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Learning is a process
Learning is a product
Process of Learning
Learning involves the individual
◦ Brain
◦ Body
Learning involves others
◦ Dyads
◦ Groups
◦ Organizations
◦ Communities
◦ Society
Learning takes place somewhere
◦ In physical environment
◦ With things and tools
Learning occurs over time
Broad domains of theories
⚫ Behaviorism: Classical and Operant Conditioning
⚫ Socio-cognitive theory: Observational Learning
⚫ Cognitivism
Classical Conditioning
Power of association
Events Leading to Behaviorism
The dog had learned a connection between the click and food.
https://sites.psu.edu/intropsychs14n1/2014/04/09/classical-co
nditioning-in-everyday-life/
Before Conditioning: Naturally Occurring S–R
This happens automatically. It is not learned, so both the
stimulus and response are called “unconditioned.”
Unconditioned Stimulus leads to an Unconditioned Response
US UR
Meat Powder
Automatic Salivation
US UR
Necessary Conditions
During Training: Repeatedly pair NS with US
The goal is to turn the Neutral stimulus (NS) into a Conditioned Stimulus
(CS) that will lead to the same response, now a Conditioned Response (CR).
NS
Presentation
Paired
US UR
After Conditioning, The NS becomes a Conditioned Stimulus, which leads to
Conditioned Response
CS CR
Necessary Conditions
During training NS always comes before US.
It need to occur in close proximity.
Terminology
NS and CS are same stimulus, before training it is called neutral
stimulus and after training it becomes conditioned stimulus.
Similarly, UR and CR are the same response; it depends on what
led to that response.
When the response occur for due to unconditioned stimulus it is
called unconditioned response, when it is due to conditioned
stimulus, it is called conditioned response.
Operant Conditioning
A science of making others do your bidding
Skinner Box
Law of Effect: Basic of Operant Conditioning
Positive Negative
Reinforcement Add desirable, Remove aversive,
Increase response Increase response
Acquisition/Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Latent inhibition
Partial reinforcement effect in extinction
Generalization/discrimination
Little Albert Experiment
Conditioning in real life
Learning and overcoming fear
Addiction and de-addiction
Attitude and prejudices
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Observational Learning
Socio-cognitive theory
Observational Learning
Learning by observing others.
Also called SOCIAL LEARNING.
Attentional processes
Retention processes
Production processes
Incentive and motivational processes
Step 1: Attentional Processes
Developing cognitive processes to pay attention to a model-
more developed processes allow for better attention