PIPE

When a fluid is required to be transferred from one location to other, pipe is

required.

PIPING
Piping is an assembly of pipe fittings, valves, instruments and specialty
components.
Piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (Liquids and Gases) from one
location to another.

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 SCOPE OF PIPING ENGINEERING
 Water treatment plants

 Process & Petroleum Industry

 Chemical Process Industry

 Petrochemical Industry

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  Pharmaceutical Industry

 Power Plant

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 PIPING MATERIAL

Piping material selection mainly depends on process conditions such as

 Fluid it transports;
 at what temperature
 at what pressure it transports.

 Materials commonly used to construct water pipes include Mild Steel

(MS), Ductile iron (DI), Cast iron (CI), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), High
density polyethylene (HDPE), Un-plasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC),
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC), etc.

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 METHOD OF JOINING PIPE
 Butt Welded Connection
Two pipes are joined by butt-welding. Ends are having tapered edge.

 Screwed or Threaded Connection

Two pipes are joined by using thread. Tapered grooves are also prepared.

 Socket welded Connection

Two pipes are joint by using socket and then welding. Collar is also used.

 Flanged Connection
Two pipe are joint by using flange and then bolted.

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 PIPE FITTINS
1. Bends (Elbows):

Bends are used to change the direction of flow of fluid in pipes.

Elbows are of the following types:
 11.25°
 22.5°
 45°
 90°
 180°

2. Reducers:

The purpose of the reducer is to reduce the diameter of straight run of

pipe.
Reducer are of the following types:
 Concentric Reducer:
Concentric Reducer will be used for vertical and Pump discharge piping.
 Eccentric Reducer:
Eccentric Reducer will be used for horizontal and pump suction piping.
(For horizontal piping, flat on bottom for maintaining the elevation in the rack
piping. For pump suction, flat on top to avoid the cavitation.)

3. Tees:

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 Tees are used to distribute to collect flow.
Tees are of the following types:
 Equal Tee
 Unequal Tee

4. Branches:

Branches are similar to tee. Branches are made from straight pipes by
machining and welding.

5. Y-Pieces:

Y- Pieces are rarely used. The y are used to collect and distribute flow.
The pressure drop in a y-piece is less than that of a comparable tee.

6. Pipe Cap:

Pipe cap is usually used for protecting the end of pipe and other fittings,
so the shape are designed according to the shape of pipeline.

7. Coupling:

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 Coupling is usually used for connects two pipes.

FLANGES:
 Threaded Flanges

 Socket-Welded Flanges

 Blind Flanges

 Slip-on Flanges

 Lapped Flanges

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  Weld Neck Flanges

GASKET:

Gasket are used to produce a leak-free environment.

The most commonly used gaskets in piping are standard flange gaskets in
rubber or fibre, or spiral wounds.

BOLTS & NUTS:

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 Bolts obviously hold mating flanges, nozzles or valve together pressure rating
of flanges will determine the size, spacing and no of bolts required.

VALVES:
A valve is a device that controls flow of a fluid.

Selection of valve:

 Fluid properties
 Service
 Valve size – design
 Pressure losses/friction losses
 Temperature and pressure
 End connection

Type of valves:

Gate Valve/Sluice Valve

Ball Valve

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 Plug Valve

Butterfly Valve

Globe Valve

Needle valve

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 Diaphragm valve

Check Valve

Float Valve

Sluice Gate

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 LINE SIZING CALCULATION:

Pipeline is sized based on continuity equation

Q=A*V
Where,
Q = Flow (m^3/sec)
A = Inside cross section area of pipe (m^2)
V = Velocity (m/sec)

PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION:

Darcy’s formula for steam, oil & air services:
hf = f*l*v^2/(2gd)
Where,
hf = loss in m
f = friction factor
l = length of pipe in m
v = velocity in m/sec
g = acceleration due to gravity in m/sce^2
d = inside diameter of pipe in m

William-Hazen’s formula for water services:

hf = 0.002083 x L x (100/C)^1.85 x (gpm^1.85 / d^4.8655)

Where,
hf = head loss in feet of water
L = length of pipe in feet
C = friction coefficient
gpm = gallons per minute (USA gallons not imperial gallons)
d = inside diameter of the pipe in inches

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 Weymouth formula for gas services:

Where
Qg = gas-flow rate, MMscf/D,
d = pipe inside diameter, in.,
P1 = upstream pressure, psia,
P2 = downstream pressure, psia,
L = length, ft,
T1 = temperature of gas at inlet, °R,
S = specific gravity of gas,
and
Z = Compressibility factor for gas, dimensionless.
PIPE WALL THICKNESS

Pipe thickness calculation as per ASME B31.1

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 CODES & STANDARDS
 Codes usually set forth requirements for design, material, fabrication,
erection, test and inspection of piping system. Compliance with the code
is mandatory.

 Standards contains design and construction rules and requirements for

individual piping components such as elbows, tees, valves etc…..,

SCOPE OF PIPING

INPUTS:

 Plot plan
 Process flow diagram
 Piping & instrumentation diagram
 Process GA drawings
 Civil Drawings
 Valve material specification
 Piping material specification

OUTPUT:

 Overall piping layout

 Detail drawings
 Support drawings
 Isometric drawings
 Piping MTO

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