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http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/phys250/modules/module%205/nuclear_decay.htm
DECAY (RADIATION)
¢ The SI unit for measuring radioactive decay is
the becquerel (Bq).
¢ If a quantity of radioactive material produces one
decay event per second, it has an activity of one
Bq.
¢ Mass is usually measured by:
1 u = 1.66x10-27 kg
3
DECAY (RADIATION)
¢ Alpha decay (α)
Atom à atom( ¼ mass & ½ atomic #) + 2 protons (↑)
+ 2 neutrons (↑)
¢ Beta-minus decay (β-)
Neutron à proton + electron(↑) + anti-neutrino(↑)
Daughter nucleus + electron
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 8
𝑄 = 𝑚: 𝑐 8 − 𝑚< 𝑐 8
RADIOACTIVE DECAY,
Where an unstable atomic nucleus decays or turns into
a more stable nucleus.
1 u = 1.66x10-27 kg 6
DISINTEGRATION CONSTANT,
DECAY RATE, & HALF-LIFE
Disintegration constant, λ, determines the
exponential rate at which the decay rate R decreases with
time t :
−𝑑𝑁
𝑅 = = 𝑅L 𝑒 MλN
𝑑𝑡
Playing with the eqtn,
ln 𝑅 = ln(𝑅 𝑒 MλN ) = ln 𝑅 + ln(𝑒 MλN )
L L
= ln 𝑅L − λ𝑡
This means that we could plot by ln(R) instead of
R.
a) Alpha decay
b) Beta-minus decay
c) Beta-plus decay
d) Gamma decay
8
ALPHA DECAY
1.66𝑥10M8\𝑘𝑔
𝐸 = (1.010301𝑢)∗ ∗ (3𝑥108)8
1 𝑢
𝐸 = 1.509 𝑥10MSL J
10
ALPHA DECAY
One of the most common form of Uranium, 238U
𝑄 = 𝑚: 𝑐 8 − 𝑚< 𝑐 8
𝑄 = 238.05079 − (234.04363 + 4.00260) ∗ 𝑐 8
𝑄 = 0.00456 ∗ 𝑐 8
𝑄 = 0.00456 𝑢 ∗ 𝑐 8 ∗ (931.494 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 8)/u
𝑄 ≈ 4.25 𝑀𝑒𝑉
12
DISINTEGRATION CONSTANT
Find the disintegration constant, λ, and the half-life
T1/2 for the radionuclide 128I (this radionuclide is often used
medically as a tracer to measure the rate at which iodine is
absorbed by the thyroid gland).
Time R Time R
(min) (counts/s) (min) (counts/s)
4 392.2 132 10.9
36 161.4 164 4.56
68 65.5 196 1.86
100 26.8 218 1.00
13
LMh.8
¢ 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 88iML = −0.0276𝑚𝑖𝑛MS
−λ = −0.0276𝑚𝑖𝑛MS
λ = 0.0276𝑚𝑖𝑛MS
pq 8
¢ half−life: 𝑇 =
n
o λ
pq 8 14
= ML.L8\hr:stn ≈ 25𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
HALF-LIFE
A radioactive nuclide has a half-life of 30.0yrs.
What fraction of an initially pure sample of this
nuclide will remain undecayed at the end of (a)
60.0yrs and (b) 90.0yrs?
Ans. (a) 0.25, (b) 0.125
16
HALF-LIFE
ln 2
half−life: 𝑇 S = N ln 2
8 λ 𝑇S =
8 R
decay rate: 𝑅 = λN
N ln 2 2.56𝑥1020 ln 2
𝑇S = = = 3.9524𝑥1016𝑠
8 R 4490/𝑠
≈ 1.25𝑥109 years
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HALF-LIFE
Consider an initially pure 3.4g sample of 67Ga, an
isotope that has a half-life of 78hr. (a) What is its
initial decay rate? (b) What is its decay rate 48hr
later?
Ans. (a) 7.55x1016 s-1, (b) 4.9x1016 s-1
18
and-effective-nuclear-charge-319-7515/
textbook/periodic-properties-8/electron-configuration-68/the-shielding-effect-
from https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-
Charge.” Boundless Chemistry. Boundless, 01 Dec. 2014. Retrieved 02 Feb. 2015
Source: Boundless. “The Shielding Effect and Effective Nuclear
SHIELDING EFFECT
Electrons in an atom can shield each other
from the pull of the nucleus. This effect, called the
shielding effect, describes the decrease in
attraction between an electron and the nucleus in
any atom with more than one electron shell. The
more electron shells there are, the greater the
shielding effect experienced by the outermost
electrons.
The shielding effect explains why valence
shell electrons are more easily removed from the
atom.
Zeff = 𝑍 − 𝑆 19
and-effective-nuclear-charge-319-7515/
textbook/periodic-properties-8/electron-configuration-68/the-shielding-effect-
from https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-
Charge.” Boundless Chemistry. Boundless, 01 Dec. 2014. Retrieved 02 Feb. 2015
Source: Boundless. “The Shielding Effect and Effective Nuclear
SHIELDING EFFECT
Ne’s e- config is 1s22s22p6. The valence shell 2
contains 8 valence electrons. Therefore,
¢ Zeff(Ne) = 10 – 2 = 8+
¢ Zeff(F-) = 9 – 2 = 7+
¢ Zeff(Na+) = 11 – 2 = 9+