NATIONALISM

CAVITE
MUTINY
LEARNING OUTCOMES

– Establish strong arguments on the

issues of Cavite Mutiny using the
primary sources
– Compare and contrast the different
versions of Cavite Mutiny
Nationalism
⮚loyalty and devotion to a nation.
(Merriam-Webster)
⮚it as being devoted to your
country, or the feeling that
nations should act independently
instead of working together.
(Yourdictionary)
What about the revolts?

Do you think we can deem

it a nationalist cause?
Secularization Movement
🍄As early as the 16th century ,
it was the wish of the King of
Spain and the Pope to turn
over the country’s parishes to
the secular priests.
🍄Secularization was
mandated under the Council of
Trent during the 16th century.
• Conflict began when the bishops insisted on
visiting the parishes that were being run by
regular priests. It was their duty, they argued, to
check on the administration of these parishes.
• Regular priests refused these visits, saying
that they were not under the bishop’s
jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon their
parishes if the bishops persisted.
• But Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa decided to
defend the diocese’s power over the parishes
and acknowledged the resignations of the
regular priests in 1774.
🍄Secular priest were assigned as a replacement to the
regular priest and speed up the ordination of the
Filipino seculars to fill all the vacancies.
🍄 The regular feel resentful about A royal decree which
grant the secular priest take over the administration from
the regular friars.
🍄 Regular priest thinks that secular priests were not
qualified to take their position for the reasons that they
look at Filipinos brown skin, lack of education and too
little experience.
🍄 Latin American Revolutions (led by secular priests)
•Monsignor Pedro Pelaez, ecclesiastical
governor of the Church, sided with then
Filipinos and after his death, other priests
took his place in fighting for the
secularization movement. Notable among
them were Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora.
•The involvement of Fathers Gomez,
Burgos and Zamora to the secularization
movement associated them to Cavite
mutiny.
Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Governor, Carlos Ma.
Captain- General Rafael
Pardo de Tavera dela Torre y Navacerrada
de Izquierdo y Gutierez
(April 13, 1857- March 26, 1925)
born in manila, Filipino Scientist, (1809-1879)
Spanish Military Officer,
Historical Researcher, a Spanish Spanish Soldier and
Politician, and statesman,
lawyer, and Government Official, politician, Served as Capt.-
His parents belong to Spanish Served as Gov. – Gen.
Gen. of the Philippines from
Nobility. He served as a member of from 1871-1873 in the
1868-1871. most beloved
Taf’s Philippine Comission and Philippines
Spanish Capt. Gen
founded the Party
 Mariano Gomez de los
Angeles
(August 2, 1799- February 17, 1872)
in Santa Cruz, Manila
Filipino Catholic Priest, part of the
GomBurZa, falsely accused of
mutiny by the Spanish Colonial
authorities in Philippines
Jose Apolinio Burgos
y Garcia
(February 9, 1837- February 17,
1872) Filipino Catholic Priest,
accused of Mutiny by the Spanish
Colonial Authorities in !9th
Century. He was placed in a mock
trial and summarily executed in
Manila
Jacinto Zamora y Del
Rosario
(August 14, 1835- February
17, 1872) Filipino secular
priest, placed in a mock
trial and summarily
executed in Manila
 O RTA N
IM P
T
INT S :
P O
 CAVITE
MUTINY
SPANISH VERSION

By: Jose Montero y Vidal

Jose Montero y Vidal
• One of the most knowledgeable of the
Spanish historians on the Philippines.
• A Government official residing in Manila
during the 1872 Cavite Mutiny
• He becomes very rabid in his recital of
the Cavite episode in the Philippine
History and is very positive not only in
denouncing the priests who were
executed and the deportees as guilty but
in proclaiming their movement as
actually separatist in character.
Spanish Perspective
Jose Montero y Vidal, a
prolific Spanish historian
documented the event and
highlighted it as an attempt
of the Indios to overthrow
the Spanish government in
the Philippines.
 The authorities
Beginning of 1872

Assassination plan
Meeting were held
Either in house of D.
received anonymous Joaquin Pardo de
communications with Tavera or in the
the information that a house of Jacinto
great uprising would Zamora.
break out against the
Spaniards, all would Firing rocket
be assassinated would be the
including the friars.
signal
Various circumstances and upset plans
made the conspiracy a dismal failure.
 Instigators of the mutiny To die by strangulation:
were pointed out, including • D. Jose Burgos
the three friars • D. Jacinto Zamora
• D. Mariano Gomez
• Francisco Saldua
Francisco Saldua 10 years imprisonment:
• Had been the principal informer against • Maximo Inocencio
the three priests. His statement had • Enrique Paraiso
been the main basis for the convictions • Crisanto de los Reyes
and he had been promised pardon in
exchange for his testimony
• His was the first of the heads to roll on
February 17.
Jose Montero Y Vidal Account: Excerpts from Montero’s account of the Cavite mutiny:

According to Montero the following were the

causes of the insurrection:
a. The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the
workers of Cavite arsenal such as non-payment
of tributes and exemption from force labor.
b. The Spanish revolution which overthrew a
secular thrones
c. The Propaganda carried on by an unbridled
press against monarchical principles
d. Attentatory of the most sacred respects
towards the dethroned majesty.
Jose Montero Y Vidal Account: Excerpts from Montero’s account of the Cavite mutiny:

According to Montero the following were the

causes of the insurrection:
e. The democratic and republican books
and pamphlets
f. The speeches and preaching of the
apostles of these new ideas in Spain.
g. The outburst of the American publicists
and the criminal policy of the senseless
Governor whom the revolutionary
Government sent to govern the
Philippines
 CAVITE
MUTINY
SPANISH VERSION

By: Gov. Rafael Izquierdo

 Official Report of Governor General Rafael De Izquierdo on the Cavite mutiny of 1872

Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish Press for “stockpiling” malicious

propagandas grasped by the Filipinos.

⮚The “rebels” wanted to overthrow the Spanish

government to install a new “hari” in the likes of
Fathers Burgos and Zamora.
⮚The native clergy enticed other participants by
giving them charismatic assurance that their fight
will not fail because God is with them.
⮚He lambasted the Indios as gullible and possessed
an innate propensity for stealing. Montero and
General Rafael De
Izquierdo believed that the revolt was planned
Izquierdo earlier by the educated leaders, native lawyers,
Served as Governor-General of the
Philippines from April 4, 1871 to January residents of Manila and Cavite and the native clergy
 Perceived plan
Seduced the supporters
Insurrection was prepared by

All Spaniards including the friars, would be executed except

for the women; and their belongings confiscated. Foreigners
would be respected.
 • Native civilians (in Bacoor) failed
because of the vigilance of the Spanish
Rebels in Cavite used navy
Lantern as signal

Uprising should have started • The plan since 1869 started and they
in Manila at midnight existed in Manila a junta or center that
abetted by those in Cavite, sought and found followers as a pretext
but the rebels of this city they had established a society for the
went ahead of time. teaching of arts and trades.
According to the accounts of the two, on 20 January
1872, the district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of
the Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately participants to the
feast celebrated the occasion with the usual fireworks
displays.
Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign for the
attack, and just like what was agreed upon, the 200-men contingent
headed by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack targeting Spanish
officers at sight and seized the arsenal. Reinforcement coming from
manila by order of the iron – fisted General Izquierdo easily upset
the mutineers killing Sergeant Lamadrid.
 CAVITE
MUTINY
FILIPINO VERSION OF CAVITE
MUTINY IN 1872

By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

 Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo
Pardo de Tavera
– a Filipino scholar and researcher
– wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in
Cavite
– In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny
by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the
Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied
with the abolition of their privileges.
The Mutiny of Filipino Soldiers and
Laborers of Cavite

January 20, 1872 killing of the

Commanding Officer of Arsenal and
other Spanish Soldiers

Arrival of Gen. Izquierdo, proposing the new

Government, governing with crucifix on one
hand and sword on the other

The First Official Act: Prohibiting the

founding of Arts and Trades School
 The “Personas The Engineering
Sospechosas” Corps, Arsenal
People in the Cavite, and Artillery
and many educated workmen, were
Filipino fell more exempted from
displeasure and the payment of
suspicion by the Trbiute Tax and
government The peace in Cavite Obligation to
was broken , origins Work
by the Political
agitation and have
been growing for 30
years
 January 20, 1872: The Gomburza are the
uprising of military Filipino Priest in
personnel of Fort San charged with the
Filipe (arsenal in Cavite) treason and sedition.

January 20, 1872: February 17, 1872: The

The district in GOMBURZA were
Sampaloc celebrated executed by garrote in
the feast of the virgin public to serves as a
loreto threat to Filipinos
Those who dared to oppose themselves to the friars were punished with special
severity:
Burgos: Half Blood Spaniards
Zamora: Half Blood Chinaman
Gomez: A pure blood tagalog, who had vigorously opposed the friars in the
litigation over curacies in various provinces

The Three Priest mentioned were condemned to death by military court

martial:
Antonio M. Regidor- a Lawyer and councilman of Manila
Joaquin Padre Tavera- Lawyer and member of Administrative council

P. Mendoza; curate of Santa Cruz

Guevarra; curate of Quaipo Jose Basa
The Priests: Mariano Sevilla Enrique Paraiso
Feliciano Gomez Crisanto Reyes
Ballesteros Maximo Paterno
And many other were sentenced to life imprisonment on the Marianas Island
Large number Nothing was On the Contrary, it
of family done by the appeared to be its
victim were Government to policy to continually
bring up the memory
made victims blot out the of these occurrences
of the unjust recollection of as a reminder to the
sentences of these actions. malcontent of what
military they expect
courts-martial
 CAVITE
MUTINY
FILIPINO VERSION OF CAVITE
MUTINY IN 1872

By: Edmund Plauchut

 – Governor General Carlos Maria La Torre
created a Junta composed of some friars and
Spanish officials, the same way the Spanish
Government in Madrid created a committee
to make a parallel investigation to the
problem of the Philippines.
– But the arrival of General Izquierdo to replace
General La Torre put an end to the dreams of
reforms in the Philippines.
Edmund Plauchut
General Izquierdo imposed several policies to repress
the liberal ideas of General la Torre.

Among them were:

⮚The suspension of the scheduled opening of Society of Arts
and Trades
⮚Withdrawal of the retirement Privileges of the old
employees of the Maestranza of the Artillery, engineering
shops and Arsenal of Cavite.
⮚Declassifying the employees into the ranks of those who
worked on Public roads which means they have to render
service on Public roads constructions.
 MORALS TO PONDER

– History should be seen in a 360 degrees

perspective to know what really happens and
to eliminate bias point of view.
– One should never stop seeking for the truth.
– Martyrdom is never the same as cowardness.
 Online Resources/Activities:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmxSixXroxw

Xiao Time: Ang pag-aaklas sa Cavite (Cavite Mutiny) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CwmcUCwuv8

Xiao Time: Ang paggarote sa talong paring martir na sina Gomez, Burgos at Zamora – GOMBURZA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5XidgBT-uw

References:

Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary sources of Philippine History, volume 7 (manila, national bookstore, 1990),

https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain

https://www.academia.edu/33737341/The_Underlying_Causes_and_Failures_of_the_Philippine_Revolts_Against_Spanish_

Rule
https://www.academia.edu

https://www.philippine-history.org/secularization-of-priests.htm
https://alchetron.com/Fort-San-Felipe-(Cavite
https://philippineculturaleducation.com.ph/pag-aalsa-sa-cavite/
https://www.britannica.com/event/Cavite-Mutiny
https://filipinojournal.com/the-1872-cavite-mutiny/
http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-mutiny/
Victoria Ligan et. Al. Readings in Philippine history. Malabon. Mutya Publishing.