Konversi Energi Angin

(Wind Energy)
Dr. Adi Setiawan, MT
Program Studi Magister Teknik Energi Terbarukan
Universitas Malikussaleh
 Windmills and Windwheels
Awal mula Windmills
Ada yang berpendapat windmills
pertama kali dibangun di Mesir, dekat
Alexandria. Ada juga yang
menyebutkan bahwa windmills di
perbatasan Persia-Afganistan, dan ada
juga di China
European Windmills

Greek tower windmill

Paltrock mill
The Paltrock mill, which is far less well known than the other types of mill, represents a
special variety which evolved in Holland in the 16th or 17th century (Fig. 1.10). As in post
windmills, the entire millhouse rotates in these mills. They are supported on a wooden and
later an iron rim bearing, which was set into the ground or placed on a brick substructure.
The millhouse rotates on numerous rollers or small wheels. Initially, Paltrock mills were
built exclusively as wood saw mills directly on the water. The heavy logs were unloaded
straight from the cargo boats directly onto the protruding work platform. Later, Paltrock
mills were also used to a lesser extent for milling grain.
- Pada prinsipnya, energi angin bersumber dari energi matahari
- Tidak meratanya radiasi sinar matahari di permukaan bumi,
mengakibatkan terjadinya perbedaan temperatur dan tekanan di
permukaan bumi sehingga menghasilkan pergerakan udara dari
daerah bertekanan lebih tinggi ke tempat yang tekanannya lebih
rendah.

Wind energy adalah energi

terbarukan yang mendukung
upaya pelestarian lingkungan

Wind energy umumnya

dimanfaatkan utk:
a) Pelayaran
b) Grinding grains
c) Pompa air/ pengairan
d) Pembangkit listrik.
Prinsip kerja:
Angin yang berhembus dimanfaatkan untuk memutar baling-
baling. Putaran baling-baling ditransmisikan melalui poros dan
gear-box untuk memutar generator listrik sehingga dapat
menghasilkan listrik.

Komponen utama:
- Blades
- Hub
- Engine box (Nacelle)
- Tower
Bagaimana angin mampu memutar baling-baling?
Komponen engine box:
1. Main shaft
2. Brakes
3. Gears
4. Generator
Basic Concepts of Wind Energy Converters

The kinetic energy of an air mass m moving at a velocity v can be expressed as:

Considering a certain cross-sectional area A, through which the air passes at

velocity v, the volume V flowing through during a certain time unit, the so-
called volume flow, is:

and the mass flow with the air density  is:

The equations expressing the kinetic energy of the moving air and the mass
flow yield the amount of energy passing through cross-section A per unit time.
This energy is physically identical to the power P:
The question is how much mechanical energy can be extracted from the
free-stream airflow by an energy converter. As mechanical energy can
only be extracted at the cost of the kinetic energy contained in the wind
stream, this means that, with an unchanged mass flow, the flow velocity
behind the wind energy converter must decrease. Reduced velocity,
however, means at the same time a widening of the cross-section, as the
same mass flow must pass through it. It is thus necessary to consider the
conditions in front of and behind the converter (Fig. 4.1).

Figure 4.1. Flow conditions due to the extraction of mechanical energy from a free-
stream air flow, according to the elementary momentum theory
Here, v1 is the undelayed free-stream velocity, the wind velocity, before it
reaches the converter, whereas v2 is the flow velocity behind the
converter.
The mechanical energy which the disk-shaped converter extracts
from the airflow corresponds to the power difference of the air
stream before and after the converter:

Maintaining the mass flow (continuity equation) requires that:

Thus,

or,
Daya maksimum turbin angin dapat dihitung dengan persamaan:

Dimana:
U0 = kecepatan angin
 = densitas udara
A = turbine intercepting a cross-section A of wind front
Cp = an efficiency factor called ‘the power coefficient
World wind turbine power capacity
 Wind Turbine Design Aspects
1. Aero Dynamical Performance
2. Mechanical Strength Criteria
3. Economical aspects

Ada beberapa parameter penting

- Jumlah blade
- Bentuk blade
- Panjang blade
- Tinggi menara
Ketika jumlah blade ditambah dari 2 menjadi 3, maka terjadi kenaikan efisiensi sekitar 3
%. Namun ketika jumlah blade ditambah menjadi 4, maka kenaikan efisiensi hanya 0.5%
yang diikuti pula dengan kenaikan biaya yang drastis.