THE PHILIPPINE

Hist ry
AMERICAN RULE - MARCOS ERA

SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.

ARCH31S2
 THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTIONARY
REVOLUTIONARY ARMY GOVERNMENT
In Cavite, the Philippine The Philippine government TREATY OF PARIS
Revolutionary Army (Ejercito en la adopted a totalitarian structure Today marks the signing of the
Republica de la Filipina) was after claiming independence in Treaty of Peace between the
established. During the Tejeros 1898. A revolutionary United States and the Kingdom
Convention, General Artemio administration led by Emilio of Spain, popularly known as the
Ricarte was appointed as its first Aguinaldo served as its Treaty of Paris of 1898. The
Captain General. In place of the replacement. Philippines' period of Spanish
Katipunan military, this armed
colonization was formally ended,
group was created.
and the United States was given
possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico,
PHILIPPINE Guam, and the Philippines.
INDEPENDENCE Additionally, the United States
was ordered to reimburse the
Philippine independence from Spanish government for $20
Spain was formally declared. million USD.

1898
MARCH 22, JUNE 12, JUNE 23, DECEMEBER 10,

1897 1898 1898 1898

Name: Manila Army And Navy Club
Location: Ermita, Manila Year
Created: 1898
Year Completed: 1911
Architect: Ar. William E. Parsons
 THE FIRST PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC THE PHILIPPINE-
AMERICAN WAR
The Malolos Constitution's
The Philippine-American War
proclamation marked the official
began with a declaration of war
founding of the first Philippine
by the Philippines against the THE ESCAPE OF
Republic. First president of the
United States after it became AGUINALDO
Philippines and of an Asian The American forces swiftly
clear that the United States had
constitutional republic was Emilio overcame the under-equipped
Aguinaldo, a Filipino revolutionary,
no intention of recognizing the GEN. JAMES F. SMITH Filipino troops in open combat,
newly formed Republic. Many
statesman, and military
engagements were lost by the
ARRIVAL AT BACOLOD but they were fierce foes in
commander. guerilla warfare, leading to the
Philippine Revolutionary Forces After receiving an invitation from
because they ran out of Aniceto Lacson, the leader of the capture of Malolos, the capital of
ammunition. Negros Cantonal Republic, the revolution. However,
During a significant onslaught by Brigadier General James F. Smith Aguinaldo and his government
American forces in San Juna, traveled to Bacolod to assume managed to flee, choosing San
Manila, two American privates his duties as Military Governor of Isidro, Nueva Ecija, as their new
killed three Filipino soldiers. the Negros Sub-district. As a seat of government.
result, the Negros Republic came
under American protection.

JANUARY 23, FEBRUARY 4, MARCH 14, MARCH 31,

1899 1899 1899 1899


EFFECTIVITY OF
TREATY OF PARIS
The exchange of the ratification
documents resulted in the entry
into effect of the Treaty of Paris.
DEATH OF
ANTONIO LUNA
Antonio Luna, Aguinaldo's most
capable military leader, was
assassinated by Aguinaldo's
guard in an apparent
assassination while traveling to
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, to
meet with Aguinaldo.
APRIL 11, JUNE 5,
1899 1899
DEATH OF
GREGORIO DEL PILAR
Another significant general,
Gregorio del Pilar, perished in the
Battle of Tirad Pass, which
served as a rear guard action to
hold off the Americans while
Aguinaldo successfully made his
escape through the mountains.
DECEMBER 2,
1899
THE SECOND PHILIPPINE
COMMISSION
(TAFT COMMISSION)
President of the United States
William McKinley appointed
William Howard Taft to lead the
Second Philippine Commission
(also known as the Taft
Commission), which had limited
legislative and executive
authority. Using presidential war
powers while the US was fighting
in the Philippine-American War, it
implements the First Philippine
Commission's recommendations.
It enacted 499 laws, created a
judicial system with a Supreme
Court, a legal code, and a civil
service.
MARCH 16,
1900
 THE CAUGHT OF THE INSULAR
AGUINALDO GOVERNMENT
At Palanan, Isabela, Aguinaldo The Philippine Islands Insular
was caught and taken to Manila. Government was founded. The
He made a declaration urging his
countrymen to lay down their
Commonwealth of the Philippines THE CHANGE OF
weapons after coming to the
followed it, and it was preceded ADMINISTRATION
by the United States Military
conclusion that continuing to Government of the Philippine Adna Chaffee, the final military
resist would be pointless. This Islands. To tutelarily prepare the governor, gave way to Taft, the
effectively ended the conflict. He Philippines for eventual first U.S. president, who assumed
then took the oath of allegiance independence, this government complete administrative
to the United States. considered its role as one of authority once the office of
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT tutelage. military governor was abolished.
the Philippines' head of state.
The Civil Governor with limited
With successive administrations
governmental authority, William
came changes in American
Howard Taft, was sworn in as the
policies toward the Philippines.
Commission's head.

1901
MARCH 23, JULY 1, JULY 4,

1900 1901 1902 1902

Name: Philippine Normal University (Former:
Philippine Normal School (1901-1949),
Philippine Normal College (1949-1991)
Location: Ermita, Manila Name: Insular Ice Plant
Established: 1901 Location: Ermita, Manila
Architect: Ar. William E. Parsons Year Created: 1902
Architecture: California Mission Style Architect: Ar. Edgar K. Bourne
Architectural Style: Mission Revival Architecture
 THE LAND ACTS FAILURE
The law was blatantly ineffective.
Reformers like Taft felt that
granting land ownership would
convert turbulent agrarians into
THE LAND ACTS obedient subjects. In the
Two significant land laws were
countryside of the Philippines, the
enacted by American reformers social structure was extremely
in the Philippines with the aim of
rigid and uneven. The local elites,
enabling landless peasants to who would not accept it, and
become farm owners.
their peasant clientele, faced a
significant challenge as a result
of the radical changes in land
ownership. The failure of the bill
was attributed to peasants'
opposition to land ownership, and
American reformers contended
that vast plantations and
sharecropping were the
Philippines' best option for
economic development.
1905
1903 1905
Name: Bureau of Science and Insular
Laboratory Building
Location: Calle Pedro Gil
Year Created: 1905
Architect: Ar. Edgar Ketchum Bourne
Architectural Style: Mission-Style Neoclassic
DANIEL BURNHAM PLAN
FOR MANILA & BAGUIO
A proposal for Manila by Daniel
Burnham was presented; it was
designed after Venice, Paris, and
Naples.
1905
Name: University Of The Philippines – Manila
Location: Manila, Philippines
Established: 1905
Architect: Ar. Willaim E. Parsons
Architectural Style: Neoclassical Style
THE RISE OF ECONOMY
A description of the
accomplishments made by the
American civil administration was
included in the report to
Secretary of War Taft. It
included, in addition to the quick
development of a public
education system based on
English instruction, and boasted
about such modernizing
accomplishments as: steel and
concrete wharves at the recently
renovated Port of Manila;
dredging the River Pasig;
streamlining of the Insular
Government; accurate,
understandable accounting; the
establishment of a postal savings
bank; large-scale road- and
bridge-building; imparti
1907
1907
Name: Philippine General Hospital
Location: Ermita, Manila
Established: 1907
Architect: Ar. Tomas Mapua
Architectural Style: Neoclassical Style
 HARE-HAWES-CUTTING
ACT
In spite of President Herbert Hoover's
veto, the US Congress passed the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, which was a
law promoting Philippine independence.
was the first US law to be established
outlining a procedure and deadline for
the Philippines' separation from the US.
The Sergio Osmea and Manuel Roxas-
led OsRox Mission produced it. The
NACIONALISTA PARTY measure was created with the
assistance of a Philippine commission,
The Nacionalista Party was in but Manuel L. Quezon, the president of
control of Philippine politics the Philippine Senate, rejected it due in
during the American colonial era. part to clauses that gave the US
Despite the party's goal for sovereignty over naval sites. He had a
"immediate independence," their big hand in getting the bill defeated by
approach to Americans was very the Philippine legislature.
accommodative.

1908 1909 1910 1912

APRIL 29, JANUARY 17,

1907 Name: Mansion House

Location: Baguio
Year Created: 1908
Architect: Ar. William E. Parsons Name: The Manila Hotel
1933
Architectural Style: Spanish Location: Manila, Philippines
Colonial Revival Year Created: 1909
Year Completed: 1912 Name: Paco Station
Name: University Of The Philippines
Year Renovated: 1935, 1975, 2008 Location: Pedro Gil St., Paco, Manila
Location: Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
Architect: Ar. William E. Parsons Year Created: 1912
Established: 1908
Architectural Style: California Mission Style Year Completed: 1915
Architect: Ar. William E. Parsons
Name: Gabaldon School Buildings Name: National Museum Of The Architecture: Beaux-Arts
Location: Pampanga Philippines – Cebu
Year Created: 1908 Location: Cebu, Philippines
Year Completed: 1915 Year Created: 1910
Architect: Ar. William E. Parsons Architect: Ar. William E. Parsons
Architectural Style: American Colonial Architectural Style: Neoclassical Style

1920 1921 1927 1928
Name: Palacio de Memoria
Location: Paranaque
Year Created: 1920
Architect: Ar. Miguel Rosales
Architectural Style: Spanish Revival
Name: Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol
Name: Legislative Building
Location: Manila, Philippines
Year Created: 1921
Architect: Ar. Ralph Harrington Doane,
Ar. Antonio Toledo, and Ar. Juan M. Arellano
Architectural Style: Neoclassical Style
TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT
The Tydings-McDuffie Act is also
known as the Philippine
Independence Act. The act
CONSTITUTIONAL
established the Commonwealth CONVENTION
of the Philippines and stipulated The city of Manila hosted a
that, after ten years, it would constitutional convention.
become fully independent. The
Act specified that the
commonwealth would have its
own constitution and be self-
governing, but that the United
States would be in charge of
foreign policy and that the
president of the United States
would need to approve certain
laws.[357] The Act also specified
that the commonwealth's
independence would occur on
July 4 after the tenth anniversary
of the creation of the
Commonwealth.
1931
MARCH 24, JULY 30,
1934 1934
Name: Far Eastern University Name: Metropolitan Theater
Location: Sampaloc, Manila Location: Ermita, Manila
Year Created: 1928 Established: 1931
Location: Bacolod, Negros Occidental
Architect: Ar. Pablo S. Antonio Sr. Architect: Ar. Juan Arellano
Year Created: 1927
Architectural Style: Art Deco Architectural Style: Art Deco
Year Completed: 1933
Architect Ar. Juan M. Arellano
Architectural Style: Beaux Art
 THE RATIFICATION OF
1935 CONSTITUTION THE CONSTITUTION
By a vote of 177 to 1, the Voters approved the constitution
conference accepted the in a referendum.
Republic of the Philippines' 1935
Constitution.

THE PRESIDENTIAL
ELECTION
The election for president took
place. Among the contenders
THE CONSTITUTION were Manuel L. Quezon, Sergio
WAS SIGNED Osmena, Gregoria Aglipay, and
President Franklin D. Roosevelt former president Emilio
signed the constitution into law. Aguinaldo.

1936
FEBRUARY 8, MARCH 23, MAY 14, SEPTEMBER 17,

1935 1935 1935 1935

Name: Ocampo Pagoda Mansion
Location: Quiapo, Manila
Year Created: 1936
Year Completed: 1941
Commissioned By: Jose Mariano Ocampo
Architectural Style: Japanese And Western
 THE COMMONWEALTH
GOVERNMENT AND THE
SECOND PRESIDENT OF
THE PHILIPPINES
The Legislative Building in Manila
hosted the inauguration of the
Commonwealth administration. A
gathering of about 300,000
people showed up for the event.
According to the Tydings-
McDuffie Act, the Philippines' full
independence date was set for
July 4th, 1946; this timeline was
followed after nearly eleven very
eventful years.
Manuel L. Quezon was elected as
the country's second president
and head of the Commonwealth
of the Philippines.
JAPAN’S INVASION
Japan launched a surprise attack
on the Clark Air Base in
Pampanga, just ten hours after
the attack on Pearl Harbor. Aerial
bombardment was followed by
landings of ground troops on
Luzon. The defending Philippine
and United States troops were
under the command of General
Douglas MacArthur. Under the
pressure of superior numbers,
the defending forces withdrew
to the Bataan Peninsula and to
the island of Corregidor at the
entrance to Manila Bay.
MANILA AS “OPEN CITY”
In order to keep the Philippine
capital, Manila, from being
destroyed, General MacArthur
proclaimed it an open city. upon
the entry and invasion of the
Japanese imperial forces in the
nation in 1942, which kicked off
World War II, causing destruction
to the city.
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
PHILIPPINE SECOND
REPUBLIC
The Second Philippine Republic,
which was supported by Japan,
was established after the
establishment of the Philippine
Executive Commission, a puppet
administration that was set up to
rule the Philippine archipelago
during World War II.

1939
NOVEMBER 15, DECEMBER 8, JANUARY 2, JANUARY 3,

1935 1941 1942 1942

Name: Manila City Hall
Location: Ermita, Manila
Year Created: 1939
Year Completed: 1941
Architect: Ar. Antonio M. Toledo
Architectural Style: Neoclassical Style

THE BATTLE OF
BATAAN
The most intensive stage of the
Japanese invasion of the
Philippines during World War II
was the Battle of Bataan, which
was fought by the United States
and the Philippine Commonwealth
against Japan.
but in 1946 they broadened their
against the Philippine government
JANUARY 7,
1942
THE HUKBALAHAP
REBELLION
The Hukbalahap, also known as
the Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa
Hapon, was established by 300
peasant leaders. was a
communist guerrilla group
founded by farmers in Central
Luzon. They were established
initially to combat the Japanese,
conflict to include a rebellion
known as the Hukbalahap
Rebellion.
MARCH 29,
1942
BATAAN DEATH MARCH
After months of combat in
hostile climates during World War
II, 75,000 American and Filipino JOSE P. LAUREL -
soldiers and sailors were handed THE THIRD PRESIDENT
over to the Japanese. The OF THE PHILIPPINES
Jose P. Laurel was elected as
Philippines are being forced to
the third president of the
march through 60,000–80,000
Philippines and the leader of the
American and Filipino prisoners of
Second Philippine Republic, which
war.
was ruled by the Japanese.
APRIL 9, OCTOBER 14,
1942 1943
 SERGIO OSMENA SR.
THE FOURTH PRESIDENT
OF THE PHILIPPINES
The fourth president of the
Philippines was a lawyer and
politician from the Philippines
named Sergio Osmena Sr. He
was the first Visayan to hold the
office of president and the
founder of the Nacionalista
Party.
AUGUST 1,
1944
MANUEL ROXAS -
THE FIFTH PRESIDENT
OF THE PHILIPPINES
The fifth president of the
Philippines was a Filipino politician THE THIRD REPUBLIC OF
and lawyer named Manuel Acuna THE PHILIPPINES
Roxas.
The Third Republic of the
JAPAN’S SUBMISSION Philippines was proclaimed, and
Japan officially gave up its the United States relinquished
sovereignty. control of the country.
SEPTEMBER 2, MAY 28, JULY 4,
1945 1946 1946
 THE TRANSFER OF
THE STATE OF NORTH ADMINISTRATION
BORNEO the administration transfer made
After annexing the State of possible by an additional
North Borneo, the United international agreement.
Kingdom asserted its sovereignty
over what had previously been
the State of North Borneo.
PHILIPPINE NOTIFIED THE DEATH OF FORMER
THE UNITED KINGDOM PRES. MANUEL ROXAS
In order to assume control of the
Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi Islands, A heart attack struck Manuel
and Mangesse Islands, the Roxas when he was giving a
Republic of the Philippines speech at Clark Air Base, causing
informed the United Kingdom. him to flee his office quickly.

JULY 15, SEPTEMBER 19, OCTOBER 16, APRIL 15,

1946 1946 1946 1948


ELPIDIO QUIRINO -
THE SIXTH PRESIDENT
OF THE PHILIPPINES
A politician and lawyer from the
Philippines named Elpidio Quirino
was sworn in as president two
Through Executive Order No. 150,
days after Manuel Roxas passed
away. Moreover, the sixth
established the Social Security
Philippine president.
APRIL 17,
1948
THE SOCIAL SECURITY
STUDY COMMISSION
former President Quirino
Study Commission.
JULY 7,
1948
THE MANILA PACT OF
1954
The Manila Pact of 1954 gave rise
to the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO). It was
established by the Southeast
Asia Collective Defense Treaty,
which was signed in Manila,
Philippines, and is a multinational
organization for collective
defense in Southeast Asia.
Additionally, it attempts to crush
communist-Marxist forces
throughout the Southwestern
Pacific, South Asia, and
Southeast Asia.
1949
SEPTEMBER 8,
1948
Name: Elks Club Building
Location: Manila, Philippines
Year Completed: 1949
Architect: Ar. William E. Parsons
Architectural Style: Mission Revival Style
RAMON MAGSAYSAY
THE SEVENTH
PRESIDENT OF THE
PHILIPPINES
the day on which populist
candidate and Filipino statesman
Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.
won the presidency of the
Philippines. The Philippines
sometimes refer to Magsaysay's
administration as the country's
"Golden Years" because it was
regarded as one of the most
honest and free of corruption in
recent Philippine history. The
Philippine military was at its peak,
trade and industry grew rapidly,
and the nation was recognized
internationally for its
achievements in foreign policy,
sports, and culture. On a list of
the cleanest and most well-run
nations in Asia, the Philippines
came in second place. the
Philippines' seventh president.
DECEMBER 30,
1953

THE DEATH OF FORMER
PRESIDENT RAMON
MAGSAYSAY
A plane crash claimed the life of
former president Ramon
Magsaysay.
CARLOS P. GARCIA
THE EIGHT PRESIDENT
OF THE PHILIPPINES
Carlos P. Garcia, a Filipino
educator, poet, orator, lawyer,
public servant, political
economist, guerilla leader, and
commander of the
Commonwealth military, took
over as president after Ramon
Magsaysay. Having served as the
eighth president of the
Philippines.
DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
THE NINTH PRESIDENT
OF THE PHILIPPINES
The ninth president of the
Philippines was the lawyer, poet,
and politician Diosdado
Macapagal.
THE AGRICULTURAL
LAND REFORM CODE
President Macapagal signed into
law the Agricultural Land Reform
Code in 1963, which was a
significant Philippine land reform
measure. With the help of this
regulation, farmers will have a
better quality of life as they are
no longer subject to detrimental
practices like excessive interest
rates.

MARCH 17, MARCH 18, DECEMBER 30, AUGUST 18,

1957 1957 1961 1963


FERDINAND MARCOS SR.
THE TENTH PRESIDENT
OF THE PHILIPPINES
The tenth president of the
Philippines was Ferdinand
Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr., a
Filipino politician, lawyer,
kleptocrat, and tyrant.
THE COMMUNIST PARTY
Philippines' Communist Party was
established. It adheres to
Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its
guiding ideology in analyzing and
synthesizing the party's
experience and its innovative
application to the local
circumstances in the Philippines in
opposition to US imperialism,
feudalism, and bureaucrat
capitalism.
NEW PEOPLE’S ARMY
The armed wing of the
Communist Party of the THE SECOND TERM OF
MARCOS’ PRESIDENCY
Philippines is known as the New
People's Army. It serves as the The second administration of
CPP's main institution and aims to
strengthen political influence
Philippine President Ferdinand
Marcos. Marcos was the only
over what it perceives as the president of the Third Philippine
current "bourgeois reactionary
Republic to be elected to a
puppet government" and to second consecutive full term.
support the "people's democratic
revolution."

1966 1969
DECEMBER 30, DECEMBER 26, MARCH 29, DECEMBER 30,

1965 1968 1969 1969

Name: Cultural Center Of The Philippines Name: San Juanico Bridge
Location: Roxas Boulevard, Pasay, Metro Manila Location: Santa Rita, Leyte
Year Created: 1966 Year Created: 1969
Architect: Ar. Leandro V. Locsin Engineer: Engr. Arvin Valderama & Engr. Christian Bernal
Architectural Style: Brutalist Architecture

THE BATTLE OF
MENDIOLA
Mendiola Street served as the
scene of the "Battle of
Malacanang," also known as "The
Battle of Mendiola Bridge," which
pitted student protesters
against police during Ferdinand
Marcos' presidency. Four student
protesters were killed in the
altercation.
JANUARY 30,
1970
THE EXPLOSION DURING
THE PROCLMATION
RALLY
During the Liberal Party's
proclamation rally, there was an
explosion that killed opposition
MPs and forced Marcos to
suspend the writ of habeas
corpus.
THE CHANGE OF THE 1935
CONSTITUTION THE RESTORATION OF
The 1971 Philippine Constitutional WRIT
Convention was called to amend The injunction was reinstated
the 1935 Philippine Constitution. after a spike in protests.
JUNE 1, AUGUST 21, JANUARY 11,
1971 1971 1972
 THE MARTIAL LAW
Proclamation No. 1081, issued by Marcos to quell dissent,
established martial law. By enacting laws, Marcos restricted
press freedom and other civil liberties, abolished Congress,
shut down major media outlets, and ordered the detention
of militant activists and opposition leaders, including his
most ardent detractors, senators Benigno Aquino Jr., Jovito
R. Salonga, and José W. Diokno. After a curfew was put in
THE MORO NATIONAL place, crime rates drastically decreased. Many THE FORM OF NEW
demonstrators, students, and political rivals were slain, sent
LIBERATION FRONT into exile, or forced to leave their communities. Under the
GOVERNMENT THE LIFT OF MARTIAL LAW
The Moro National Liberation dictatorship, those who rebelled against the government Marcos was able to continue in The martial law was formally
Front was established. It is a included political opponents, student activists, journalists, power after 1973 due to a newly ended by Marcos. He did,
political movement in the religious workers, farmers, and others. These groups were adopted constitution that however, continue to hold a lot of
Philippines that describes notably the targets of abuses of human rights. 3,257 changed the country's form of the government's arrest and
egalitarianism as its core value. extrajudicial deaths believed to have occurred, 35,000 governance from presidential to detention powers. Under Marcos,
documented acts of torture, 77 "disappeared," and 70,000 parliamentary. whose personal health
prisoners were imprisoned throughout the regime. Some encountered challenges because
2,520 of the 3,257 murder victims were tortured and of lupus, corruption, nepotism, as
maimed before their remains were abandoned in different well as civil turmoil, contributed
locations for the public to find - a method used to instill to a catastrophic drop in
dread among the populace that became known as economic growth and
"salvaging." Some bodies were even cannibalized. development.

1974
OCTOBER 21, SEPTEMBER 21, JANUARY 17,

1972 1972 1973 1981

M artia
l Name: Philippine International Convention Center
Location: Pasay, Metro Manila

Law Year Created: 1974

Architect: Ar. Leandro V. Locsin
Architectural Style: Brutalist Architecture

ASSASSINATION OF
BENIGNO AQUINO
Upon his return to the Philippines
from a protracted exile,
opposition leader Benigno Aquino
Jr. was killed at Manila
International Airport.
THE SNAP ELECTION
The Philippines' snap presidential
election. Marcos was declared
the winner of the race by the
official election canvasser, the
Commission on Elections
(Comelec). The Comelec results
and those of Namfrel, a certified
vote watcher, differed
significantly, nevertheless. Local
and foreign observers disagreed
with the purportedly false result.
Corazon Aquino's endorsement
from Cardinal Jaime Sin sparked
uprisings in the public. Both Juan
Ponce Enrile, the defense
minister, and General Fidel Ramos
abandoned their support for
Marcos.
THE PEOPLE POWER
REVOLUTION - THE END
OF DICTATORSHIP
Marcos was forced into exile and
Corazon Aquino was given the
presidency thanks to a nonviolent
civilian-military rebellion that is
now known as the People Power
Revolution. People from all walks
of life march along Epifanio de los
Santos Avenue (EDSA), the main
thoroughfare of Metro Manila, to
put an end to President
Ferdinand E. Marcos' tyranny and
usher in a new age characterized
by genuine freedom and
democracy.

1984
AUGUST 21, FEBRUARY 7, FEBRUARY 22,

1983 1986 1986

Name: INC Central Temple
Location: New Era, Quezon City
Year Completed: 1984
Architect: Ar. Carlos A. Santos-Viola
Architectural Style: Neo-Gothic Architecture