationale of
AMERICAN COLONIALISM

ECONOMIC POLITICO-MILITARY RELIGIOUS

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 ECONOMIC

Expansion of American business in the Orient

The Americans wanted to absorb the increase

of the manufactured goods and they also
needed sources of raw materials. Philippines
will serve as a springboard for American
colonial expansion and supremacy in Asia,
particularly in China.

Rationale of
AMERICAN COLONIALISM
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 POLITICO-MILITARY

Make America the mightiest republic on which

the sun ever shown

The Philippines would serve as the first line of

American defense in such a way it is to become
a base for military and naval operations from
where US could immediately strike and seize the
possessions of any possible foe

Rationale of
AMERICAN COLONIALISM
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 RELIGIOUS INTEREST

The Philippines as a base of operations for

Protestant Missionaries

Rationale of
AMERICAN COLONIALISM
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 Aguinaldo and Spanish Governor-General Primo de Rivera
entered into armistice negotiations.

Before his departure, Aguinaldo denounced the Philippine

Revolution, exhorted Filipino rebels to disarm and
declared those who continued hostilities and waging war
to be bandits.

• Aguinaldo took over the leadership of the Katipunan

movement

• Election of Aguinaldo as president of the Philippine

Revolutionary government at Tejeros Convention (22
March 1897)
EMILIO AGUINALDO

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Aguinaldo’s Exile and Return

GEORGE DEWEY PATRICIO MONTOJO

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BATTLE OF MANILA
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DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
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 Arrival of American troops
They came in three waves:

Development •
•
•
June 30 under Gen. Thomas Anderson
July 17 under Gen. Francis Greene
July 31 under Gen. Arthur McArthur

Leading to 10, 964 troops all under Gen. Wesley Merritt

Hostilities Before the arrival of Reinforcement they were friendly

towards the Filipino and Aguinaldo, but after the arrival of
the reinforcement, the officers avoided them

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 Americans insisted on the evacuation of Filipino troops
Development from strategic points along the Manila Bay area

Leading to The Americans refused to allow the Filipino

Hostilities troops to enter Manila after the Mock Battle

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 Ended the Spanish-American War

Formally transferred sovereignty of the

Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba to the US

Spain ceded the Philippines to the U.S. and in

return would receive $20,000,000 as payment
for improvements made in the colony

Spain’s former subjects in the Caribbean and

the Pacific would become “dependent people
under a military government established by
John Hay, Secretary of State, signing the Memorandum of the President”
ratification on behalf of the United States

Treaty of Paris 19
Development
Leading to Hostilities
McKinley’s Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation (21 December 1898)

- formally indicated American intention to annex the Philippines

4 January 1899 Gen Elwell Otis published the proclamation

after changing some inflammatory terms such as “sovereignty”
with milder words to defuse the tension brought about by the
American breach of agreement with the Filipino leaders

William McKinley
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Development
Leading to Hostilities
Filipino leaders attacked the Proclamation
including, Antonio Luna

The Americans pretended to be willing to

consider Filipino wishes, but they were waiting
for more troop

MAJ. GEN. ELWELL OTIS

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 SAN JUAN BRIDGE
INCIDENT

Outbreak of the Filipino-American War on 4

February 1899

Private William W. Grayson shot and killed two

unarmed Filipino soldiers trying to cross into
the American-held sector

Afterwards, the Filipinos began firing

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 AMERICAN VICTORIES

American superiority; use of expanding bullets

(dumdum bullets)

More American reinforcements arrived in late

February to early March (around 21,000)

One sided battles – a British witness commented,

“This is not a war, it is simply massacre and murderous butchery”

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Dumdum bullets

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Dumdum bullets

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 WEAK FILIPINO TROOPS AND
GEN. ANTONIO LUNA
Filipino troops were poorly trained and fed; had little
discipline

Gen. Antonio Luna wanted the Kawit company disarmed for

military insubordination

The members insisted that they took orders only from

Aguinaldo

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Internal stride beset
their ranks

Gen. Luna got angry at the insubordination

of Gen. Tomas Mascardo

Left Calumpit, Bulacan with his artillery

and troops resulting in the fall of the town

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 Assassination of Luna

Luna arrived at Cabanatuan from Bayambang,

Pangasinan with his aide, Francisco “Paco”
Roman on 5 June 1899

Found Felipe Buencamino instead of Aguinaldo

A group of men from the Kawit company

ganged up on him

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 Shift to Guerrilla
Warfare
Gen. Otis decided to trap Aguinaldo in Angeles, Pampanga

American offensive began on 12 October 1899

Aguinaldo fled to the North always on the

defensive (guerrilla warfare)

6 Sept 1900 –finally reached the inaccessible

mountains of Palanan, Isabela

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Gregorio del Pilar defended the Tirad Pass
to delay the American pursuit, but he and
his men died at the Pass

The Tirad Pass was 4,500 ft. high and

commanded a good view for miles around;
the trail leading to it was so narrow

9 December 1899, 60 Filipino revolutionaries

made a last stand at Tirad Pass against 300
Americans under Major March

Defending the tirad Pass

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Aguinaldo was captured in March 1901 by
Col. Frederick Funston with the help of some
Macabebe scouts and two former officer

1 April – Aguinaldo took his oath of

allegiance to the U.S.

19 April - proclamation appealing to

the Filipinos to accept the “sovereignty
of the United States

Capture of Aguinaldo
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 WATER CURE

rOPE CURE
Atrocities ARSON

Beating and hanging

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 Balangiga Massacre
28 September 1901

• Filipino victory; many injured on both sides

• American soldiers retaliated wherein they killed people

who can bear arms (especially over 10 years old)

• Burned crops fields, killed domesticated animals,

suppressed livelihood

• American soldiers took the church bells as a

trophy in their success of avenging their men

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 “
The present war is no bloodless, opera bouffe engagement; our
men have been relentless, have killed to exterminate men, women,
children, prisoners and captives, active insurgents and suspected
people from lads of ten up, the idea prevailing that the Filipino as
such was little better than a dog...

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WATER CURE
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AMERICAN TROOPS
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FILIPINO TROOPS
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A BURNED DISTRICT IN TONDO, MANILA
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Did the arrest of Aguinaldo mark the end of
Filipino resistance?

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 Gen. Miguel Malvar Gen. Vicente Lukban Macario Sakay
Took over the leadership of the Led the Balangiga Masscacre in Established a Tagalog
Filipino government Samar “Republic” in the Sierra Madre

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 THEMES

William Howard Taft

Little Brown Brothers 46

 THEMES

Rudyard Kipling

White Man’s Burden 47

Apolinario Mabini
• Apolinario Mabini y Maranan was born on July
23, 1864 in Talag, Tanauan Batangas

• He is the son of Dionisia Maranan, a market

vendor and Inocencio Mabini, a former cabeza
de barangay and peasant farmer.

• He was the second of eight children

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As a child, Apolinario was remarkably clever and studious

Apolinario Mabini
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Apolinario Mabini
At the age of 17, in 1881, Mabini wo a partial scholarship
to Manila’s Colegio de San de Letran

He once again had to work all through school,

teaching Latin to younger students at three different
schools in the area

Mabini earned his bachelor’s degree and official

recognition as a Professor of Latin in 1887, and went on
to study law and the University of Santo Tomas. He
earned his law degree in 1894

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While at school Mabini supported the Reform
Movement, which was a conservative group
mainly made up of middle and upper class
Filipinos calling for changes to Spanish
colonial rule, rather than outright Philippine
independence

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 La Liga Filipina

Kataastaasang Kagalanggalang
Cuerpo de los
KatIpunan ng mga Anak ng
Compromisarios Bayan

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Early in 1896, Apolinario Mabini contracted polio

The colonial police arrested him in October of 1896 for his

involvement with the Reform Movement

In April of 1898, he penned a manifesto on the Spanish-

American War, presciently warning revolutionary leaders
that Spain would likely cede the Philippines to the US if it
lost the war.

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When Aguinaldo returned from exile, he
ordered his men to bring the author of
the war manifesto to him

It took hundreds of men to carry the

disabled Mabini over the mountains in
a hammock to Cavite

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Mabini reached Aguinaldo Camp on June 12, 1898
and soon became one of the general’s primary
advisers. That same day, Aguinaldo declared the
Philippines’ independence with himself as president

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Mabini was able to talk Aguinaldo out of
ruling the Philippines as an autocrat

23 July 1898 – Aguinaldo established a

revolutionary government with an
assembly rather than a dictatorship

Became Secretary of Foreign Affairs and

President of the Council of Secretaries

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Apolinario Mabini

“Dark Chambers of the President”

“Sublime Paralytic”

“The Brains of the Revolution”

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At war again…
2 January 1899 Mabini was appointed prime minister
and foreign minister of the new government

Sought to negotiate independence for the Philippines

as well as a ceasefire. US negotiators refused the
ceasefire condition, or a proposed armistice

Threw his support behind the war effort and resigned

from Aguinaldo’s government on May 7.

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At war again…
2 June 1899 - Aguinaldo declared war on the United States

Revolutionary government had to flee; Mabini carried

in a hammock to Nueva Ecija

Mabini was captured by the Americans on 10

December 1899 and was made a prisoner of war in
Manila until the following September

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On 5 January 1901, he published El Simil de Alejandro”
(The Resemblance of Alejandro), which stated that,

“Man whether or not he wishes, will work and strive for

those rights which Nature has endowed him, because
these rights are the only ones which can satisfy the
demands of his own being. To tell a man to be quiet
when a necessity not fulfilled is shaking all the fibers
of his being is tantamount to asking a hungry man to
be filled while taking the food which he needs.”

The Americans immediately re-arrested him, and when

he refused to sear fealty to the US, he was sent on exile in
Guam for two years

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Apolinario Mabini

During his long exile, he wrote La Revolucion

Filipina, a memoir.

Worn down and sickly, fearing that he would die

in exile, he agreed to take the oath of allegiance
to the US

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Final days…

On 26 February 1903, Mabini returned to the Philippines

He released the following statement:

“After two long years I am returning, so to speak,

completely disoriented and, and what is worse,
almost overcome by disease and sufferings.
Nevertheless, I hope, after some time of rest and
study, still be of some use, unless I have returned
to the islands for the sole purpose of dying.”

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Final days…
Sadly, his words were prophetic. Mabini
continued to speak and write in support of
Philippine Independence over the next several
months. He fell ill with cholera, which was
rampant in the country after years of war, and
died on 13 May 1903. He was only 38 years old.

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 Macario Sakay
• Born on Tabora St. in 1870 in Tondo, Manila, it is
presumed out of wedlock since Sakay was his
mother’s family name
• Worked as an apprentice in a kalesa (horse drawn
carriage), manufacturing shop, a barber, and as a
tailor
• Actor in Komedya and Moro-moro
• In 1894, Sakay joined the Dapitan, Manila branch of
the Katipunan

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Sakay fought side by side by Bonifacio in the hills of
Morong (now Rizal) Province

Captured by the Americans and amnestied in July

1902, Sakay established the Republika ng Katagalugan
(Tagalog Republic) in the mountains of Southern
Tagalog.

His headquarters was first located in Mt. Cristobal

Tayabas, and later transferred in the mountains of
Morong

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Sakay and many of his followers favored long hair, something
strange for his era. This affectation was exploited by the Americans
in their efforts to portray Sakay and his men as wild bandits
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The Philippine Constabulary relentlessly operated search
and destroy missions in an attempt to suppress Sakay’s
forces. On 1 January 1905, the writ of habeas corpus was
suspended in provinces of Cavite and Batangas

The Muslim Moro constabulary was also brought in

Mindanao, bloodhounds were imported from California to
pursue Sakay and his men

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 Anting-anting
This vests with all its religious figures and Latin
phrases which indicates that it belongs to
Macario Sakay

It was his anting-anting that protected him from

bullets and other hazards of war

Many Filipinos who participated in the fight against

Spain and the United states used anting-antings of
all types for personal protection.

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The Law allowed the provincial governor to move into reconcentration
zones all the residents of outlying villages suspected of aiding the
ladrones or brigands (which includes Macario Sakay)

The Law imposed severe hardship among people who

were forced to abandon their farms and live in squalid,
crowded shelters in the towns

The Reconcentration Law

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In mid-1906, Governor General Henry Clay Ide
wrote to Sakay and promised that if he and his
men surrendered, they would be amnestied.

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On June 16, 1906, Sakay took the bait, went down
to Manila from the hills of Tanay, Morong, and
surrendered to Col. Harry H. Bandholtz, Director of
the First Constabulary District.

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17 July 1906, - Sakay and his men attended
a dance hosted by Col. Louis J. Van Schaick
acting governor of Cavite

Just before midnight, Sakay and his cohorts

were arrested

Sakay and his men were charged of robbery

in band, rape, arson, and kidnapping

Judge Ignacio Villamor

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 On Friday, 9:00 am, September 13, 1907 at the
Bilibid Prison in Manila, Lucio de Vega
ascended the scaffold first. “We are members
of the revolutionary force that defended our
country, the Philippines. We are the true
Katipuneros!”He shouted moments before the
hangman’s noose was placed around his
neck.

The Death of Sakay 74

 “
Death comes to all of us sooner or later, so I will face the
Lord Almighty calmly. But I want to tell you that we were
not bandits and robbers, as the Americans have
accused us, but members of the revolutionary force that
defended our mother country, Filipinas! Farewell!! Long
live the republic and may our independence be born in
the future! Farewell! Long live Filipinas!

” Macario Sakay

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