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Matematika I, ZA ISPIT FON-Đorić, Lazović PDF
Matematika I, ZA ISPIT FON-Đorić, Lazović PDF
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MATEMATIKA 1
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ZlparaH Taopuli P a ^ e J Ia 3 0 B n fr
M A T E M A T H K A
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E eorpa^ , 2014
dp JJpazan BopuK, djoricd@fon.rs
dp Pade Jlasoeuh, lazovic@fon.rs
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dp Bepa Bpjnuh, pe^oBHH npoc|)ecop, d>OH, B eorpa^
dp MuAUV,a CmojanoeuH , BaHpe^HH n p o^ ecop, <$OH, B eo rp a #
© 2010, Aymopu
AyTOpw 3 aflp»caBajy CBa npaBa. PenpoflyKOBan.e ((jiOTOKonMpane mjim yMHO*aBa-
H,e Ha S mjio koJk HamiH) mjim objaBJLMBaHjC ca^pm aja OBe KftMre (y nejiMHM mjim y
5 1 2 . 5/ . 6 ( 0 7 5 . 8 )
5 1 4 . 1 2 (0 7 5 . 8 )
5 1 7 . 1 / . 5 2 (0 7 5 . 8 )
1 y bou i
1 .1 CKynoBH ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2 PeajiHH 6 p o j e B H .......................................................................................... 3
1.3 <J>yHKn;Hje......................................................................................................... 6
1.4 KapanHajiHH S p o j e B H ............................................................................... 9
1.5 rin T a ib a h 3a f la u ; H ...................................................................................... 12
1.6 H o n a T a K ......................................................................................................... 14
2 A jir e 6 a p c K e C T p y K T y p e 16
2.1 HenapTOB npoH 3Bo^ C K y n o B a ................................................................ 16
2.2 EuH apH a o n e p a i p i j a ................................................................................... 17
2.3 A jir e S a p c n e c x p y K T y p e c a jeflHOM 6imapHOM onepaiptjoM . . 18
2.4 IlpHMepH r p y n a .......................................................................................... 19
2.5 A jir e 6 a p c K e C TpyK Type c a ^Be SiiHapHe o n e p a p n j e .................... 21
2.6 r in T a iia h 3 a ,n ;a ijH ...................................................................................... 23
2.7 H onaTaK ......................................................................................................... 26
4 BeKTopcKH n p ocT op H 60
4.1 Hec|)HHHE(Hja BeKTopcKor n p o c T o p a .................................................... 60
4.2 JlnH eapH a 3aBHCHOCT h He3aBncHOCTB e K T o p a .....................................62
4.3 B a 3a h HHMeH3H ja BeKTopcKor n p o c r o p a .......................................... 64
4.4 IlHTaHba u 3a ^ a n ;H ...................................................................................... 66
4.5 Zlo^aTaK ......................................................................................................... 68
Caflpa<aj
viii
B eK T o p n 95
6
6.1 B eK Topn y n p o c T o p y ..................... . 95
6.2 JlnHeapHe onepapnje ca BeKToprna . 97
6.3 KooppHHaTe B e K T o p a ..................... . 99
6.4 CKajiapHH npoH3Bop BeKTopa . . . . . 102
6.5 BeKTopcKH npoH3Bop BeKTopa . . . . 104
6.6 MemoBHTH npoH3Bop BeKTopa . . . 108
6.7 IlHTaita h 3a p a p n ........................ . 110
6.8 H opaT aK ................................................. . 114
H m30BH 136
8
8.1 HeKH CK ynoB Et y Mh R ... 136
8.2 He^HHMipija m oa h npHMepu 137
8.3 rpaHHHHa BpeflHOCT HH3a . . 139
8.4 CKyn KOHBepreHTHHx HM30Ba 144
8.5 TaHKe HaroMHJiaBaEta HH3a . 147
8.6 K onm jeB KpHTepnjyM . . . . 150
8 .7 IlH T afta h 3a p a p H ................... 152
8.8 H o p a T a K ...................................... 156
12 T eo p eM e .njKjjepeHipijajiHor p a n y H a 213
12.1 JIoKajiHH eKCTpeMyM.................................. 213
12 .2 TeopeM e o cpeflitHM Bpe^HocTHM a....................................................... 214
1 2 .3 JlonHTajioBa n p a B H J ia ..................................................................................218
1 2 .4 IlH T aita h 3 a ,n a i p i ..........................................................................................221
1 2 .5 Ho^aTaK .............................................................................................................224
263
14.7 ilo^aTaK
266
J Iw T e p a T y p a
268
H HfleKC nojM OBa
I 'j ia s a 1
y B o ^
1 .1 C K ynoB H
A = {a,b,c}, B = { x i , x 2, . . . , x n}
HaKJie,
A U B = {x | x E A m m x G B},
AC\ B = {x \ x £ A vi x B},
A \ B = {x \ x £ A vi x $ B}.
M H ore o c o 6 hhc obh x o n e p a p n ja c y no3HaTe H3 inKOjicKor n p o rp aM a
MaTeMaTHKe. HaBepHMO HeKe o p h>h x :
1. A U A = A, A fl A = A (upeMiioTeHTHocT);
4. (A fl B) fl C = A fl (B n C) (acopHjaTHBHocT 3a npeceK );
7. A U ( A n B ) = A, A fl (A U B) = A (a n e o p n n n |n )
hm a 3
0C = U, Uc = 0, A u A c = U, A n A c = 0, (Ac)c = A,
I io h H e M opraH O Ba npaBHJia
{A U B )c = A c n H c, (A n B)c = ACU B c.
V{A) = {0, {a} {6}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, { b, c}, A).
1 .2 P e a jiH H 6 p o je B H
m- ,
y pa3M aTpan,H M a rpaH H TH nx BpejiHocTH h HenpeKH^HocTH <pyHKii;Hja
(T jiaB e 9 h 10) k o ph c th m o jo m h npeTnocTaBK y o kom hjicthocth CKyna
peajraH X S p o jeB a. A kchomc caS n p aE b a, MHoaceHba h nopeTK a H cnyn>aBajy
h papHOHajiHH h peajiHH SpojeBH. yBoIjeH>eM aKCHOMe cynpeM yM a, H3flBa-
jaM o CBojcTBO peajiH H x S p o je B a Koje papHOHajmH SpojeBH hc n o c e ^ y jy .
1. x < L 3a ceanu 6p o j x £ A ,
Ill’MMEP
Majopanma cupna A je p nejednaKocm ---- — < c (3a ueuo 0 < c < 1) eaoieu
„ n + 1 '
1 .3 $ y H K ii;H je
I l o j a M h B p c T e cjjyH K iiH ja
II pm m ep 1 .4 . <frynKv,uje
Ue(})HHHaHja 1 .1 1 . 4>ynKyuja f : X - * Y je
1. cupjeKRuja clko j e f ( X ) = Y ,
K oM no3nu;H ja <J)yHKu;Hja
( h o ( g o / ) ) ( * ) = h((g o / ) ( * ) ) = h( g ( f ( x ) ) ) .
H cto ^o O ajaM o h 3a ( ( h o g) o f ) ( x ) . ■
M e 5y THM, sa KOMno3H im jy <J)yHKimja He Ba>KH KOMyTaTHBHH saKOH. Ha
npHMep, 3a 4>yHKu;Hje /, g : M —+ M ^e<j)HHHcaHe c a f ( x ) = x 2 u g(x) = x — 1
je ( / o g) ( x ) = f ( g ( x )) = ( x - l ) 2, floK j e (g o / ) ( * ) = g ( f ( x )) = x 2 - 1.
y Bofl
H H B e p 3H a (J)yH K pw ja
MecTO ce y sesH c a npecziH K aB aaeM f : X ^ Y nocTaBJLa n ^ a a e Aa
JIH nocT ojH npecjiHKaBaEbe g : Y —> X 3& Koje j e g{y) - x ano j e y
f ( x ) . A ko fj)yHKpnja / H aje C M pjerapija, T a « a y cK yny n o c T o jn
je a a H eJieMcHT K o ji m ije cJiiiKa n p .i npec»m <aB aH ,y J . V TOM
n e Mome roBopHTH o ^ M i i j a g. M o s t i m , bko j e <t>yHKm.ja / t j e r a m * .
TaAa sa cbbko y e nYo c-ro ja t b i h o je A a a eaeMCHT x 6 X
j e c a g(y) = X
A e*«HBCaKa <I'Vhkiim |» H o n a je
o^urJieflHO GnjeKiiMja.
Jle^HHHpHja 1 .1 5 . HeKa je (pynKyuja f : X —> Y 6ujeKyuja. $yHKV,ujy
g * Y -> X defuHUcaHV ca g(y) = x, zde j e y = / ( * ) , 3oee^ ° uueepm oM
<$>yHKV,ujoM $yHKV,uje f u ormauaeaMO je ca f ■
H 3 oae ^ p e K T H o CAeA« Aa j e m 4>yHKpHja / HHBeP 3Ha
4)VHKHHja 3a cj)VHKUHjy / l-
T eo p eM a 1 .3 . ,!>.:» je faunguja f : X —-i j «
„„eepana ->»*> cy # y » - W Z ^ Z « Z « / '1 npecaaK «-
eana.
JIOKA3. H 3 He(j)HHHpHje 1.15 cJieflH Aa je
(l.i)
( / - 1 o f)(x) = r \ f ( x ) ) = / - 1 (y) = *
3a CBaKo x £ X , Kao h
( / ° / _1)(y ) ^ ( / 0 f f ) ^ ) 1 ^1 '3 ^
11i’Mm e p 1 .5 . A ko je
1.4 K a p rz p i H a j i H H 6pojeBH
M o h H eK BH BajieH n;H ja C K yn oB a
nIJ !»oj.
a K KapjjHHajiHH
Z nr Z e K° jH ™ ajy HCTy M° h Ka* ° “ HMaJy HCTH KapM
6 p o j CKyna X ce o 3H anaBa ca card A .
H
10 yBOfl,
IIp e 6 p o jn B H h H e n p e 6 p o j H B H C K ynoB H
JlaK Jie, aKO n o cT o jn S n jeK rp ija H3M e^y CKynBa N h X , oHna j e CKyn X
npeSpojH B . JIpyrHM penHMa, CKyn X j e npeSpojH B a n o a e ro B H ejieMeHTH
M ory n a ce n o p e l} a jy y hh 3.
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 4
’ 2’ 3’ 3’ 4’ 4’ 5’ 5’ 5’ 5’
/4cmo e a ^ u sa cxyn payuouaAuvx 6pojeea us (a, a + 1 } sa a EZ.
OHHrjie^Ho j e yH n ja nita n p eO p ojn B a
CKyna npeSpojuB cKyn. M e $ y THM,
BajKH h o n n rrn je T B p lje iie .
A i — { a n , a i 2, a i 3, . . . } ,
S S S
A2 = { 0 2 1 ,0 2 2 ,0 2 3 ,...} ,
S S S
A 3 = {031, 032, 033,...} ,
ei JieflH
e e Sn Ia Zj e Vh o(y) npe6pojH
T Ba B CKyn.
p a “ " ORa' ™ 6 P °j« = » »3 (a, „ + ! ] 3a « E Z ,
o i = 0, a iiO i2 . . . o in . . . ,
02 — 0, O21O22 • . . 02n . . . ,
o n — 0, a ni a n2 . . . ann . . . ,
, BH eJIeMeHTH c Ky n a ( 0 ,1 ), o n n a j e 6 p o j
a = 0, q i 02 . . . a n . . . ,
y Bofl
12
r« e je a * * ak
( k 6 N ), p a 3 O T T o a 6 h „ o kob o a h, hx „ T a a o lje n p n n a a
cKvnv (0 ,1 ). KoHTpaflHKiiHja. ■ ^
0 3 npeTXoaHe reopeM e c a e a n a a je cKyn p e a a r o « S p o je e a »enpe-
5 p o j l 3 a „ c a a , aao je ^HKUHja / : R - ( - ^ / 2 ,,r /2 ) <=»
/ ( x ) = arctan :r, a jivHKiinja 3 : ( - 7 t/ 2 , jt/ 2) (0,1) c a y(x) - Taa a je
g o / : R —►(0,1) enjeKiiHja. MTIM __ .
' K a p « .— 6poj cKy n a p eaaH „x R p o jeaa OBnanaBa ce c a Mi ^
„ K a*e ce na ckvh R hm a Moh KOHmuHyyMa. l i p u TOMe je 2 - c ( bh ^ c
n lZ ™ ) npeanoCTaBKa a a ne noCTOja c a y n M a j. j e K ap aaH aan a Rpoj
» e h a o a ACo h M aan o a c je n o 3H axa Kao « » » " « « » * > " ° Ha “ *
oKBMP y nocT ojehe T eopnje hc MO*e . « aoKaaaTO ™ g u o b it k v ™ . H o c t j
° CKvnoBK J j z je moR B eha o a mo R h cKy n a R . H a npHMep, cKy n cb„ x
peaaHHX $yH K aaja Ha [0,1] HMa moR BeRy o a moR h KOHTHHyyMa.
1 .5 I lM T a H .a h 3a f l a ^
2. H e a a cy A, B u CKynoBM
c 3a Koje bib* h A c B c C . f lo s
1) C = A U ( B \ A ) U ( C \ B ) ; 2)AUB=(A\B)U(B\A)U(AnB).
1) P (A nB ) = P
(A
)nV
{l),2) /’ (/!
13
“ - cy 6 p ^
■ :t ° bc a - r - A*° cy c“ • " — » ™ :
ejieMeHTa £
J
^
, H , y a K i ; M j a j e 1-1 H J I H UHjeKUUia. EuieKUvin n n
n p a 3yMeBa Aa je / H ’Ha ’ h ’l - l ’. »uje^uja no-
r *?yjerosn-
; j .B - C — - ~
i) r l ( A u b ) = r \ A ) u r 1^ ) , 2) r \ A n B ) C r \ A ) n r \ B ).
1 .6 Z I o ji;a T a K
H o K a 3 T e o p e M e 1.6
A = A p U A n U A 00I B = BpUBnUB^.
Ji^o^ — / a € Ap U A qo
\ 9~ \ a ), a eA n
3a a G A j e S n jeK ip ija. ■
J e n p a K o c T AT\ = 2^°
0, k £ A
1, k € A.
c a r d P (A ) = 2 cardA.
HcTopnjcKe HanoMeHe
1. KaH Top (Georg Cantor, 1 8 4 5 -1 9 1 8 ) j e HCMaMKH
MaTCMaTnraap p y c K o r nopeKJia, Koju j e CTyAnpao
y IIHpH xy h BepjiH H y k o a B a je p n iT p a c a . O h je
jeAaH OA ocHHBana T e o p n je CKynoBa h npBH je ,
y n o p e 5y jy tlH SecKOHaMHe cK ynoBe, yB eo KapA«-
HajiHe S p o je B e . P b eroB a T e o p n ja j e npHMe&eHa
y 3acHHBatt>y u aJireSp e u MaTeMaTHMKe aH aJiioe.
B urne o >KHBOTy h A eny K aH T opa M o *e A a c e Ha^e
y KH.H3H: J. W. Dauben, Georg Cantor - His Mathematics
»nd Philosophy of the Infinite, Princeton University Press, 1990.
2. Mano KaHTopoBa T eop nja SecKOHa^HHX CKynoBa (no3HaTa h Kao
naHBHa T eopnja CKynoBa’) a o b o a h flo HH3a JiornMKHX napaAOKca, no3HaTH
ncMa^KH MaTeMaTH^ap X iu i6ep T (D avid H ilbert, 1 8 6 2 -1 9 4 3 ) je peKao a &
iihko He MO*ce Aa Hac HCTepa H3 p a ja K ojn je KaHTop CTBopno.
r j i a e a 2
AjireSapcne CTpyKType
2 .1 Z le K a p T O B n p o H 3B O f l C K y n o B a
A x B = {(a , b) \ a E A ,b e B }
IIp h m e p 2 .1 . CKyn [a, b] x [c, d\ npedcmaejba CKyn ceux ypefjenux napoea (x, y),
zde je x G [n,b] u y € [c, d]. A ko cy x u y Koopduname mav,Ke y paenu, mada
rKyn [a, 6] x [c, d] odpefjyje npaeoyzaonuK y noopdunamnoj paenu ca meMenuMa
A(a, c), B(b,c), C(b,d) u D(a,d).
2 .2 B n H a p H a o n e p a n ;H ja
0 1 2 3 4 5 * a b c d e
1 2 2 1 1 2 a a a a a a
2 2 2 1 1 2 b a b b b b
3 1 1 3 3 1 c a b c c c
4 1 1 3 3 1 d a b c d d
5 2 2 1 1 1 e a b c d e
2 .3 A j i r e S a p c K e C T p y K T y p e c a je ^ H O M S ir a a p H O M o n e -
p a ip ijo M
H a npHMep, rp yn oH A ( N ,+ ) j e n o jiy r p y n a . rp y n o H A ( V ( A ) , U ) , r^ e je
V { A ) napTHTHBHH CKyn CKyna A , j e TaKo^e n o jiy r p y n a . Y n o J iy rp y ira ce
fleijiHHnme n - t h cTeneH ejieMeHTa a:
a 1 = a, an = a * a n_1, n = 2, 3, ----
a * e = e * a = a.
0 1♦ n • 11 * 11 1,
2 .4 r ip H M e p H rp yn a
I 'p y n e S p o j e B a
T p y n e n e p M y T a n ;H :ja
( I 2 3 4 5\
P ~ \3 2 5 1 4/ ’
T p yn e CHMeTpnja
e r s
CjBHKa 2.1. IlpecjirocaBaita e, r h s
(a * b) o c = (a o c) * (b o c)
,ia ceaKO a,b,c € S.
H a npHMep, o n e p a p n ja MHO*eH,a y 1 je pMCTpH6yTHBHa y opHOcy Ha
m iepapH jy c a S n p a a a , pon o n e p a p n ja ca6npaH>a HHje pHCTpH6yTHBHa y
opHocy Ha o n e p a p n jy MHoaceaa.
/letjjHHHpnja 2 .1 2 . CmpyKmypa (S, *, o) je ripcmen aKo je:
1. 3 a ceaKo x E S je x • 0 = 0 • x = 0.
2. 3a ceaKo x E S u cearco y E S je
~ ( x - y ) = { - x ) - y = x •( - / / ) .
0 = 0 - y = ( x + ( - x )) - y = x - y + ( —x ) • y.
a * b = a + b + ab
(x * y) * Z = (z * x) * y.
x * y = x y — a x + by
o M NL ND NLK
M M NL ND NLK
NL NL NLK M ND
ND ND M NLK NL
NLK NLK ND NL M
f l( x ) = x, h { x ) = —, h ( x ) = 1 — 0;,
/ 4 ( I ) = Th ' = =
h HeKa je o o n e p a p n ja Ha S pe<j)MHHcaHa c a ( f o g ) ( x ) = f ( g( x) ) s a f , g e S.
H oK a 3 aTH p a j e (S, o) r p y n a .
25
\iircSapcKe cTpyKType
i:t. H a c n y n y M2 pecfiHHHcaHa j e o p e p a p p ja * c a
(x, y )* (u, v ) = ( x + u e v , y + v)
a * 6 = a r c t a n ( t a a a + t&nb), a ,b e A .
/loKa3aTH p a je (A ,*) r p y p a .
15. HcnHTaTH p a jih je (A ,*) r p y n a a n o je
H a * b = ab 3 a a, b G A.
I (i. H e n a j e (A ,* ) r p y p a . H o n a s a r a p a 3 a cBaKo x ,y € A B a*H
(x*y) 1 = y 1 * x l .
19. H e n a j e m € Z h m Z = { m a | a € Z }. H o n a s a r a p a j e (m Z , + , •) ppcTeH.
H e n a j e V{A) papTHTHBHH CKyn CKypa A h Hena cy A h D pepoM o p e p a -
nnje cH M eT pm H e pa3PHKe h n p e c e n a CKynoBa. JloKa3aTH p a j e CTpyKTypa
['P(A), A, n) KOMyTaTHBHH npcTeH c a jeppHHpoM (Eynoe npcmen).
21. y cp y p y Z pe(})HHHcaHe cy o p e p a p p je * h • ca
a * b = a + b + 1, a » b = ab + a + b.
o * b = a + b — 4, a • b = ab — 4 a - 46 + 20.
/loK a3aTH p a j e (Z , * ,• ) np cT eH .
26
Ajire6apcKe C T pyK xype
a * b = a + b + 1, a o b = a + b + ab.
x * y = x + y - 1, x o y = 2 x y - 2 x - 2 y + 3.
Z to K a3 a ra p a j e (A, *, o) n o jte .
x * y = ax + b y - 2, x o y = Xy - 2x - 2y + 6,
2.7 Z lo n a Ta K
1 3 5 7 ’mod( 12) 1 5 7 11
'mod(S)
i 1 3 5 7 1 1 5 7 11
3 3 1 7 5 5 5 1 11 7
5 5 7 1 3 7 7 11 1 5
7 7 5 3 1 11 11 7 5 1
f { x *y) = f( x ) o f(y)
/ ( 2 a ) = 1, /(2 a + l) = - l , (a e Z)
f ( x y ) = ln (xy) = Ina; + ln y = f { x ) + f { y )
ni. ceaKO x, y G R + .
M a T p H i i ; e m ^ e T e p M H H a H T e
llojaM M a ip im e
THKaJIHHM PpTaMa,
'an a i2 •• Oln ^
a-2i o22 ••• 02n
®m2 • Sjrm/
HJIH
a n a i2 • • a ln
021 «22 - • o 2ri
E j i e MMe H
cuTm
H an,
UU, a%
^ 2,
, ■. •■ .• j< H ^HHe * 'm y flP CT7iy a eJIeMeH™ ° 2^ • ‘ •’
ijhhc j- m y koaohd ( CTy 6 a p ) M aT pnpe A. M a T p n p a ™ n a jn x n HMa m
B pcTa h n K O J io H a .
Si s2 s3 s4
Fi / '1 3 12 16 !5 \
f2 22 26 12 i g
f 3 \.1 7 16 15 li/
Hene cneiinjaJiHC M aTpiiuc HMajy n o c e 6 Ha HMeHa. M a T p n p a mhjh cy
cbh ejieMeHTH j e d a r a * nyjiH naBH sa ce nyna MampuUa h o a n a n a s a c a Umxn
HJI„ caMO ca 0 ano j e ja c n o K o je c y flHMenaHje xe M aTpnpe M a T p n p a
THna 1 x n n a 3 HBa ce MampuUa epcm a, a M aTpnna THna m x 1 na3HBa ce
Mampuv,a K O A o n a hjih BeKTop. A ko j e m = n, oahocho
an ai2 Oln
021 a22 ** 0 ‘2n
A = 1
n
tr A = } ag.
i =i
JlH jaroH ajiH y MaTpHiiy (J>opMnpaHy o/i ejieMeHaTa /injaroH ajie M aTpnpe
1 o 3Ha^aBaMo c a d i a g A KBa/ipaTHa MaTpHi/a n n jn c y cbh ejieMeHTH BaH
rjiaBHe /ih ]aroH ajie je/inaKH HyjiH, a 6 a p je/iaH pyi)aroHaJiHH j e pa3JiHHHT o/i
nyjie, Ha3HBa c e dujazoncuma Mampuv,a. ZbijaroH ajiH a MaTpnn;a HHjn c y cbh
/injaroHajiHH ejieMeHTH M e ljy co 6 HO je/iHaKH 30Be c e CKanapna Mampuv,a. O/i
noceSH or HHTepeca j e cK ajiapH a M aTpnpa n n jn c y cbh /injaroHajiHH e jie
M e H T H je/iHaKH je/iHHHH;H y nojLy K . TaK B a M aTpnpa c e Ha3HBa jed un unu a
1 0 ... 0
0 1 ... 0
0 0 ... 1
i = j,
Sij — (3.1)
i Ž i.
ra/ia je E n = In = [6ij}n.
IIo cT o je h n p y r e BpcTe KBa/ipaTHHx M aTpm ia Kao ihto c y zoprba mpoy-
:atma ko/ i Koje c y cbh ejieMeHTH ncno/i rjiaBH e /injaroH ajie je/iHaKH HyjiH h
dima mpoyzaona h h jh c y cbh ejieMeHTH H3Ha/i rjiaBHe /injaroH ajie je/iHaKH
nyjiH. ZlaKJie, ano je
M aT pm ja Trnia m x n hmb
no^M aTpm ja Tim a p x q 3 a p < m
h q < n.
C a S H p a i f c e u o^ay 3 HM aKbe M a T p m j a
3a i = u j =
Pl P2 Ps Pa Pi P2 P3 Pa
25 14 13 n \ Ai ( 2 1 17 14 16
20 12 15 , B= A 2 i 19 16 14 12
18 14 11
16 13/ Tla 'V 23 18 10 15
/46 31 27 33\
C = A+ B = 39 28 29 23 .
\41 32 26 28/
1. A + B = B + A (KOMyTaTHBHOCT),
2- {A + B ) + C — A + (B + C ) (a c o p a j aTHBHOCT),
3. A + 0 = 0 + A = A,
4. A + ( - A ) = ( - A ) + A = O, rpe j e - A = ( - aij).
MilTpHU,e M flCTepMHHaflTC 33
71e(J)HHHn;Hja 3 .5 . Heua je A —
—(a.ij')mx u ^ ^^ == f bij )m x ti■ Pa 3JiuKa Mcanpupo,
\ u B, y osnapu A —B, je Mampupa C dama ca
C = A + {-B ).
1. 1 ■A = A,
2. (Ap ) A = A(pA),
3. (A + p ) A = AA + p A ,
4. A(A + B) = XA + \ B .
A oka3. CBe HaBepeHe oco Ghhc HenocpepHO npoH3HJia3e H3 oproB apajyliH X
oco6nH a o n e p a p n ja c a S u p a ita h M H O seBa y noji»y K . ■
MHOHKeEbe M aT pu p a
k= 1
3a i = 1 , . . . , I u j = 1 , . . . , n.
34 M a T p u n e u neTepMHHaHTe
— C/ij
•
A B C
CjiHKa 3.1. Cij = anbij + ai2&2j H------ b airnbmj
riPHMEP 3 .3 .
4 —3"
'2 - 1 3 'c ii C12
1 2
1 - 2 4 — C21 C22
0 3
_0 3 5 .C31 C32.
- -1 1
zde je
ću = 2 -4 + ( - 1 ) • 1 + 3 -0 + 0 - ( - 1 ) = 7
c12 = 2 - ( - 3 ) + ) - 1 ) -2 + 3 - 3 + 0 - 1 = 1
C2i = 1 • 4 + ( —2) • 1 + 4 • 0 + 1 • ( —1) = 1
C22 = 1 • ( - 3 ) + ) — 2 ) - 2 + 4- 3 + l - l = 6
C3i - 0 - 4 + 3 - 1 + 5- 0 + ( —1) ■( —1) = 4
c32 = 0 ■(—3) + 3 • 2 + 5 • 3 + ( —1) • 1 = 20
3 2 1
llcnMEP 3 .5 . A ko je A = uB = ^ , mada je
1 4 0
C T e n e H M a T p m je
A° = E, A 1 = A, An = A n~l • A
3a n = 2 , 3 , __
.'Ml
MaTpime h AeTepMHHaHTe
T eo p eM a 3 .5 . A ko je A neadpam na Mampupa, a
mada je m u n npupodnu 6pojeeu,
1 A m - A n = Am+n,
2. (A m)n = Amn.
A m ■A 1 = A m ■A = A m+l
n a TBpJjeifce Baacn 3 a n = 1. H3
npe-rnocTaBKe pa T B p ^ e a e bbjkh 3a n,
oniHOCHo ,a;a j e
A m ■An = A m+n
cjie^H # a j e
Am -An+1 = • (A71 • 4 )
= (i4m • 4 n) • 4
= A m+n. A
= y4m+n+ l
II pmmep 3 .6 . 3 a Mampupy A 2 -4
1 - 2 je A 2 = O, uaKo je A ^ O . Hapaeno,
ananozan npuMep ne nocm oju y cKyny j
n
II phm ep 3 .7 . M.OKa3amu da je 'l a 'i na
0 1 0 1 , zde je a peanan Spoj, a n
npupodan 6poj.
1 n+1
1 a 1 a 1 a 1 na 1 a 1 (n + l ) a
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
l'p aH cn o H O B aH b e M a T p m j e
1. ( AT)T = A;
2. ( \A ) t = AA T;
3. (A + B ) t = AT + B t ;
4. ( A B f = B t At .
4 oka 3. C B a TBp^eEta T eopeM e c jie p e H3 petJnmHpiije TpaHcnoHOBaHe Ma-
i p u p e u cB ojcT aB a o p r o B a p a jy tiH x o n e p a p n ja . ■
y pa3HHM npHMeHaMa M aTpunH or pa*iyH a c y c p e t iy c e kb appaT H e Ma-
i p u p e Koje HMajy n o c e 6 a a CBojcTBa y o p H o c y Ha CTepeHOBaite h T paH cno-
noBaiBe.
cos ip sm </?
IIbh m ep 3 . 8 . Mampuv,a A j e opmozoHaAHa jep j e A t A = E.
— sin ip co s <p
I le K a c y xq u yo K o o p d u n a m e m au n e M y npaeoyzAO M k o opdunarrm om cucm eM y
rO y , a x'0 u y'0 K o o p d u n a m e m e u c m e m a u n e y n o o p d u n a m n o M c u c m e M y x 'O y '
n o ju je d o 6 u je n p o m a v ,u jo M n o o p d u n a m n o z c u c m e M a xO y 3a y z a o ip ( C A u n a
xo xq
3.2). Mootce ce dona3amu d a je = A-
[Vol yo
3.2 H e T e p M H H a irre
n{n — 1)
n — 1 + n — 2 H------h l
2
n a napH ocT nepivryTan;Hje 3aB ncn o# n a p H o cra S p o ja n (n - l ) / 2.
I lo jnM flCTepMHHaHTe
hau ca |A |.
an a i2
|A | = = 011022 — 0120 21 .
021 022
Y c jiy n a jy M a T p rn je A T p e h e r p e ^a h m h m o 36n p o # m e c T c a G H p a K a je p t o -
y CBaKoj o ,a ; t h x n e p M y T a ip ija , H 3 je ^ H a K o c ra (3 .4 ) ^ o G n ja M O je
II pmmep 3 .9 .
2 3 - 1
4 1 2 = - 6 - 4 + 3 6 - 6 - 4 - 1 = 15.
-1 1 -3
2 3 - 1 2 3
4 1 2 4 1 = - 6 - 6 - 4 - 1 - 4 + 36 = 15.
-1 1 - 3 - 1 1
T<žPn
<>CHOBHa CBOJCTBa ^ eT ep M H H a H T H
\ A r \ =
r€P n
= ^ ( - l ) InvM a l r i a 2r 2 - - - a nTn
T€.Pn
= \A\. U
cjie^H |A| = 0 .
2. A ko je A K o e f j m m tje H T n p o n o p p n o H a jiH o c T H ^ bc B pcTe M a Tp n p e A,
oHAa j e | A | = A|H|, r « e M a Tp n p a B m a ffB e n cTe B pcTe. O C su p o M ^ a je
\B\ = 0 , t o j e h | A | = 0 .
3. H ena je , o^pe^eH ocTH p a ^ n , y MaTpmjH A npBa BpcTa jm H eapna
K O M 6 H H a n ;H ja o c T a j r a x ,
n n
a n = ^ 2 ^ k a kli a 12 — ^ k a k2, •■■i a l n = ^ ^Afcrtfcn-
k= 2 k= 2 k 2
1' i pune u ^eTepMHHaHTe
43
je
<
II
<N
H--------1- An
I i'opeM a 3 .1 5 . B p e d H o c m d e m e p M U H a n m e M a m p u p e A c e n e M e n a ciko c e
Koj o p e r n u M a m p u p e d o d a A u n e a p n a K O M 6 u n a p u j a o c m a A u x e p c m a .
&n 1 a n2
n n n
^ ^Ak a kl T Afcafc2 • ■ ^ Ak o
k= 2 k= 2 k= 2
\A\ + a21 a 22 « 2n
\A-B\ = \A\.\B\.
7IoKa3 OBe TeopeMe Mome ce HaJin y [ ].
i >u:iJiaraH>e fleTepMHHaHTe
ai,J+ l «lt»
an aiJ -i
'1
E
a'ePn- 1
( _ l) I n v K ) 0 la , ' ’ Oj—lcrj_ , "1+1*1+1
3 a S hjio Koje j — 1 ,2 ,. . n.
IlPHMEP 3 .1 0 .
1 2 3 |5 6l 4 6 4 5 = - 3 + 1 2 - 9 = 0.
+ 3-
4 5 6 -1 - J —2 •
7 9 7 8
|8 9|
7 8 9
y npeTXOflHOM n p „M o p y j e ^ e T e p — e W yro r
IlPMMEP 3 .1 1 .
1 0 1 -- 11 - . i i
1 1 -1
1 1 1 - -1 1
4 0 2 4 0 = 3 - 1 5 + 1 - 1 2 = 57.
to
3 3 5 - 2 ( - 1)
3 -1 5 -2 6 9 3 6 9 3
6 0 9 3
MaTpune u .neTepMHHanTC 45
1 0 1 -1 1 0 1 -1
3 2 2
2 3 4 0 0 3 2 2
= -1 2 1 = 57.
3 -1 5 -2 0 -1 2 1
0 3 9
6 0 9 3 0 0 3 9
Cl C2 ... Cn
n
l’a^ a j e D\ — ^ ^ C jA ^ j j e p c y KO(j)aKTopH eJieMeHaTa k- Te BpcTe neT ep -
3=1
MHHaHTH D h D \ je^HaKH. Cnen;HjajiHO, a n o j e Cj = 3a j = l , . . . , n ,
iu'TepMHHaHTa D \ HM atie j e b a n e #Be BpcTe, niTO 3H ann n a j e EbeHa Bpen-
MOCT je^Hana HynH. ■
46 Mu 111m11« u u u |iMiniaHTe
n
dijAik = 0, k ± j.
O flH O C H O
aa-Aki + + • • • + ainAkn — 8ik D
h jth K p a tie
n
^ ^aik ^ jk — ^ij I-A|
k=l
r^ e j e 8ik KpoH eKepoB chm 6 oji ( bh ^ th ( 3. 1 ) ) .
HanoMeHHMO ^ a nocT oje h ajiTepHaTHBHH npHCTynn Ae<t>HHHca&y nojMa
^eTepMHHaHTe. Ha npHMep, y [ ] .neTepMHHaHTa ce fle(j)HHMme pc.'Kyp3HBHO
noM otly Jla n a a c o B o r p a 3Boja no npBoj B p c ra . 3 a MaTpHii;y A = (ojj) p e ^ a
n = 1 je det(A) = a u , flon je 3a n > 1
n
3.3 M H B ep 3 H a M a T p m ja
A rn jy H r o B a H a M a T p m j a
adj A = (cof A) t
IIpeM a TOMe,
(A u A-21 ■ Ani ^
A l2 a 22 • ■ A n2
adj A =
A - ( a d j ^ ) = ( a d j A ) - A = \A\E. (3.7)
k=1
cneffvi
adj A adj A
A- ■A = E,
~ w ~ w
48 M m i | immi u mi 11 (iMmiiiHTe
v _ adj A
II p h m e p 3 .1 2 . Hena je
-4
A -3
-5
Tada je |A| = —1 / 0,
-3 2 1
An = A 12 = — = 5 A,;, = 1
-5 3 -1
-4 5 3 5 -4
A 22 = = -1 8 A 23 —
121
—5 -1 3 - 1 r> = 3
-4 5 3 5 3 -4
A 31 = 11 A 12 7 A 13 -l.
-3 1 2 1 2 -3
J lp e M a m oM e,
-8 29 -ir
-5 18 -7
A ~1 = \ A \ 'odi A =
1 -3 1
C B o j c T B a H H B ep 3H e M aT p H ii;e
1. ( A - Y = (AT)~1;
2. ( A B ) - 1 = B ~ l A~ l ;
3. (A n ) - 1 = (A- 1 )" 3a n e N.
A oka3. 1 . C jicuh H3 (A A - 1 )T = ( A ~ Y A T h A A ~ i = E.
2. (A B ) ( B ~ lA ~ 1) = A ( B B ~ 1 )A ~ 1 = A E A ~ l = A A - 1 = E. C jihmho je h
( B - 1 A~ 1 ){AB) = E.
3. CiieflH H3 2. ■
3 a pery jiap H y MaTpHuy A Mo»ce ^ a ce ^eifiHHHme h CTenen A " 3a
npnponaH 6poj n Ha c jie ^ e h n HaHHH:
A~n = (A - 1 )n.
MaTpnuc h /jeTepMHnaHTC 49
M a T p H M H e je,HHaM HHe
X = A~ l B
A X = A(A~ 1 B) = ( AA ~ l )B = E B = B.
Ha c j m r a a H H a n H H M O » :e ce n p o B e p n TH ^ a je X = BA 1 pem eB be M a Tp H H H e
je^Ha^HHe X A = B.
1 2 5 6
f lP H M E P 3 .1 3 . Mama je MampuHHa jedna,nuna •X = . Oede je
3 4 7 8
'l 2 '5 6 4 -2
5, B = , A~ l = - -
3 4 7 8 ’ 2 -3 1
'o
co
1
■«*
1 '5 6
1
X = A~l B =
00
2 -3 1 4 5.
i
At Y = Bt ,
4 1 4 2 1 -l'
A= 1 -2 1 , B = 1 1 -3
6 9 5 2 -3 -1
1 0 3 '10 6 -5 '
C = -1 -2 1 , D = 13 7 -2
2 4 3 9 13 -7
50 MaTpupe m flcTcpM nnaH Te
'l 2 3'
X — (2B + D) ■(A - 2C ) - 1 = 2 3 1 .
3 1 2
» A = [4 1 4 ; 1 - 2 1 ; 6 9 5 ] ; B = [ 2 1 - 1 ; 1 1 - 3 ; 2 - 3 -1 ] ;
» C = [1 0 3 ; -1 - 2 1; 2 4 3 ] ; D = [10 6 - 5 ; 13 7 - 2 ; 9 13 - 7 ] ;
» E = 2*B + D; F= A - 2*C;
» X = E * in v ( F ) ;
3 .4 PaH r MaTpnn;e
riojaM p aH ra
je
2 -1 -3
2 ,4 A/1.2,3 _ 5 1 .2.3.4
M 1,3 ^2,3,4 — 1 -1 M-1 .2.3.4 |A|.
7 7 9
CKyn cbhx MHHopa ^aTe M aT pupe c a c T o ju ce on nBa nHcjyHKTHa nofl-
CKyna - MHHopa Kojn cy jeflHaKH H yjin h MHHopa K ojn cy pa3JiHMHTH o #
Hyjie.
TletjjHHPmHja 3 .1 9 . Epoj r je p a m Mampuv,e A ^ O ano MeJjy MunopuMa
pa3AUHumuM od nyAe nocmoju Munop peda r, don cy ceu Munopu peda eeHez
od r (aKO nocmoje) jednaKU nyAU. P a m nyAa Mampupe je nyAa.
MaTpUHe H flCTCpMHHaHTC 51
< 3,4 = 2 i ^ 0 .
-4 3 1 0
1 -2 1 -4 2
0 1 -1 3 1
1 -7 4 -4 5
^1,2,3 = 1 7^ 0 >
to je r(A) = 3.
EjieMeHTapHe Tpajsc<{)opMaii;n:je M aT p n ga
3aMeHy i-Te h k - i e BpcTe 03HaHHheM0 c a (i) «-> (k), MHoaceae i-Te BpcTe
SpojeM A ^ 0 03HaHHtieM0 c a (i) —►A • (i), a n°nasaH >e i-Toj b pcth k-Te
BpcTe npeTxonHO noMHo*eHe 6pojeM A o3HaHHlieMo c a (i) —♦ (i) + A • (k).
3anHCHBatieMo H3Ha,n; 3H ana ~ aKo ce o^H oce Ha BpcTe, a hciio ^ top 3Hana
aKO ce o^HOce Ha KOJioHe M a ip im e . y3acT orom M npnMcmiMH 0JiCMeHrapHHX
TpaHC(J)opMan;Hja u a T a M aT pm ja A ce Mome TpaHC(J>opMHcaTH y MaTpHHy
A' K oja HMa TaK03BaHy cmenenacmy fopMy, n o ro ^H y 3 a neiiocpe,/i,no o^pe-
^H B afte p a H ra M aTpniie.
II phm ep 3 .1 5 .
2. M3panyHaTH 2 A + 3 B ano je
2 1 1 0
A =
0 1 2 2 '
3. H 3panyH a™
' 3"
1
tO O*
"5 0 2 3" 1
1
(1) 4 1 5 3 ; (2) [4 0 -2 3 1 ]- -1
^ -
3 1 - 1 2 5
i___
2
i
4. Hena je
"1 2 1"
-1 2 4
A= B = 2 3 2 C =
3 1 0 ’
0 -1 1
H3panyHaTH
5. M3pa*iyHaTH
6. 3 a n € N H3pa*iyHaTH
( 1)
v5 “ 4
3
2
4
5 «(i
cos a —sin a
(1) sin a cos a (2 )
i)'
7. I43paiiyHaTn f ( A ) ano je /( X ) = X 3 — 3A’ ) / , i /«< |i< I |<\nminnHa
. , f1 i
MaTpmja h r^ e je 4 = .
o z
8. Oflpe^HTH CBe MaTpmje X ^ p y ro r p e^ a 3a Koje Je
'1 2 r ' 4 1 1
2 1 2 , B = -4 2 0
1 2 3 1 2 i
3 1 ()'
'l 2
(1)A = 3 4
; (2)41 = 0 3 1
0 0 3
-1 cos a - sin a
(1) -5
(2) šino; COSCt
(3)
a —x c + di
= 0
c — di b —x
X
Hto
f(x) a a2 a b.
b 62
17. K opncT efm JlanjiacoB pa3Boj ,n;oKa3aTH n a je
a 3 0 5
0 b 0 2
1 2 c 3
0 0 0 d
18. HoKa3aTH n a je
oi + b\x ai —b\x ci Ol bi Cl
(1 ) a 2 + b2x a 2 — b2x c2 = —2x 02 bi C2
o 3 + b3x a3 - b3x c3 03 b3 C3
b\ a \x + biy + ci
ai ai bi Cl
(2 ) b2 a2x + b2y + c2
a2 = «2 b2 C2
a3 b3 a3x + b3y + c3 «3 b3 C3
19. K opninheiB eM o c o S ira a neTepMHHaHTH n 3 panyH aTH
2 -5 1 2 6 -5 8 4 0 c d
b
-3 7 -1 4 9 7 5 2 b 0 d c
(1) 5 -9 2 7 ; (2)
7 5 3 7 ; (3) c d 0 b
4 -6 1 2 -4 8 -8 -3 d c b 0
20. M 3panyHaTH Bpe^HOCT naTe neTepMHHaHTC n -T or p e n a
3 2 0 ••• 0 0
3 2 2 ••• 2
1 3 2 ••• 0 0
2 3 2 ••• 2
0 1 3 ••• 0 0
2 2 3 ••• 2
(1 ) ; (2)
0 0 0 ••• 3 2
2 2 2 ••• 3
0 0 0 ••• 1 3
IVI JI I I............ .......| »MHHaHTe
56
M H B epaH a M a ip n p a . Y 3 .3 j e 3 a K B a ^ p a T H y M a T p n u y mm hh-
B e p 3 H a M a T p m ja , #O K a3aH O j e fla C B aK a p e r y a a p H a M R ip n im ii m u | iv ih h -
C T B eH y H H B ep 3 H y M a T p w p y h ^aT a cy h H e K a C B o j c T B a n m n p <m m iii pm u .
K o p n c T e f iH T a C B o jc T B a , K a o h C B o jc T B a ochobhhx o n e p a n H jn ■ Miupn-
p a M a , M o r y c e p e m a B a T H H e K e je ,A H O C T a B H n je M a T p u H i i e j e n i m ' i i u u
O^pe^HTH HX
'i 1 1 4 ii - f
'l 2 ’i i 2 ; I l -l
2 3 (4)
1 ;
; (2) (3)
3 6 2 3 :i - 1
3 9 4
22. OflpeflHTH cBe Bpe^HOCTH a € R 3a Koje ^aTa MaTpmia » mu miBop3Hy
'i 1 1 '
4+ a —1 3 a
; (2 ) 2
(i) 3 —1 a
4 9 o2
(1) At {X - B ~ x)A~l = ( A B r 2;
(2) BA (3 X + 2B t )~1A~ 1 = A B ~ l A.
27. 3 a ^aTe MaTpnpe
1 2 4 5 -1 -2 2
B C 4
3 4 6 7 4 0 ’
p e n iH T H M a T p H H H y je ^ H a n H H y
(1) 2 A X + 4 B - 3 B X = D C ,
(2) A B X C = D.
M u r p a p e a p eT epM H H aH T e 57
■3 2
'S' floKa3aTH pa je MaTpnpa A = pem eite MaTpnnHe jepHannHe
4 5
~ $ A + 7 £ = O n H a ocHOBy T o ra H3panyHaTH A~ l
"i A ko j e M aT pnpa A pem eube MaTpnnHe jepHaHHHe A3A2 + A + E = —
1 poKa3aTH p a j e A H ecH H rypapH a M aTpnpa. M 3panyHaTH 3aTHM A ~ l
MiiMohy M aTpnHHor nojiHHOMa p p y r o r CTeneHa M aTpnpe A.
■3 1 -2 '2 1 3"
-1 3 -2 4'
1 2 1 1 -1 1
(1) -2 5 1 7 ; ( 2) ; (3)
5 5 0 1 1 1
-1 1 8 2
4 3 -1 0 1 1
a 0 1
'31 1 4'
1 0 a -1
a 4 10 1
(1) 0 2a 1 ; (2) 1 7 17 3 ; (3) 1 a a —1 1
1 1 a -1 0 -1 a2
2 2 4 3_
l ’ A k o c y A h B M aT pnpe h c t o t p e p a , T apa je
11Ji.BecTH n p H M e p e M a T p n p a A h B 3a Koje j e
3.6 ilo n a T a K
HoKa3 TeopeM e 3 .1 7
IIOKA3. 3 a flaTO i H en a c r ( i , j ) o 3 H a n a B a n e p M y T a u n jy c K y n a {1, • ■• , n } KOJ'
Ba I-TOM M ecTy HMa eaeM eH T j ,a
1 , a o 6 H je „ y ® n e p M y T a n a je B 30C T aaa.aa.eM
ejieMeHTa j. T a ^ a je
' a n<7n
CTšžPn
' Qn.nL •
«*„ E ( - l ) t a W t n ) ) a 1a j
<r'(i,n)
= ( - 1 )i+1a i l M il
= ClnA-ii.
HcToprajcKe HanoMeHe
B eK T O pC K H np O C T O p H
3. (a + (3) • x = a ■ x + (3 ■ x ,
4. (a/3) • x = a ■ {(3 • x ),
5. 1 • x = x
1. V = C, K = R, a + u ■ cy cmandapdne onepapuje y C ;
2. V = Rn, K = R, a + u ■ cy de^unucanu ca
zde cy c t i , . . . , a n CKanapu U3 K .
HaKJie,
L ( X ) = { a ix i H------- h a nxn \ a i , . . . , a n € K } .
II phm ep 4 .2 . BeKmopu x = ( 2 ,— 1 ,3 ,4 ) , y = ( 1 , 0 , 1 , - 1 ) , 2 = ( 1 , —1 ,2 ,5 )
eercmopcKOZ npocm opa M4 cy Auneapno saeucnu jep je 1 • x — 1 • y — 1 • z = 0.
U3 Kojux CAedu 0 1 = 0 2 = 03 = 0.
je J iH H e a p H a K O M G n H a p H ja o c T a J iH X .
M o r y ! ia c y pBa c jiy n a ja .
c b h je p H a K H H y jiH h 3a K o je je
O^HOCHO
Al2/1 + A2?/2 + • • • + \m V rn — 0,
rfle j e
Ai = - ( — A 2 + - + ^ A m ) .
Van an )
rio n iT o je 6ap je^aH o,n cnajiapa A2 , . . . , Am pa3jihmht o# Hyjie, BeK-
TOpH y i , y 2 , ■. . , y m °y JIHHeapHO 3aBHCHH. ■
4 .3 B a 3 a h rzp[MeH3Hja BeKTopcKor n p o cT o p a
y BeKTopcKOM npocxopy cy noceSHO beokhh CKynoBH BeKTopa HHje JiHHe-
apHe KOM6HHan;Hje reHepHmy peo npocTop.
II ph m e p 4 .5 .
Jedna 6a3a npocm opa R n j e B = { e i , e 2, . . . , e n } , zde je
e x = ( 1 , 0 , . . . ,0), e2 = ( 0 , 1 , . , . ,0), en = ( 0 , 0 , . . . , 1 ) .
a = (a i, 0 , . . . , 0) + (0 , 02, 0 , . . . , 0) + ••• + ( 0 , 0 , . . . , an )
= o i ( l , 0 , . . . , 0) + 02( 0 , 1 , 0 , . . . , 0) + ••• + a n ( 0 , 0 , . . . , 1)
= a ie i + •— 1- a n e n .
p = a • p i + b ■ p 2 + c - p3
IV opeM a 4 .4 . C a a K U c n y n o d n j i u n e a p n o n e 3 a e u c n u x e e n m o p a o 6 p a 3 y j e 6 a 3 y
n i)uM eH 3U O H ajm oz e e u m o p c K O Z n p o c m o p a V.
T e o p e M a 4 .5 . K o o p d u n a m e c e a n o z e e n m o p a K O H a u H o d u M e H 3 u o n a jm o z e e n -
inopcK O Z n p o c m o p a y d a m o j 6 a 3 u c y j e d u n c m e e n e .
3a HeKO x £ V. T a # a je
4 .4 IlH T a H ,a h 3a^au;H
4.5 H onaTćiK
EyKJiH^i;cKH n p o c T o p «
2. { x , y ) = { y , x ) ;
3. (A®, y) = A(®, y) 3a A € R;
4. (x + y , z ) = ( x, z ) + (y , z ) .
onda je ca
( * , y ) = X iy i + x 2y2 H------- 1- x nyn
(f , 9 ) = [ f(x)g(x)dx.
J0
1. ( x , Ay ) = \ ( x , y ) 3 a A € R;
2 . ( x , y + z) = ( x, y) + ( * ,* );
3. ( * , 0) = 0.
||a:|| = y j ( * , * )
co sv , = 3 m L = ____ ( J jr t ____
11*11 ll^ll \ / ( x >x > v ( y -
C a r jia c H o Heje^HanocTH Koimt-ByH>aKOBCKor, ^ecHa CTpaHa npeTXo^He
JcflHaKOCTH Hnje no M o,gyjiy B e h a o^ 1, n a 3an cT a npe^CTaBJta KOCHHyc
neKor yrJia.
70 BeKTOpCKH npOCTOpil
1 - 1 + 0 - 1 + 1 - 0 + 0 -0 1
cos (p = , ..................= -----.tt't,'........... = -.
V i 2 + 02 + l 2 + 02 • V i '2 + l 2 + 02 + 02 2
(f , g ) = I f{x)g(x)dx= I 2 (2 x - l ) d x = 2 ( x 2 - x) = 0 .
J0 J0 0
Je,HHaiiMHa m n e p p a B H H
x ■a + (3 — 0
a \ x j + a 2x 2 H------ f a „ xn + 0 0.
a \x\ + (3 = 0 ,
a \ X \ + » 2 ^ 2 + P = 0,
1 /lc T o p n jc K e H a n o M e H e
1. CivraTpa ce n a c e nojaM eenm opcKoz npocm opa npBH nyT jacHO no-
liuiHO y p a n y K o j n j e HCManKH M aT eM am n ap TpacM aH (H erm ann G u n th er
G rassm ann, 18 0 9 -18 7 7 ) oSjaBH o 18 62. ronHHe.
2. E y K J iH n ( oko 330 -
HOBe e p e ) je n o 3 H a ™ rp n K H (a H T H H K n ) M a Te M a ra -
n a p . E [o y 3 n a H H X n o n a Ta n a o n e ro B O M >K H B O Ty h
pany HeM a, a jiH ce y3H M a na je SKHBeo y A jick-
c a H n p n jH (E m n a r ) h n a je H M ao M a x e M a rr H H K y
n iK o jx y . 3 a EyK Jinna c e C M a r p a n a je a y io p n y -
E yK Jinny c e n p H n n
ocH O BaM a. c y je p e n e H H iia ’He
nocmoju Kpa/beecKU nym y zeoM em pujy’ K o j y j e y n y T H O IlT O J io M e jy Ha n n -
r a a e n a jih n o c T o jn jia K n iH H a n ra 3a y n e a e r e o M e T p n je (o n n p o y H a B a a a
CnCTeM H J IH H e a p H H X
j e ^ n p a ^ H H a
anxi + a i 2 X2 + •• • + a l nxn — bi
021^1 + <*2 2 ^ 2 + •• • + ®2n 2'n = b‘2
(5.1)
+ am2x 2 + •• • + = bm
K p atiH 3 an n c CHCTeMa £ je
n
(Lij X j L — 1, 2, • . ■ , TTl.
3=1
IIph m ep 5 .1 . 3 a c u c m e M e
=
S\ : xi +
X2 3 Xi + X2 = 1
£2 : ’
Xl — 2x2 = 0 2xi + 2x2 = 2
+ x2 = 1
£3 : 3 :1
Xl + X2 - 2
= { ( a , l - a) |a e
ST
si
je RSl = { ( 2 ,1 ) } , R s 2 CucmeM S i je
s
II
co
P a 3 H H 3 a ir a c H c H C T e M a jra H e a p H H X jeflH a M H H a
A X = B, (5.2)
OflHOCHO
^ an ai2 ••• ain^ ( X \^ (b A
a-2\ 0*22 ••• Cl2n X2 b2
=
II pmmep 5 .2 . 3a cucm eM
ax i + bx 2 = a, cx\ + dx 2 = (3
a b x\
A = X
c d ’ X2_
1 "d - b a
X
ad — bc —c a [0]
1 ad -(3b
ad —bc —ac + (3a ’
OČHOCHO
a d — /3b (3a —ac
X2 =
Xl = ad - bc ' ad —bc
Iada je
2 1 -1 2
A= 1 3 -2 , B = -3
3 -3 1 10
-1 1 1
1 4 = 2, A~x = -7 5 3
-11 7 5
na j e
1
■- i i r 2
to
X = A ~ 'B = \ -7 5 3 -3 = -1
-1 1 7 5 9 1
A ko KOJioHe MaTpmje A 03HaHHM0 ca A i , . . ., An, chctcm (5 .1 ) Moase &a
iv :ia n n m e h y o 6 jiH K y
( h \
X2 b2
(A i A 2 ■ ■ An) z=.
\x nj Kpm)
i iJIHOCHO
x \A \+ X 2 A 2 -\ ------- \-x nA n = B. (5.3)
3am ic (5.3) je eeKm o p c K U 3 a n u c CHCTeMa JiHHeapHHX j e l a n i m a . P e-
niuBOCT CHCTeMa ce MO*e HHTepnpeTHpaTH Kao MoryliHOCT npe^CTaBJtaBba
in'KTopa c j i o 6 o / [ h h x HJiaHOBa y o6jiHKy jiHHeapHe KOMCnHaiinje BeKTopa-
i.oaoHa M aTpm ie CHCTeMa.
Xk = ~J)' = (5.4)
/I.OKA3. IIoraTO j e A p e r y jia p H a M a ip n ija , hmamo ^ a je
/A n A 21 ••• A nA ( bA
A 12 A 22 ••• A n2 b2
A ~ 'B - a * -AB 1
\A\ D : : ’ •. :
^Aln A2n *’ ‘ A nnJ w
76 C h c t c m h JiHHeapiinx joanaMHiia
i= 1
OHfla H3 npeTXOflHe je^HaKOCTH floOnjaMO ^ a j e xk = Dk/ D . Ilp e M a TOMe,
CHCTeM HMa jeflHHCTBeHO p e m e a e f la r o <j)opMyjiaMa (5 .4 ). ■
Je^HaKOCTH (5.4) n o 3HaTe c y Kao K p a M e p o a e ifio p M p A e .
M3 T eo p eM e 5.1 cjie^H ,n;a xoM oreH c h c t c m 3a D ^ 0 HMa caMO je^H O
p e m e ite (TpH BHjajrao p e m e ite ) ( 0 , 0 , . . . , 0 ) . Ha npH M ep, c h c t c m
x i + X2 + 2 xz = 0 , Xi + 2 x2 + ^3 = 0 , 2 x i + X2 + X3 = 0
II pm m ep 5 .4 . 3 a cu cm eM
X \ + X 2+ 2x 3 = 4, Xi + 2X2 + x3 = 2, 2xi + X2 + X3 = 1
U M aM O
1 1 2 4 1 2
D= 1 2 1 = -4 , Di = 2 2 1
2 1 1 1 1 1
1 4 2 1 1 4
D2 = 1 2 1 = —1) D3 = 1 2 2
2 1 1 2 1 1
n a je
Di 3 £>2 1 Da _ 9
Xl ~ D ~ 4’ X2 ~ D ~ 4’ D 4'
5 .3 KpoHeKep-KaneJiHjeBa TeopeMa
naja c y 6a3HCHH m h h o p h .
Ollttl + ai2Q !2 + • + = 0
a 11 a ir aij
/• M ) = r, t o je Mj = 0 3a cBaK o k6 { 1 , 2 , . . . , m }. P a 3 B o je M ^eTep M H H aH Te
Mj n o n o c jie f liio j b p c t h f lo G n ja M O ^ a je
Okj
cr+1,1 •Ofei C r + 1,1
«fc2
C r+ 1,
'&kr
M Af A/
Cv 1 —
l- rVo (1, 1,0 -4—
n a je
H oka 3 . H eK a je A M aT pm ja cncTeM a S m A = [A B] n p o n m p e H a M a ip n a a
T or cncTeM a.
y tom c jiy * ia jy je u
IIph m ep 5 .5 . 3a cucmeM
Xi + X2 - X‘S + £4 = 2
-X I + 2X2 + X3 — £4 = 1
X\ — 3X2 - x3 + £4 = a,
1 1 -1 l' 'l 1 -1 r
A = -1 2 1 -1 ~ 0 1 0 0
1 -3 -1 1 0 0 0 0
na je r(A) = 2.
Kano je
1 1 -1 1 2 1 ■ 1 1 2 1 - 1 '
A= -1 2 1 -1 1* rsj 0 1 -1 0 0
1 -3 -1 1 a ; 0 0 a -f- 2 0 0
IIph m e p 5 .6 . 3a cucmeM
£1 - 3£2 + X3 + £4 = 1
3£l + 2£2 — X3 — £4 = a
-o
2£ x — 17X2 6x3 + 3,
B
+
II
-3 1 1 1 '
11 -4 -4 a -3
O
_0 0 0 6 -6 a -- 2
80 CncTeMM jTHHeapnnx je^HaMHHa
CllZl + •• • + C\rZr = di ( c i , r + l 2r + l + •• • + C l n 2n )
C21z l + •• • + C2r%r = d2 ( c 2 , r + l 2r + l + •• • + c 2n zn )
H e x o M o r e H CHCTeM
c jie ^ e tio j n p o n ;e f ly p H .
B a p a jy h n c h c t c m 6e3 ’c y B H in H H x ’ j e ^ a n H H a .
riPHMEP 5 .7 . 3 a cucmeM
X\ + X2 — 6X3 + 9X4 = -3
2xi + 3X2 + 4 x3 — 6x 4 = 2
3xi + 4x2 — 2x 3 + 3x4 = -1
UMaMO
1------
' 1 1 - 6 9 -3 '
co 00
' 1 1 - 6 9
1
A= 2 3 4 -6 2 0 1 16 - 2 4
3 4 - 2 3 -1 0 1 16 - 2 4 8 _
OČHOCHO
' 1 1 -6 9 -3 '
0 1 16 -24 0
0 0 0 0 0
E a 3 U C H u M U H o p j e y z o p n e M A e e o M y ? x iy M a m p u y e A!, n a cy y cu cm eM y
X\ + x2 - 6x 3 + 9x4 = -3
X2 + 16x3 — 2 4 x4 = 8
II pm m ep 5 .8 . 3 a cucm eM
X\ — X2 + 2x 3 + 3x 4 = 1
2x i — X2 + 3x 3 + 6x 4 = 0
xi — 2X2 + 5X3 + 7x4 = 1
3xi — 2x2 + 4x3 + 7x4 = 2
U M aM O
Rs = { ( - a , - 3 - 2a, - 1 - 2 a , a ) | a € R }.
IIphm ep 5 .9 . y cucm eM y
Xl + x2 — 2x 3 = 0
5xi + 3X 2 - *3 = 16
2xi — 4X 2 + x3 = 4
X\ — X2 + *3 = 4
1---
O
to
' 1 1 ' 1 1 -2
1
5 3 -1 16 0 -2 9 16
2 -4 1 4 0 0 1 2
__ 1
O
1 -1 1 4 0 0 0
Xl + X2 — 2X3 = 0
—2x2 + 9x3 = 19
*3 = 2
Koju uMa jeduncmeeno peiuene (x i, X2, * 3) = (3 ,1 , 2).
X oM oreH C H d eM
II p h m e p 5 .1 0 . 3 a xoM ozen cu cm eM
OČHOCHO
'l -2 -1 -l' 'l -2 -1 -l'
0 0 7 5 0 0 7 5
0 0 21 15 0 0 0 0
na je r ( A ) = 2 < 4. E a 3 u c n e n p o M e n j b u e e eKGueajieHnmoz c u c m e M a
x\ — 2x 2 — x3 - X4 = 0
7x3 + 5x4 = 0
Ra,0 = | ( 2 a + l a ’/5 6 l R |
II p h m e p 5 .1 1 . 3 a xoM ozeu cu cm eM
3xi + 2x2 + = 0
2xi + 5X2 + 3x 3 = 0
3xi + 4X2 + 2x3 = 0
je det(^4) = —3 ^ 0, n a c u c m e M um o c a M o m p u e u ja A H o p eiu en e (0 ,0 ,0 ).
( ' mctcmh jiHHeapHHx jc f liia ’-m n a 85
Ra « G
{ (■
l'puaujaAHo peiuene ce doSuja 3a a = 0, čok cy 3a a ^ 0 odzoeapajyHa pem en a
uem pueujajiHa.
5.5 T a y c o B a jiro p H T a M
O llX l + 0 1 2 X2 + •• • + Ol n%n = bi
02lX l + 022^2 + •• • + 02n ^ n = b2
0 • x r + 0 • x r+i + ■• ■+ 0 • x n = c, 0,
0 • x r + 0 • x r+i + ----- b 0 • x n — 0
( r —1) ( r —1)
a f r Jx r + ••• + Q rn xn = blr- l)
xi ~ X2 - 5x3 = 2
2x i — X2 + 3x3 5x4 = 1
3xi — X2 - 2x3 5x 4 = 3.
I'ada je
Xl - X2 — 5x3 = 2
S ~ X2 + 13x3 5x 4 = - 3
X2 + 13x3 5x 4 = - 3
Xi - X2 — 5x3 = 2
X2 + 13x 3 5X 4 = - 3
0 = 0
11I'hm ep 5 .1 4 . 3a cucmeM S
X\ - x2 + 2 x3 = 1
2xi - 2 x2 + 3x3 = -1
3xi - 3x2 + 4 x 3 = 2
x’i + 2x 3 - x2 = 1 X\ - X2 + 2x3 = 1
s~ - x3 = -3 ~ — X3 = - 3
- 2x 3 = -1 0 = 5,
na je cucm eM HeMozyh.
88 CHCTeMH jiHHeapHHX je/maaHHa
II ph m e p 5 .1 5 . 3 a cucmeM S
Xi + + X3 = 3
2xi 3X2 + 2 x3 = 7
2>x\ + X2 + = 5
bx\ - X2 — £3 = 3
X\ + X2 + £3 = 3
S ~ X‘2 = 1
x3 = 1.
P h c t h TaycoB ajiropHTaM.
CBaKH o p EbHX.
2xi - x2 + 3£3 = 9
3xi — 5£2 + £3 = -4
4xi — 7x 2 + X3 = 5
2x\ + 2X2 —
X3 + X4 = 4
Ax\ + 3x 2 — X3 + 2x4 = 6
8xi + 5x2 — 3x 3 + 4x4 = 12
3xi + 3 x ,2 — 2X3 + 2x 4 = 6
flpe^eH ?
• HCTeMa
Xl — X2 4x 3 + 9X 4 = 22
. X! + 2X2 - 4x4 = -3
' 2 x -i — 3X2 + X3 + 5X4 = -3
3xi — 2x 2 5x 3 + X4 = 3
2) 7x! — 4X 2 + X3 + 3x 4 = 5
5xi + 7X 2 — 4x 3 — 6x 4 = 3
X\ + X2 + 3x3 — 2x 4 4- 3x 5 = 1
2x i + 2X2 + 4x3 — X4 + 3x 5 = 2
3) 3xi + 3X2 + 5X3 - 2x 4 + 3x5 = 1
2x i + 2X2 + 8x 3 — 3X 4 + 9x5 = 2.
90 CncTeMH jiHHeapHHX je.npa'iHHa
3xi + 5x 2 + 2x 3 + 2x 4 = 4
2) 2x i + 7x 2 + 3x 3 + X4 = 6
9. IIpnMeHOM K poH eK ep-K anejm jeB e TeopeM e pem nTH flaTH ch ctcm y 3a-
bh ch o c th o,n Bpe^EtocTH p e a jr a o r n a p a M e T p a a.
x\ + X2 + %3 = 2
—x i + X3 = —3
3xi + 2x 2 + a •x 3 = 7
2xi + X2 + 3x3 = 1
3xi + 3x2 - X3 = a
Xi — X2 + b ■x 3 = -3
5x i + 10X2 + 16 x 3 + 19X4 = -2
3xi + 5x2 + 6x3 + 13x4 = 5
Xi — 2x2 + X4 = -3
3xi — X2 — 2x 3 = 1
2xi + X2 — 2x3 — X4 = 4
Xi + 3X2 — 2x3 — 2x 4 = 7.
12 . raycoB O M m cto ^ om HcnnTaTH carJiacHOCT ^ aT or CHCTeMa.
x\ + X2 + 3X 3 -- 2 X4 + 3x5 = 1
2x i + 2 X2 + 4 x3 - X4 + 3x5 = 1
3xi + 3X 2 + 5x 3 -- 2x 4 + 3x5 = 4
2x i + 2X 2 + 8x 3 -- 3X 4 + 9 x5 = 7
CnCTeMH JIHHeapHHX jc^Ha^HHa 91
5.7 ZtoflaTJiK
je p je AXi = O 3a i = 1 ,..., s. ■
3 a CBaKH xoMoreH ch ctc m n o cT o je peraeH>a *mje JiHHeapHe KOM6 ira a p n je
n a jy CKyn cb h x p e m e ita T or cncTeM a. Y bo ^ hmo hx c n e n e fr om necjmmmn-
joM.
JIO K A 3 . H e o rp a H H M a B a jy f iH o n u iT o c T m o ^ c m o n p e Tn o cTa B H TH n a ce 6 a 3n c -
K O M S H H a p H je 6 a 3H C H H X . T o 3H a M n n a yKonHKo n S p o je B a x i , . . . , xn 3a n oB o -
Ta j H a t f f lH n o 6n ja M o c h c t c m
anxi + •• • + d \ n%n = 0
Cif JX ]_ + •• • + C irn^n = 0,
B a 3 y T or n p o c T o p a hhhh S hjio K ojn cj)yHnaMeHTajiHH ch ctcm pem em a.
HcTaKHHMo Ha K p a jy h Be3y onm Ter p ein em a HexoM oreHor CHCTeMa c a on-
hithm pemeBbeM o ^ r o B a p a jy h e r xoM oreH or cncTeM a.
HcTopHjcKe HanoMeHe
3. T a y c (C a rl Friedrich G au ss, 1 7 7 7 - 1 8 5 5 ) j e
HeMaaKH M aT eM aranap , n o 3 HaT Kao ’th e P rin ce o f
M a th em a ticia n s’ , m ijn c y pe3yjiTaTH 3a6ejie>KeHH
y MHorHM objiacTH M a He caMO MaTeMaTHKe, B eli
h <j)H3HKe, acTpoHOM nje h reon e3H je. IIo3HaTe
c y aH ernoTe o aeroBH M cnocobHOCTHMa jo m H3
fjam cor n o 6 a , a CBoje h vbch o n e a o ’D isquisitiones
A rith m e tica e ’ K oje np en cT aB Jta ocHOBy T eo p n je
G pojeB a K O M naerapao j e y 2 1. ro n u m i.
T j ia s a 6
B eK T O pH
cM ep. T a K B e B e ji H H H H e c y B e K T o p c K e B e ji H H H H e h h >h x re o M e T p n jc K H n p e ^ ;-
(•T a B Jb a M O y c M e p e H M M ^ y jK H M a h jih B eK T opH M a. O ho ib t o cy 3 a C K a J ia p H e
n c jiH M H H e 6 p o j e B M (c K a n a p n ), to cy 3 a B e K T o p c K e B e ji H H H H e B e K T o p n .
7 le<j)HHHn,nja 6 .1 . A y'M C A B y K o j o j p a 3 a u n y j e M O n o u e m n y m a u n y A u n p a jf b y
nuiHKy B j e o p u j e u m u c a n a d y o te u j i u e e K m o p . I l p a e a p K o j a c a d p o t c u m a u n e
A u B j e n o c a u m o z e e n m o p a u o n a o d p e f jy je n e z o e n p a e a v ,, a C M ep e e n m o p a
/<• o d A n a B. XI p o ie u n a d y o t c u A B j e u H m e H 3 u m e m ( d p o t c u n a , M o d y o , n o p M a )
o tK m o p a .
Hec|)HHHH;Hja 6 .2 . B e n m o p u A B u C D U3 V c y j e d n a n u a n o n o c m o j u r n p a n -
C A a v,u ja d y o t e u CD y dy:nc. AB n o jo M ce m a u n a C n p ecjiu n a ea y m a u n y A, a
96
BeKTOpH
mauKa D y mav,Ky B.
^AB ~ { ° ^ ^ I a = A B } .
3 a p a ^ ca B e K ro p H M a ^ o b o jl h o je y3 e TH no je ^ a H B eK Top H 3 cBane K J ia c e .
( a ) B e K T o p n H M a jy h c th CM ep ( 6) B e K T o p n n M a jy c y n p o T a H cM e p
J iH H e a p a H 6h jio k o m B e K To p y. B e K To p H K o jH H M a jy h c t h n p aB a p h h h t c h -
H e K a je AB = a h A C = b.
iIe(j)HHHHHja 6 .4 . y z a o u 3 M eb y y e e K m o p a a u b j e H a jM a n u y ? a o 3a K o ju m p e 6 a
ro p c K H M B e jiH H H H a M a . Ta n p a B H J ia cy np e ^M e T n p o y H a B a n »a eeKmopcKe
uAte6pe. OBfle ce o n n c y jy o n e p a n H je c a 6H p a n ,a B eK Topa h M H oaceEba B e K -
C a6 w p aib e BeKTopa
a + 6 = c,
1. a + b = b + a (KOMyTaTHBHOCT);
2. (a + b) + c = a, + (b + č) (acopnjaTH BH ocT);
3. d+ o = o + a = a (c B o jc T B o H e y T p a jiH o r e jie M O H T a );
a —b —a + (—6).
M H o a i e a e B e K T o p a p e a jiH H M 6 p o je M
(A, a) i—> A ■a
1 . A (a A 6) = Aa Ab\
2 . (A + v)a = Aa + va\
3 . (A u)a = A [ya)\
6 .3 K oop^ H H aT e B eK Topa
O 3HaHHMO c a x , y n z ( a n c y u c a , o p d i m a m a h a n n u K a m a ) KoopnHHaTe
TanKe M y KOopnHHaTHOM cHCTeMy O x y z . A ko cy M i , M 2 h M 3 o p T o ro -
HajiHe npojeKpHje TavtKe M penoM Ha oce O x , O y h O z , a N opToroHajiHa
npojeKiiHja TaHKe M Ha KoopnHHaTHy paBaH O x y (CjiHKa 6 . 8 ), oHna je
U p e c jiH K a B a iB a
—> O M ,
f :M 1 g :O M (x , y , z), h : (x , y , z ) 1
—* M
i uihocho ^
a + b = (xi + x 2, 2/i + 2/2, z\ + z 2). ( 6 .2 )
*3 = A2/3-
rio M o h y KOopnHHaTa naTOr BCKTopa Jiano ce mo * c H3pa^yHaTH n y*H H a
•ror BeKTopa, Kao h KOCHHycH y r;io B a K oje oh o 6 p a 3 y je c a KOopnHHaTHHM
ocaMa. Ha ocHOBy n n T a ro p n H e TeopeM e je
|a|2 = |O M |2 = |O M i|2 + IO M 2 I2 + IO M 3 I2 = * 2 + y2 +
na je
|a| = \ J x 2 + y 2 + z 2. (6.4)
x = |a |c o s a , y — |a|cos/3, z — |a |c o s 7 - (6.5)
i - i = j j = k - k = 1, i j = i k = j k = 0. (6.T)
M 3 (6.6) TaKolje c jie n n n a c y HeHyjiTH BCKTopn a vi b y3ajaM Ho HopMajmH
aKO h caMO aKO j e a ■b — 0.
CKajiapHH n poH 3B on BeKTopa m a HH3 CBojcTaBa.
T eopeM a 6 .2 . 3a a, b, c € V u A G M eaoicu:
1. a - b = b ■a;,
2. (a + b) • c — a ■c + 6 • Č;
3. (Aa) ■b = A(a ■b);
4. a ■a = |a|2;
5. a • a = 0 aKo u c o m o o ko je a = o.
ZIOKA3. C B o jcT B a 1 ., 3 ., 4 . h 5. c e n ° K a 3 y jy HenocpenHOM npoBepoM , a
noKa3 3 a CBojcTBO 2. j e n a T y H onaTK y.
M3 CBojcTaBa n a r a x TeopeMOM 6.2 c jie n u n a j e h
= 108,
A C ■B D = 6 • 6 + 9 • ( - 4 ) + ( - 3 ) -0 = 0,
2. A ko T a ^ a M a M t M 2 o ^ r o B a p a jy payiH jyc b c k t o p h r j h r 2, T a^ a j e
h
a -b _ x ix 2 + y \y 2 + z \ z 2
cos Z(a, b)
a\ ■\b\ i / x i + V\ + zl ■V x 2 + y‘2 + z2
AB-AC _ 1+ 0 -0 _ 1
cos A B A C
\AB\ ■\AĆ\ V2-V2 2’
i x i = j x j = k x k = o. ( 6 -8 )
c= a x b
C jihmho B a*H u y C Jiynajy Ka^a j e 6 a p
jenaH o n BeKTopa a u b Hyjia BeKTop. M 3
HecjmuHunje 6.9 H enocpenno 3aKJi>ynyjeMO
n a c y n s a HeHyjiTa BeKTopa KOJiHHeapHa
a aKO h caM o aKo j e a x b = o. 3 a BeK-
T ope opTOHopMHpaHe 6a3e (i , j , k ) necHe
C jiH K a 6 .1 0 . B eK TopcK H
opw jeH Tannje H3 HecJiHHHmije 6.9 cjie n n
npOH3BOA
i x j = k, j x i = - k , j x k = i, k x j = - i , k x i = j , i x k = - j . (6.9 )
T eo p eM a 6 .4 . 3a a , b , c £ V u A € R eaotcu:
1. a x b = —b x a;
2. (A a) x b = a x (A b) = A (a x b);
3. a x ( b + c) = a x b + a x c ;
4. (a + b) x c = a x c + b x c.
JIOKA3. C B o jcT B a 1. H 2. cn en e HenocpenHo H3 ne<}>HHHn,Mje BeKTopcKor
npoH 3 B ona, cBojcTBO 3. j e nonasaH o y H onaTK y, a CBojcTBO 4. c jie n u H3
npeTxonHHx CBojcTaBa,
( a + b) x c = - c x ( a + b) = — (c x d + c x b ) = = d x c + 6 xc. ■
a x b = 2 (c x č) + 4(c x d) — 3 (d x c) —6 (d x d) = 7 (c x d),
2/1 *1 Xl Zl Xi 2/1
a x b i — 3 + k,
2/2 Z2 X2 Z2 X2 2/2
i j k
a x b xi yi zi
%2 2/2 *2
i 3 k
AB x AC 4 -5 0 15i + 12j + 16fc,
0 4 -3
25
mo j e P = - \ S x b \ = - v/225 + 144 + 256 = — .
2 2 2
108 BeKTopu
M O C H O B H a C B o jC T B a
[a, b, c\ = (a x b) ■c.
(a x b) • c = a ■ (b x Č);
(a x b ) ■c = ±V, a • (b x c) = (b x c) ■a = ± V
IVtem oB H TH n p o H 3 B o n y o p T O H o p M H p a H o j 6a3M
T o o p e M a 6 . 8 . A ko je a = b = ( x 2 ,ž/2 ,Z 2 ) u c = (x 3,y 3, z 3) y
opmoHopMupaHoj 6a3U (i. j . k ) decne opujeHmav,uje, mada je
xi yi zi
[a, b, c\ = X2 Wž *2
X3 m z3
110 B eK ro p n
yi zi XI Z\ x\ yi
/I,oka3. Kano je a x b 3 + k, to je
2/2 z2 X2 Z2 X2 2/2
= 2/1 Zl Xi Zi xi yi
[a, b, č] X3 ~ yz + z3
2/2 Z2 X2 Z2 X2 2/2
x\ y\ Zl
= X2 2/2 Z2
X3 2/3 Z3
__ „ -1 3 3
[AB, AC, AD] = 0 4 2
3 1 -4
cAedu noM njianapnocm m ux eenmopa.
-1 -3 -2
[AB, AC, AD] = 1 3 -1 24,
2 -2 -5
mo je Va b c d = - • 24 = 4.
0
O cH O B H e o n e p a i p n j e c a B e K i o p u M a . Y och o bh c jiH H e a p H e o n e p a p n j e c a
BeKTopHM a c n a n a j y c a 6 n p a H .e B eK T o p a h M H o a c e ite B e K T o p a 6 p o je M . Y
onH O cy H a T e n s e o n e p a i p i j e CKyn V hhhh B eK T opcK H n p o c T o p .
Z la jih j e n e T B o p o y ra o A B C D n a p a jie n o r p a M a n o j e A B = 2i — 3j + k,
\C = i - j + 2 k v i A D = - i + 2 j + k?
3. A ko j e A B = 2 a - 3 b + c, A C = a - b + 2 c n A D = —a + 2 6 + c, n o t a r a
na j e neTBopoyrao A B C D napajienorpaM .
I. Y n a p a jie n o rp a M y A B C D je A B = a h A D = b. H ApasHTH noM ofiy
neKTopa a h b BeKTope M A , M B , M C h M D , rn e je M npecen H a T anna
n n ja ro H a n a T o r n a p a jie jio rp a M a .
r>. ZIyKy A C Kpy*H H iie o n ro B a p a peHTpajiHH y r a o o n 9 0 °. A ko T a n n a B
n e jm nyK A C y p a sM e p n 1 : 2 h aKO j e T a n n a O p eH Tap K py«H H ne, H3pa3HTH
lu'KTop O C n o M o t\y BeKTopa a, = OA h b = OB.
(i. HeKa j e TanK a T Te>KnmTe T p o y rJia A B C . H oK a3aTH n a j e
1) A T = \ ( A B + AC), 2) T A + T B + T C = 0.
o
7. A ko c y D E penoM c p e n n n iT a HBHpa O A h B C T e T p a e n p a O A B C ,
h
onpenH TH K oopnuH aTe BeKTopa D E y 6a3H K ojy HHHe BeKTopn a = OA,
h = OB h c = OC.
H. O npenH TH KoopnHHaTe jen H m ra H o r BeKTopa K ojn c a KoopnHHaTHHM o c a -
u a r p a n n je n H a n e yrJioB e.
i). H 3 panyH aT H ny*H H y BeKTopa O M = 2i + 3 j + 6fc h KocHHyce y rn o B a
Koje Taj BeKTop r p a n n c a KoopnHHaTHHM ocaM a.
10. ZlaTH c y BeKTopn a = (—1 ,2 ,0 ) , b = ( 3 ,1 ,1 ) h c = ( 2 ,0 ,1 ) . O npenH TH
KoopnHHaTe BeKTopa d = a — 2b + 3c, Kao h H>eroBor jenHHHHHor BeKTopa.
I I . T p n y 3 acT onH a TeMeHa n a p a n e n o r p a M a A B C D cy T anne A( 1 , - 2 , 3),
B( 3 ,2 ,1 )h (7 ( 6 ,4 ,4 ). O npenH TH KoopnHHaTe neT B pT or TeMeHa D.
a = i + j + k, b = i — 3 j + k, c = 3 i — 5Aj + Ak
C K a J ia p H H n p o H 3 B O # . C K a jia p H H n p o H 3 B o # j e 6w H ap H a o n e p a i p i j a H a #
B eK T opnM a H n jn j e p e 3 y jiT a T C K a jia p , o # h o c h o S p o j. I I o M o tiy C K a jia p H o r
n p o H 3 B O # a M o ry c e u 3 p a y y h a b a m p a c T o j a & a T a b a n a h M e p e y r jio B a
H 3M e5y B eK T opa.
a3e.
7. H a ra c y B eK Topn a = (4 , — 2 , — 4 ) h b= ( 6, — 3, 2 ). M 3 p a n yH a ra :
8 . A k o je |a| = 3 h |b| = 5, o # p e # n ra B p e # H o c ra n a p a M e Tp a t 3a K o je cy
eK To pH a + tb h a — tb y 3 a ja M H o H opM anH H .
9. 0 # p e # H ra y ra o H 3 M e Ijy B e K T o p a c = a — 2b h d = 3a + 2b a n o je |a| = 3,
>| = 5 h Z (a ,b ) = 120°.
eM eHa Ta ^K e A ( —1 , - 2 , 4 ) , B ( —4 , — 2,0) h C (3 , —2 , 1 ).
ie K T o p H M a a = 2 fn + n u b = fn — 2n ano c y m h n j c # h p ih h h h b c k t o p h K o jn
■pa#e y ra o o # 60°.
B e K T o p c K H n p o H 3 B O fl. B eK T opcK H n p oH 3B O # j e S n H a p H a o n e p a i p i j a K o ja
j e 3 a T B o p e H a y C K yny V . IIo M o fry B eK T o p cK o r n p o H 3 B o # a c e M o * e M3-
pa3H TH K OJiHHeapHocT flB a B eK T o p a, a n p H M eH ,y je c e n y H 3paHyH aBaH >y
n o B p r a m a HeKHX (J )n ry p a y paBH H .
29. y n p o c TH TH H3pa3e:
(1) i x ( j + k) - j x (i + k) + k x (i + j - k),
( 2) ( 2a + b) x ( c — a) + (b + č) x (a + b).
BeKTOpH 113
6 .8 Z lo .n a T a K
JXoKa3 T e o p e M e 6 .1
O C = O A \ + O B \ = a a + /3b.
B\ c
VloK a 3 c B o jc T B a 2 . H 3 T e o p e M e 6 . 2
Hena j e y opTOHopMupaHoj 6 a 3 H a = ( x i , y i , 2 i) , b = ( x 2 ,y 2 ,Z 2 ) m Č =
(./■ .{, y 3 , 23 ). K a n o j e a + b = ( x i + X2 , y i + V2 , z\ + 22 ), m a M o n a je
7 lo K a 3 CBojcTBa 3 . H3 T e o p e M e 6 . 4
i 3 k
= X\ yi 21
X2 + x 3 y2 + y3 22 + 23
i j k i j k
= xi yi 21 + xi yi zi
X2 V2 22 X3 yz 23
su a x b + a x c. U
T e o p e M a 6 .9 . Cmpynmype ( V , + , x ) u (R 3, + , * ) cy usoMop^ne.
,Hoka3 . I/l 3 0 Mop(f)H3 aM c e ocTBapyje SnjeKipijoM / : V —>M3 flaTOM c a
/ ( a ) = ( a i , a 2 , a 3),
f ( 3 + b ) = f ( đ) + f(b), f ( a x b ) = f ( a) * f(b)
3& a, b € V. ■
M c ro p n jc K e HanoMeHe
X a M H J iT O H je npB H ycn e o y TO M e f le c ^ H H H c a H je M ’K B a T e p H H O H a ’ .
/V H a jiM T H M K a r e o M e T p n j a
n • (r —r*o) = 0. ( 7 .1 )
118 AnaJiHTHHKa reoMeipnja
n ■f + D — 0.
IIpeTnocTaBHM o c a n a ^ a j e O
KOopnMHaTHH noneTaK n p aB o yrJio r
KoopnHHapHor cncTeM a h n a c y (xo, yo, zq) KoopnHHaTe Tanne M 0, a (x , y, z )
K oopnnH aT e TanKe M. A ko j e n = (A , B, C), r n e j e A 2 + B 2 + C 2 ^ 0, je n -
HanHHa (7 .1 ) ce Mowe HanncaTH y CKajiapHOM o 6 jiHKy
ohhocho y o 6 jiHKy
A x + B y + C z + D = 0, (7 .2 )
riP M M E P 7 .2 . H e n a p a e a n 7r c a d p o t c u m a u ,K y M ( 1 , 0 , — 1) u n e m j e n a p a n e j m a
eeKm opuM a a = ( 3 ,— 1 ,4 ) u b = ( 1 , —2 ,3 ). Tada je eeKm op n — a x b —
5i — 5j — 5k n o p M a jia n n a p a e a n 7r, na je 5(x — 1) — 5 ( y — 0) — 5 ( z + 1) = 0,
odnocno x — y —z —2 = 0 je d n a u u n a p a e n u n.
H eK a j e paBaH 7r o n p e lje H a
flaraM TanKaM a zi),
M2{x2, y 2 ,Z2 ) H M3(x3, y 3, z 3) h
HeKa j e M ( x , y , z ) npoH3BOJtHa
TanK a paBHH n (CjiHKa 7 . 2 ) .
-------- > ---------->
KaKo c y BeKTopn M i M , MyM2
h M \ M 3 KOMnnaHapHH,
je n -
HanHHa paBHH 7r y BeKTopcKOM
o6jiHKy je
CjiHKa 7.2. PaBaH Kpo3 Tpn TanKe
/Viia/iHTMMKa reoMeTpnja 119
[M i M , M i M 2, M i M 3] = 0.
0,n ro B ap ajy Iaa jenHaHHHa paBHH n y CKajiapHOM o6jiHKy je
x - xi y~y\ z - zi
x 2 - xi y2- yi z2 Z\ = 0.
xs - xi 2/3- yi Z 3 - zi
očhocho x —y —z = 0.
x —a y z
- a 6 0 = 0,
-a 0 c
ouhocho
Ax + B y + C z = —D
nejteaeM jieBe h necHe CTpaHe ca —D 3a D ^ 0 h cTaBJtaH>eM
-D , —D -D
a ~ ~ A ' b~ l p c = ~č
sa A B C ^ 0.
II p h m e p 7 .4 . Odceupu p a en u 2x — y + 2z — 5 = 0 na KoopdunamnuM ocaMa
D 5 D D 5
cy a = — - = -, o = —— = —5 u c ——— = —. llpeM a moMe, cezM enm n
A 2 B ( 2
_ . _ x y z
ooJiUK jeo nanune oee p a en u je + —- + = 1.
120 AHaJiHTMHKa reoMCTpnja
oahocho ycaoB y
f ■ no — p — 0 (7-3)
aKO ce y3Me y o63H p n a j e p n o ■ uq = p . Jen H a H m ia (7 .3 ) n p e n c T a B Jta
HOpMCUlHU OČAUK jeflHaHHHe paBHH y BeKTOpCKOj (j)OpMH.
A ko c y a , (3 h 7 yrJiOBH BeKTopa H opM aae paBHH 7r c a KoopnmiaTHHM
ocaM a h aKO je M ( x , y , z ) Tamca paBHH n, oH na j e no = (cos a, cos /?, cos 7 ) h
f = O M = (x , y , z ), n a je n H a m u ia (7.3) n o cT a je
Ax + B y + C z + D = 0
A B C
COS a = 7^7, c o s /3 = COS 7 = -r^r,
n Ini ’ n
r n e j e |n | = %/A2 + B 2 + C 2 .
riPHMEP 7 .5 . A ko je d n a u u n p p a e n u 2x + 2y — z + 9 = 0 nodenuM o ca —j n
—yj 2 2 + 22 + (—l ) 2 = 3, dočujaM o
2 2 1 0 n
- 3 X ~ 3 y + 3Z ~ 3 =
na je odcmojane p paenu od ko opdunamnoz nonemna jednano 3.
AnajmTHMKa reoMeTpnja 121
O n c T o ja a ,e la ^ K e p a B H M
H 3 H o p M a J iH o r o S jiH K a je n H a n H H e paB H H r ■n o —p = 0 M O *e ce h o 6 h t h
r2 • n 0 - p = 0, r*i — r 2 = An0.
H 3 O B H X je ^ H a K O C T H C J ie ^ H
(rj - An0) • n 0 - p = 0,
o,n;aKJie je
A = n • n0 —p.
IlpeM a TO M e ,
d = |A| = |f i • n0 - p \
H J IH C K a J ia p H O ,
j _ |A x i + Byi + C z \ + D\
C jiH K a 7 .5 . O ncT ojaH >e T an n e o n
VA2 + B2 +
paB H H
HaKJie, TpaiKeHO o n cT o ja ite ce n o š n j a T ano h i t o ce y HopMajiHOM o6jiHKy
jenHanHHe paBHH, y H3pa3y Ha neBoj CTpaHH jenHaKOCTH (7 .4 ), K oopnn-
HaTe TaiK e M( x , y , z ) 3aMeHe KoopnHHaTaivia TanKe M i h y3Me ancojiyTHa
BpenHOCT Tor H3pa3a.
, [2 • 3 — 2 • (—1) + 2 — 4| ,
V 22 + ( - 2 )2 + 12
7Ti : A ix + B \y + C \z + D \, 7r2 : A 2x + B 2y + C 2z + D 2 = 0.
Tanja je n i = ( A i,£ ? i,C i) BeKTop HopM ane paBHH 7T], & n2 = (A2, B2,C 2)
BeKTop HopMane paBHH 712- A ko je y i , z i) npoH3Bon.Ha Tajaca paBHH
7Ti, M orytiH c y c jie n efm cjiyHajeBH.
AHaJiHTM^Ka reoMeTpaja
122
1 . n i = An 2 h M l ^ 7T2 , o a h o c h o
dl = , A2xi + B 2y i + C2Z1 + D 2 + o.
A2 B2 C2
ni
Ai Bx M , Ci
3. BeKTopH n i h n 2 HHcy napanejiH H , onnocHO — + ^ h jt h ^ T ^
T a n a ce paBHH 7ri h 7t2 ceKy (CjiHKa 7.6, necH o).
M l £ 7T2.
y r a o H 3 M e ^ y u p e p a B H H
H JIH
A 1A 2 + B\B2 + C 1C 2 = 0- ( 7 .5 )
7.2 Ilp a B a y n p o c T o p y
IIo jio » c a j n p a B e p y npocT opy y noTnyH O C TH je oupe^eH hckom t h h k o m Mo
■re n p a B e h H e K H M B e K T o p o M v K o jn j e n a p a jie n e jia H T o j n p a B o j. B eK T op v
na3H B a ce eercm o p np aepa n p a B e p h jih c a M O B eK Top n p a B e p.
C K y n c b h x B eK Topa r K o ju 3a ^o B o -
ji,a B a jy je ,z iH a H H H y (7 .6 ) o ,n p e t )y je
CBe Ta nn e npaB e p. C B aK oj B p e ^-
h o c t h n p o M e H JB H B e (n a p a M e T p a ) t
o flro B a p a je ^ H a Ta n n a npaB e p a
o 6p H yTO . 3 6 o r To ra , je f lH a n H H a
je ^ H a K O C T (7 .6 ) e K B H B a jie H T H a j e je A s a K O C T H M a
x xq y yo z z0 ^ g^
a b c
OBe je^HaKOCTH npe,a,CTaBJLajy jeflHanHHy npaBe y KanoncKOM hjih cuMem-
pUHHOM o6jlUKy.
A ko je HeKH o # H M e m u ia ija y je f lH a K O C T H M a (7 .8 ) je ^ H a n H y jiH , Ta ^ a je
h o f lro B a p a jy t iH G p o jm ia n ; je ^ p ia K H y jm . Ha n p H M e p , je f lH a n im a
x + l _ y —1 z —2
2 ~ 3 “ 0
o,npeljyje npaBy Koja je n a p a n ejm a BeKTopy v = ( 2 , 3 , 0 ) , a THMe h Hop-
Majraa Ha z -o cy . 063H poM ^a npaB a ca^p>KH TanKy M o ( - l , l , 2 ) , OHa npn-
n a ^ a paBHH 2 = 2, n a je 2 — 2 = 0.
r —f i = t( r 2 — f i )
C jim c a 7 .9 . Ilp a B a K po3 f lB e T a n K e
A najinTHMKa reoMCTpHja 125
H J IH C K a jia p H O
x - x i _ y -y i _ Z-Z\
- Xl J/2 — y\ Z2 - Zi '
x - 3 _y + 2 z —1
- 2 ~~ 3 ~~ - 1
f - n i + 5 i = 0, r •n 2 + 5 2 = 0
H J IH C K a jia p H O
A ix + B \y + C \z + 5 i = 0, A 2X + B 2y + C 2Z + D 2 = 0 (7 .9 )
A\ 5 i
p a H T C H C TeM a ( 7 . 9 ) je n ,H a K 2 , M O * e M o n p e T n o c T a B H T H n a je D =
A2 B2
0. Je n H o p e in e n > e T o r C H C Te M a je (x o ,y O )0 ), rn e je
—D i 61 £ Ai - D i
yo
-D 2 5 2 ’ 15 A2 —D 2 •
npaBe p je
1
X — Xq z
0
Bi Ci Ci Ai A\ Bi
b 2 c2 c2 A2 a2 b2
0 6 p H y T o , H3 C H M eTpH H H or o S jiH K a je n n a n H H e npaB e
x ~ x0 _ y —2/0 X — Xo Z — Zq
a b a c
n o 6 n ja ce o n n rm o S jih k
A \x + B \y + D i — 0, A 2x + C2z + D 2 = 0.
126 A HajiMTHMKa reoMt'Tpnja
x + y —z + 1 = 0, 2x - y - 3z + 5 = 0.
A ko je 2 =
0, p e u ia e a n e M cu cm eM a x + y = —1, 2x — y = —5 do6ujaM o
x = - 2 , y = 1. IJpeM a m oM e, m auKa M o ( - 2 , 1 ,0 ) n p un ad a n p a e o j p. IloMoHy
eeK m opa nopM ajia n\ = ( 1 ,1 ,—1) u n 2 = ( 2 , —3,1) p a e m i 7Ti u tt2 dodujaM o
da j e v = n i x n 2 = —4 i + j — 3fc eeK m op npaev,a n p a e e p . K o h o h cku o6a u k
. x + 2 y —1 _ z
je d n a n u n e n p a ee p j e ---- — = — -— — — -•
x - xi y-y\ z -z i x - x 2 y - y 2 _ z - Z2
p . -------------------_ — ------------- = --------------------- , P 2 : ------------------- — — r— — ---------------------•
d l bi ci a 2 02 c2
d i bi ci d i bi ai ci
— = — = — ---------------------- ------------------------------- h jih ---------------------- 7^ ----------------------- .
d2 b2 C2 X2 - X I 2/2 — 2/1 X2 - X l z2 - Zi
2. B e K To p n V i, V2 H M 1 M 2 c y KOJiHHeapHH. T a n a ce npaBe p i h p2
n o K J ia n a jy . Y obom c jiy n a jy je
d i _ bi _ Ci d i _ bi _ ci
d 2 ~~ b2 C2 x2 - xi 2/2 - 2/1 22 - 21 ’
3. B e K To p n d) h v2 H H cy K O J iH H e a p H H , n p n ne M y je [t ? i, d 2 , M i M 2\ = 0.
c y e K B H B a jie H T H H y c jio B H M a
d l 61 ci
d 1 .b i d i ci
— # — HJIH — T — 1 d 2 b2 C2 = 0.
d 2 02 d 2 c2
x2 - x i 2/2 - 2/1 22 - 21
X2 - X i 7/2 — V 1 Z2 ~ Z1
ceKy.
P e n ie ite . JlaKO ce n p o e e p a e a da n p a e e p \ u p 2 ne M ozy 6u m u n a p a jiejin e.
U peM a m oM e, n p a e e ce cen y aKO u caMO aKO je
2 -3 m
1 m -2
2 2 0
Y r a o H 3 M e ^ y ,a p e n p a B e
B eK Topa v\ h V2- T Ip e M a TO M e ,
N •N
QlQ2 + b\b2 + CjC2
V °1 + b‘i + c'l ■y j a ‘2 + b%+ (‘2
a ia 2 + hb2 + c ic 2 = 0.
cy v i = (2, - 2 , l ) u V2 = ( 1 , - 1 , - 1 ) , na j e
Vl ■V2 2+ 2-1 1
c o s Z ( p i,p 2)
| v i I • \V2 3- V Š ~ VŠ
128 AHajiMTHHKa reoMeTpHja
r = fo + tv , f ■n + D = 0
HJIH CKaJiapHO
x - x p _ y - ijo _ z - zp
, A x -\- B y -f- C z D — 0.
a b c
Pa3MOTpHMO CBe M oryhe cjiyn ajeB e M eljyco6Hor n ojiom aja npaBe p h pa
BHH 7T.
1. A ko je v J_ n , T j. v ■n = 0 h Mq 0 7r , T a n a je n p a B a p n a p a jie im a
paBH H 7r (C n H K a 7.10, n e B o ).
a A + bB + cC = 0, A x o + Byo + Czo + D ^ 0.
2. A k o je v ± n h M q G 7r , T a u ; a n p a B a p n p n n a ^a paBH H n (Č am ca 7.10,
y cpe^HHH). y o b o m c n y n a jy je
dA + bB + cC = 0, A x o + Byo + C zq + D = 0.
x - xp _ y - yp
Ax + B y + C z + D = 0. (7 .1 0 )
a b
C h c t c m (7 .10) M o a e ce p e m a B a ™ Ha p a 3jm n H Te H annH e. Je n a H o n n a ^ ra a
je n a x, y m z H3 n a p a M e T a p c ra ix je n H a n m ia npaBe p
3a M e H H M o y je n H a n n H H paB H H A x -\-B y + C z + D = 0. Ha T aj H an u H n o S n ja M o
O nH O C H O
A x 0 + B y0 + C zq + D _ f0 •n + D
t = -
aA + bB + cC v ■n
y B p in T a B a ifc e M o B e B p e n H O C T H t y n a p a M e T a p c n e je n n a n H H e n p a B e p n o 6 n -
ja M O K o o p n n H a T e n p o n o p H e T anne P . n p e M a T O M e, p a n n j y c B eK Top T a n n e
P je naT ca
fo ■n + D
ro ' v.
v •n
x y - 1 z + 1
IIpmmep 7 .1 3 . Hena cy damu npaea p : u paean n :
2 i 2
x + 2y + 3z - 2 9 = 0 . Tada je v - n = ( 2 , 1 , 2 ) • ( 1 , 2 , 3) = 1 0 / 0 , na npaea p u
paean P uMajy 3ajednuuny mauny P . A ko napaMemapcne jednauune x = 2 t,
y = \ -\-t, z = —1 + 2 t npaee p yepcmuMo y jednauuny paenu ir, do6ujaMo da
je t = 3 . IIpeMa moMe, mauna npodopa npaee p npo3 paean n je P ( 6 ,4 , 5 ) .
Y r a o H 3 M e ^ y n p a B e h p a B H H
,, X - XQ y - yo zo
Y rao p H3Mepy npaB e p : h paBHH 7 T : A x + B y +
a b c .
Cz + D = 0 je y ra o H 3M e ljy npaB e p h EbeHe o p T o r o H a jiH e n p o je n n H je Ha
\v ■n \uA + bB + cC\
sin Z(p, 7r) sm ip = — ——
u • ni V a 2 + b2 + c V A 2 + B 2 + C 2
z-o c y .
AiiajiHTHMKa reoMeTpnja __________ 1,11
4) c a flp » c H T aH K e A ( l , —1 , 2 ) , B( 2 , 1 , 2 ) h C ( l ,l,4 ) .
h 3x + y — 42 = 0.
^ e T a jb H O je a H a jn o H p a H M e t)y c o 6 H M n o jio 5 K a j A B e jy n p a B H X . H aT e cy h
x -y + z - 4= 0 \ . x+ y+ z- 4= 0 1
Pi : 2x + y - 2 z + b = Q } ' P2' 2x + 3 y - 2 - 5 = 0 / '
x —2 + 2 = 0 ) x ~ 2 _ y —4 _ 2 — 2
P i: y — 22 — 1 = 0 / ’ K : T " " 1 1
x + 1 y z —1 x y + 1 z —2
Pi = 1 T “ 2 ’ P2 ■ i ~ 3 4 '
x + 1 y + 1 z —3 x + 1 y + 1 z + 3
Pi ■ P2 ■
2 ~ -1 ~ 3 ’ 2 ~ .. - 1 “ 3 '
18. O n p e n H TH n p o je K p H jy Ta n K e M ( 3 , 1 , - 1 ) Ha paB aH x + 2y + 3z — 30 = 0.
19. O n p e n H TH n p o je K n ;H jy Ta n n e M ( 2, 3 ,4 ) Ha n p a B y x = y = z = t.
x —2 y —3 z + 1
1) c a n p »C H TanKy M ( 3 , 4,0) h npaB y p :
1 3 ’
x —1 y “I- 1 z 2
2) canp>KH npaB y —-— = —- — = —- — h HopMajiHa j e Ha paBaH 2x +
^ i z z
3y — z — 4 = 0;
^ TJ Z _ 1
3) canp>KH npaBe —— = - = h x = - 1 + 2£, y = 1 + t, z = 2t.
x — 1 y —2 z + 1
22. OnpenHTH jenHanHHy npojcK nnje npaB e —— — Ha pa-
BaH 2x — 3y + z — 1 = 0.
7.5 ZloTiaTaK
n j e v \ x V2 ■ M o ry h e je o ^p e n H TH h H a jK p a tie p a c T o ja E b e d H 3 M e f jy mh-
M o H J ia 3H H x np aB H X pi h p2- Hena je n paB aH n o ja je n a p a jie jiH a n p a B o j p\
it c a ^ K H n p a B y P 2. Je ^s a H H H a paBH H 7r j e
( f —f 2 ) • (#1 X $2) = 0.
x + 7 y+ 4 z+ 3 x — 21 y + 5 z —2
P i: —
4 = -2 ’ P2 : 6 “ - 4 ~~ - 1
llp aM eH paBHH
7Ti : r - n i + D i = 0, 7t 2 : f - n 2 + £>2 = 0
11jth cnajiapHO
r ■n\ + Di + A ( r •n 2 + £>2 ) = 0
HJIH CKajiapH O
7Tl.
C a n a ce n o c T a B J b a nHTaEbe n a jih c y jensanHHOM ( 7 . 1 2 ) o 6 yxB alleH e C B e
7T : f ■n + D = 0
npaM eH a paBHH.
paBaH .
PemeH>e. J e d n a n u n a n p a M e n a c e u x p a e n u K o j e c a d p o i e e n p a e y p \ ( o c u m
paenu y = Oj j e 2x + z — 3 + \ y = 0, z d e j e A € M. 3 a e e n m o p n p a e e p 2
M o o t c e M o y 3 e m u (0,1, —1) x (1 ,0 ,0 ), o d n o c n o e e K m o p v = —j — k . H 3 y c j i o e a
n a p a n e A H o e m u p a e n u tt\ u n p a e e p 2 u m o m o d a j e n \ - v = 0, o d n o c n o A = —1.
IIp eM a m oM e, je d n a n u n a m p a o tc en e p a e n u j e 2x —y + z —3 = 0.
M c T o p H jc K e H a n o M e H e
K o ju je 6 h o 6 j iH 3a K n p n ja T e jb H a n o jie o H a h o c H H B a n H a n p T H e re o M e T p H je .
3. PeH e J le n a p T (R e n e
c e ,n ;a M H a e c T o r Bena. Y M a re M a T H ip je no3H aT no
an a n u m u H K e z e o M e m p u je . IT o p e ^ TepM H H a R e K a p -
H h 30B H
o H H3y p e a jiH H x 6p o je B a . r ip n iv r e p Ta K B or H io a je h h 3 o S n iv ia n p a B H J iH H x
H C K J B y * iH B O HH30BH p e a J iH H x 6p o jc B a .
8 .1 H e K H C K y n o B H y R a l
R = R U { —00 , + 00 },
I IH 3 0 B H 137
iK y n o B H
(—00 ) • (—00 ) = + 00 , ( + 00 ) • ( + 00 ) = + 00 ,
an = n 2, bn = sin(n), Cn = ( - l ) ra, ( 8 . 1)
138 H h 30B M
( 8. 1).
Hb He(j)HHHn;Hje 8.3 cjien u n a cbeikh h h 3 HMa SecKOHa^HO m h o t o ^Jia-
HOBa. M eljyraM , cnyn B penH ocra ^JiaHOBa HH3a M o*e S u r a KOHa^iaH. Ha
npmvrep, CKyn B penH ocra ^uiaHOBa HH3a ( c n) H3 (8.1) je {—1,1}. n o cT o je
H HH30BH TIHjH Cy CBH ^IJiaHOBH jcflHaKH. TaKaB HH3 je KOHCmaHmaH HU3.
On p a 3 H H X C B o jc T a B a K o j e H H 3 MO»ce H M a T H o B ^ e H 3 f l B a j a M O o r p a m r a e -
HOCT H MOHOTOHOCT.
A vl B TaK B H n a 3a cBaKo n € N B a ra
A < an < B. (8 .2 )
3 a an = 2 n je a i = 2, a? = 4,
n P H M E P 8 .1 . 03 = 6, . . . , očhocho uMaMo HU3
napHux 6pojeea
2, 4, 6, 8, . . . , 2n , . . .
„ 1 , . . . , 1 1
IIp m m e p 8 .2 . 3a an = — (xapMOHUjcKU h u 3) je a \ = 1, a 2 = —, 0 3 = ..,
77- 2, 3
odnocHO uMaMO hu 3
1 I I I I
’ 2’ 3’ 4’ n’
Koju je cmpozo onadajyhu u ozpanuneH.
UMaMO HU3
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...
a > Oj
2 2 1 f ln — 1 V 3
an_ i + + — — > 2.
i/3 ' 7 5 * 2 Q-n—1 75 1
2
lloped m oza, nu3 je u onadajy% u je p u s > 3 cnedu
1 ( 3 „ 1 ( a * \ 1 , ,
a n + 1 — r, I a n
2 V an ~ 2 1 a ) —2
H M je u o rp a H H M C H O C TH H H 3 a h n o K a 3 y je TeopeM a o ko hb e p r e m iP ij h m o h o t o -
lim an = a
n—>oo
UJIU
an —* a (n —+ o o ) .
H u3 Koju UMa zpanunnp epednocm je Koneepzenman, a y npomuenoM je du-
eepzenman.
e M am e, t o je no B e f ie . Ilp n TO M e , 3a na TO e n o c T o jn SecnoH aH Ho m h o t o
S h jio K o jn S po j B e fm o n no-
lim an = lim — —— = 1.
n—»oo n —►
oo n + 1
I [H 3 0 B H 141
IIpmmep 8 .8 . A ko je an = —= = = , mada je
Vn2 + 1
\ q^
.. \n — V n 2 + 1 1
_ JI — J_____________ L ~
1 _
1
Vn2 + 1 \ / n 2 + l ( n + v /n 2_ihT) n
TITV
riP H M E P 8 .1 0 . A ko je an = s in — u a € M, mada 3a ceaKo a € R noc-
z
moju oKOJiuna 0 ( a ) U3ean Koje uMa 6ecKonauHO mhozo uAanoea HU3a. Ilp e M a
moMe, HU3 je dueepzenmaH.
T eo p eM a 8 .2 . KoHeepzenmaH h u 3 je ozpanuuen.
A = m in {a — e, m ) < an < m a x {a + e, M } = B.
Ilp e M a TO M e , HH3 je o rp a m in e H . ■
n
II phmep 8 .1 1 . H u3 ca ontumuM haohom an = je MOHomoHO onadajyHu
n2 + 1
jep je
n + 1 n n2 + n —1
a n+ 1 an < 0, ne N
(n + l ) 2 + 1 n2 + 1 (n2 + 2 n + 2 )(n 2 + 1)
n
u ozpauuueH odoszo jep je an = < 1. Ha ocnoey TeopeMe 8.3 CAedu da
n2 + 1
je HU3 KOHeepzenmaH.
1 1 1
IIphmep 8 .1 2 . Hu3 ca o n m m u M haohom an = H— H — • H— - j e M o n o m o n o
22 32 n2
pacm yhu jep je an+\ — an = -— ^ > 0 u o z p a n u u e H o d o 3 z o jep je 3a n > 1
(n + l ) 2
1 1 1
an < ^ + ———+ + < 1.
1 -2 2 -3 (n-l)n n
m o rp a H H n e H O M H H 3y, M o »e on pe nH TM rp a H H M H a B p e f lH o c T n -T o r K opeH a
u c jie n e h e T B p lje m e .
Ta ^ a nnm eM o an —► —o o (n —> o o ) .
C jie ^ e h a TeopeMa ^ a je MorytiHOCT ^ a ce Ha ocHOBy rpam iHHe Bpen-
hocth flBa HH3a, n o n oupe^eHHM ycjioBHMa, o n p e n u h rparaiH H a BpenHOCT
HH3 a m iju ce HJiaHOBH Hajia3e H3Mel5y HJiaHOBa flaTa ^Ba m o a .
T eo p eM a 8 .5 . (T eopeM a o Tpn HH3a) A ko j e an < bn < Cn 3a n > u aKO
je
lim an = lim cn — a,
n —>oc n —►
oo
mada je lim bn — a.
n—►oo
^1 oka3 . PI3 npeTnocTaBKe o KOHBepreHHnjn HH30Ba ( a n) h ( c«) cjienn n a 3 a
cBaKo e > 0 nocT oje npnponHH SpojeBH n \ h 71,2 TaKBH n a an G Oe (a) 3a
n > n i h Cn G Oe(a) 3 a n > n^. K ano je an < bn < Cn, to bn G Os (a) 3 a
n > m a x { n i,n 2 | , n a je lim bn = a. ■
n—+oo
Te o p e M a o T p n m o a ce n o n y jia p H o 30Be h Te o pe M a o ^B a n o jiH u ;a jn ;a .
1 1 i
II pmmep 8 .1 6 . A ko je bn = + ~t~ ■■■ , mada je
V ^ T T v ^ T 2 Vn2 + n
1 i i n
bn 5: + + ••• + cn
Vn2 + 1 \/n 2 + 1 Vn2 + 1 \/n 2 + 1
1 1 1 n
\/n 2 + n V r ? T n V «2 + n \/n 2 + n
y ripuM epy 8.8 uM aM o da je lim cn = 1 , o c a u h h o ce doKa3yje da je u
n—►oo
lim an = 1. IIpuMenoM meopeMe o mpu nu3a čobujaMo lim bn = 1.
71 XX) 72—»-OO
8 .4 C K y n K O H B e p r e H T H H X H i o o B a
lim an = a an — a j- a n h lim a n = 0. (8 .7 )
n—»oo n—»oo v ’
HH3 H3 npHMepa 8.6 je Hyjia a TaKolje h h 3, h hh3 (&„) H3 npuM epa 8.15.
3 a Hyaa HH30Be B a s u cjienefie TBpljeEbe.
H H 30B H 145
1 . A ko je ~i~ bm la/^a H3
£ £
\an \ < - sa n > n X) M < - 3a n > n 2
cjiepji
2. A ko je dn = xn ■ an , Tana H3
cjie^H
K l = K l • K l < M • — = e sa n > n 0.
IIpeMa TO M e, (d n ) je H y jia h h 3.
H3 2 . ■
. n +1 ■ ■ c
nPHMEP 8 .1 7 . 1. H u3 (an), zde je an = Je HVM ™U3 jep je sbup nyjia
HU3oea (1 /n ) u (1 /n 2).
cosfn2) . . .
H u 3 ca onmmuM u/ianoM an = -------- j e nyna HU3 jep je npou 3eo o
2.
n
ozpaHUHenoz mi3a (cos(n2)) u nyna HU3a (1/n).
1. 063HpoM n a je
a n ± (3n = a ± 6 + 7 „ ,
ZIOKA3. H en a je an = a + a n u bn = b + /3n.
1 1
1. K ano je b ± 0, to je \bn\ > c > 0 3 a n > n0, n a je
\bbn\ ~ W c
n > n 0. Mb
1
(b ~ bn)
b • bn
cjien u n a je HH3 (1 /b n 1/6) Hyjia hh3 (npon3B on orparoraeH or h Hyjia
HH3a). n peM a TOMe, l / 6 n KOHBeprupa Ka 1/6.
nPM M EP 8 .1 8 . HeKO je
< a < 1 u an = ^ o . ,4 ko je 6 = 1 / a , mada je 6 > 1 ,
0
na na ocnoey npuMepa 8.14 na cmpanu 143 csiedu sfb -> 1 Kada n -* o o . H s
TeopeMe 8.8 (mauKa 1.) do6ujaMo lim an = 1.
147
I I>1IOBH
2 ^
1 — 1 / tI + I / 71“ Un
— 2 + l/ n — 1/ n 2 vn ’
i)o6ujaMO da u n -> 1 u vn -*■ 2 Tcođa n -*■ 00 . tfa n oeu koauuhuk cada MootceMo
npuMenumu T e o p e M t j 8.8 u dočujaMO Hm^an = 1 /2 .
71
y j n 2 + n — 71
\/n 2 + ti + 7i
1 H------------- h l
71
lim 1 H------------- h l
n—>00 71
71(71 + 1) n 2 + 7i _ 1
n2 n2 ti
na je lim Cn = 1.
n —>00
8 .5 T a n in e H a r o M M J ia B a H » a H H 3 a
A k o h h 3 K O H B e p m p a , Ta ^ a m e ro B a rp a ro ra H a B p e ^H o cT H cn ym a B a yc-
h 1 , je p ce y CBanoj o k o j ih h h 6 p o ja — 1 H a J ia 3 e c b h n jia H O B H ca H e n a p m iM ,
n o M o fm o TB p ^ e a e .
Tada
JIOKA3. 1. Kano je
c jie f lH ^ a c y h h 3o b h (a n ) h (bn) K O H B e p re H TH H h ^ a je
lim an = a = s u p {a n } , lim bn = b = i n f { 6„ } .
n —*-oo n n —*oo n
yM e TH yTe onceHKe.
C jie ^ e R a TeopeM a o ^ h o c h ce Ha e r 3 H C T e m jH jy Ta n a n a H a r o M H J ia B a m a
HH3a.
i i i i u > im
149
/I.O K A 3 . H e K a je ( x n) n a ra h h 3.
1. IIo ra T O je HH 3 o rp a H u n e H , c b h m e ro B H H J ia H O B U n p m ia n a jy HenoM
|i i m o HH3 yM e TH yTH X o n ce n a n a
[a , b] D [ d i , f r i] D [o 2 i ^ 2] D • •• D [flm bn ] D ■• ■ ■
2. A k o je HH 3 o rp a H H Te H , H3 Ta n n e 1. cn e n u n a o h HM a KO HanH y
rR H K y H a r o M H J ia B a H ja . A k o je HH3 H e o rp a H H H e H o n o 3 ro , Ta n a ce y CBaKoj
if iH K a — 00 je a e ro B a Ta n n a H a r o M H J ia B a m a . ■
naH>a c y 0 u + 00.
WH(f)HMyM h cynpeMyM cnyna T anana HaroMHJiaBaiBa naTor HH3a cy
ranome TanKe HaroMHJiaBa&a tot HH3a.
II p h m e p 8 .2 3 . 3 a an je lim an = —e u lim an = e.
= ( - I ) "
n—>00 n —*00
150 H m 3 0 IU 1
K o H B e p re H T a H h h 3 He M o * e H M a ra BHm e Ta b a n a H a r o M H J ia B a n > a .
je b a h H ena c y 0 (a ) h 0 (b ) # h c jy H K T H e o n o jm H e t h x Ta n a n a . y
TO M e, a je je # H H a Ta n n a H a r o M H J ia B a it a HH3a (a n ).
je 0 ( a ) n p o H 3B O J i ,H a o K O J iH H a Te Ta nn e. K a n o HH3 HeM a # p y rn x Ta na na
HH3a ( an ) . ■
Tro p e # Ta n a n a H a r o M H J ia B a n .a # a io r HH3a (a n ) , m o jk c m o p a s M a ip a T M u
6a p je # H y Ta n n y H a r o M H J ia B a n > a y R . T a n o lje , T a n n a H a r o M H J ia B a n ,a H e n o r
c n y n a y R M o * e # a ce o n a p a n Te p H m e n o M o Iiy HH30Ba.
H o H a 3 OBe TeopeM e n p e n y n iT a M o n H T a o x iy .
1 1 1 1
(k - I - 1 ) 2 < k{k + 1) k k + l ’
fno je
sin (n + 1) + + sin (n + k)
\,ln+k an I =
(n + l ) 2 (n + k )2
1 1
< ■+
(n + 1)2 + (n + k )2
1 + f\ n +11 1 1
< (l
\n n + 1)
+
n + k —1 n+k
1 1 1
= --------------- <
n n+k n
A ko 3a e > 0 u3o£epeM o n0 > 1 /e , m ada sa ceauo n > n 0 u ceanu n p u p o d a n
Onoj k eaoicu
1 1 1
\a n+k an| £•
n
llp eM a m oM e, HU3 (an) je K o m u je e, a m o m a n u u KOHeepzenmaH.
152 H h 30BH
1 1 1 1 1
Q-m flrt -------------------- 1------------------------- 1--------------- 1------------> n •— = - .
n + l n + 2 2n 2n 2
To m a n u da 3a e = 1 /2 yc.n,oo U3 de<puHuv,uje K o m u jeeoz misa nuje ucmjibc/H,
na damu hu 3 nuje KOHeepzenmaH.
8 .7 IIn T a ib a h 3a^an;H
8. iX o K a 3 a T H na je lim an — a ano je
2n
( !) an = -o-— t > 0 = 0 (2) an — 2
n^ + 1
2n + 5 • 6n
(3) an - qn (|g| < 1), a = 0 (4) &TI = a = 5.
3” + 6n ’
n+ 1 3n + 4 100n
(1 ) — ( 2) a n — (3) an
2n — 1 n+ 2 n2 + 10
100n
(4) <xn n2 + n n (5) an = (6) an = 3n — 2” .
n!
10. KopHCTehH TeopeMy o mohotohom h orpaHHraeHOM HH3y noKa3aTH koh-
iu!preHH;Hjy HH3a (an) ano je
5n
(1) an = — (2) an = n ln
n!
2n
14. HoKa3aTH na jc lim —- = 0.
n—>oo n!
^ s in n
15. iioKa3aTH na je lim ------ = U.
n—+oo n
„ - - -
16 . H oK a 3 aTH n a j e lim \ / l + - + — + • — f— = 1.
n—»oo V 2 3 n
2 n -(- 3n
24. M 3 panyHaTH lim —— — •
n —>oo 6n + 5 ft
25. OnpenHTH BpenHOCTH napaM eT pa a 3a Koje HH3 ca onmTHM HJiaHOM
an — V n 2 + n a — n K O H B e p rn p a h HaliH o n r o B a p a j y l l e r p a m iH H e B penH O C T H .
29. Z[a jih nocToje hh3obh ( a n ) h ( bn) KojH HMajy no jenHy Tanny HaroMHJia-
iiama, npH neMy HH3 (an + bn) 1) HeMa Tanana HaroMHJiaBaHba; 2) m a jenHy
ianny HaroMHJiaBa&a; 3) HMa nee Tanne HaroMHJiaBaaa?
30. H a jih nocToje HH30BH (a n) h ( bn) nojn HMajy no jenHy Tanny HaroMHJia-
iiiuna, npn neMy HH3 (an -bn) 1) HeMa Tanana HaroMHJiaBama; 2) HMa jenHy
i anny HaroMHJiaBan>a; 3) HMa ppe Tanne HaroMHJiaBaEba?
31. O^pe^HTH CBe Tanne HaroMnjiaBama HH3a (xn), nao h lim xn h lim xn
n —*oo n —*oo
a no je
34.
fc=i k= 1
8 .8 Z lo ^ a T a K
H o K a 3 KOHBepreHii;Hje HH3a H3 r i p u M e p a 8 . 1 3
1
JIo K a a c H M O H a j n p e n a j e hh3 H njn j e o n n i T H M J ia H an = I 1 H— 1 mohotoho
n
p acT ytiH . M eTonoM MaTCMaTHMKC HHnyKii;Hje jenHOCTaBHO ce n oK a3 yje na
3a p ea aa H 6 p o j x > — 1 h cBann np n pon aH S p o j n B a*H H ejenaaKocT (no3-
HaTa j e Kao EepnyAujeea nejednaKoem)
(1 + x )n > 1 + nx, ( 8 . 11 )
l\ n
1 + 1 1 ----- I > 1 + n i - i - i .
n n nJ n' n
FtpeM a T O M e,
TI — 1
na je
1 —n n —1 n —1
n
an — I 1 + > 1 1 - - = i + 1•
n n n —1 n—1
JJoK a3 T e o p e M e 8 . 1 4
a* = lim a n, a* = lim a n ,
n— 1 *^0
ra.ua 3a cBaKo e > 0 n ocrojH no h nocT oje m ,n > no 3a Koje Ba*H
. £ . . £ , * . £
|ft* — d m \ < —, |d m a n\ < g) |a n ft ^ 3’
na je
|ft ■ ft* | ^ |ft* ftjn | “1“ |ftm ftn | "P |ftn ft* | £■
H c T o p H jc K e H a n o M e H e
r p a H H ^ H e B p e rH H O C T H
(f)y H K u ;H ja
TTD2
je ftCH zpcufiuK. FeoMCTp^jcKH, rpa(})HK (J)yHKpHje je CKyn T ab an a y M .
K ana je Taj CKyn JinHnja, KaiKCMo n a rpac|)HK cj>yHKHHje / npencT aB Jta
KpHBy y = f{x).
,He<J)HHHii,Hja 9 .1 . 4>yHKV,u]a f : D —> R je ozpanuHena clko nocmoje peaAHU
fipojeeu A u B maneu da 3a ceaKO x E D eaoicu
A < f { x) < B.
y CJioB H3 ne^HHHpnje je eKBHBajieHTaH ycjioBy \f(x)\ < M 3a cBano
x £ D , r n e je M no3HTHBaH peaaaH 6 p o j.
A ko je <J>yHKHHja / : D —* M o rp am iu eH a, CKyn H>eHnx BpenHOCTH HMa
cynpeMyM h HH(jjHMyM Koje 03HaMaBaM0 c a sup / h inf / . HaKJie,
xeD X^ D
9 .2 rp aH H 9 H H X B p e flH o c T H
O B or oneJB K a.
160 T p a H H H H e B p e ^ H O C T H (flJ H K L lH ja
JletjiHHHiiHja 9 .5 . P ea .n a n 6 p o j A j e z p a n u u n a e p e d n o c m , iu iu AUM.ec ^ yn n u ,u je
f y m a u n u a a n o 3a c e a n y o n o A u n y V 6 p o ja A n o c m o ju n p o 6 y iu e n a o n o A u n a U
O
maune a manea da je f ( U ) c V (CAuna 9.1). Kaotce ce jotu u da f noneepzupa
(meotcu) na A nada x meotcu na a, mmo ce 3anucyje ca
lim f ( x) = A
x —>a
UJIU
f ( x) —►A, x —* a.
-1
-2
-2 0 2
CjiMKa 9.1. HefjmHnmija rpamraHe CjiMKa 9.2. rpa(J)HK <{>yHKHHje x >
Bpe^HOCTH (j>yHKnaje sgn(T)
1, x > 0
sgn(x) 0, x = 0
-1 x > 0
I p a H H H H e B p e f l H o c T H ({ )y H K U H ja 161
II ph m ep 9 .4 . Hena je f { x) = x 3a x ± 0 u / ( 0) = 1. Ma a u <f>ynnv,uja f y
maunu x — 0 UMa zpanuuny ep ed n ocm ? IIpoeepuMO ycAoe (9 .1 ) 3 a a = 0 u
A = 0. A ko j e 5 = e 3a damo e > 0, onda U3 ycnoea 0 < \x — a\ < 6 cAedu
da je |f { x) —A\ < e. IIpeM a moMe, lim f ( x) = 0. FIpuMemuMo da zpanuuna
x —►
O
e p e d n o c m jyynnv,uje f y m a u n u x = 0 n u je jed n a n a ep e d n o c m u <pynnu,uje y
m o j m aunu, nao u m o da ycAoe \ f(x ) - A\ < e n e 6u 6uo ucny% en nada 6u y
de{f>UHuv,uju zp a n u u n e e p e d n o c m u yM ecm o 0 < \x - a| < 6 y3eAu \x — o| < 6.
U (a + ) = U (a) n [ a , + o o ), U (a + ) = U (a+ ) \ {a } ,
lim f ( x ) = - 1 , lim f ( x) = 1,
x—>0_ x—>0+
X2
AOK c y JieBa h necH a r p a m r a i a BpenHOCT <}>yHKii;Hje / : a: — y TamtcH
x = 0 jeflHaKe,
HaKJie,
1 1
II phmep 9 .6 . A ko je f ( x) = mada 3a e > Q u M = - eaoieu
x e
1
\ x \ > M =>• |f ( x) — 0| = < —
M - £-
2x + 1
II phmep 9 .7 . A ko je f ( x) = ^ ^ u A = 2, mada je
2x + 1 1
\f(x)-A\ =
x+ 1 \x + l\'
na 3a e > 0 u M — 1 + 1 /e eaotcu
1 1
|cc| > M = > \f{x) —A\ < 7 7 - = £.
|n + l | 1 /e
2x + 1
IIpeMa (9.4) mo 3nauu da je lim —-----— = 2.
r ' x — *oo X + 1
C e c K O H a M H a r p a H H M H a B p e , n j i o c T (J>yH K ii;H je
#yHKpHja a je, paKJie, 6ecKOHanHo Majia Kapa x —> a aKo 3a CBaKO e > 0
n o c T o jn 6 > 0 3a Koje Ba»H
1. A ko j e j ( x ) = a ( x ) + (3(x), T an a H3
£ £
\a{x)\ < - 3 a 0 < \x — a\ < 6 1, \P(x)\ < - 3 a 0 < \x — a\ < 62
A A
cjie^H
£ £
|7 (x)| < |a(x)| + \/3(x)\ < - + - = £ 3 a 0 < | x - a | < 5 = min{<5i, č2}.
A A
IIpeM a TOMe, 7 j e SecKOHaHHO M ana <})yHKiiHja Kana x —>a.
2. A ko j e g (x) = f ( x ) ■ a ( x ) , T an a H3
CJienn
\9{x) I = | / (x )| • | a (x )| < M • Jj = 6 3a x € U (a).
1 _ 1 (B
B B ■g(x ) '
cjien n n a je (J>yHKiiHja 1/g — 1 /B 6ecKOHanHO M ana Kana x —> a,
onaocH o n a 1/g —* 1 /B Kana x —►a.
f(x ) 1
2 . 063HPOM n a je = —r— • / ( x ) , TBp^eme cjienn H3 1. h npeTxonHe
9 \x ) 9 \x )
TeopeMe. ■
l'pam raH e B p e flH O C T H (j)yH K i;H ja 169
H eK e B a * H e rpaH H ^H e B p e ^ o c T H
sin x
T e o p e M a 9 .9 . $yHKV,uja f : x i—►.^ umcl zpanuHHp epedn ocm 1 nada i - + 0 .
1 1 1 sin x
------- < — < —— , c o s x < -------- < 1,
ta n x x sin x x
( >a h o c h o
sm x sin x . ox ar
1 < --------- < _ c o sx , 0 < 1 ----------< 1 — cos x = 2 s n r - < —
x x 2 2
x2
K ano 3 a cB ano e nocTojH 5 tbkbo pa j e — < e 3a 0 < x < 5, cnepa
A» 3 a (j>yHKpHjy / n o cT o jn AecHa rparoraH a BpeAHOCT y Hyjm. M eljyTHM ,
t|)yHKnHja / j e napH a, n a n o cT o jn h jieB a rpam iHH a BpenHocT K oja j e je^ -
iiana AecH oj. IlpeM a TOMe,
sm x
l i m -------= 1.
x—>0 X
IIpHMeTHMO p a (f>yHKHHja / hitje AecJmHHcaHa y tbmkh x = 0 (n o ja j e c i e
ranKa H aroM unaBam a o G n a c rn AeijniHHcaHocTH ćj>yHKii;Hje / ) . ■
H o K a 3 y je ce Aa Baase h cneAefre jeAHaKOCTH ( b h a c t h [ ]).
1. lim ( l + - ) = e
x—oo \ X)
2. l i m ( l + x )l!x = e
x—*0
3. Um y i ± £ l = 1
*—>0 X
ax — i ex — \
4. l i m --------- = I n a , cnepnjajiH O l i m ---------- = 1
x—i-O x x—>0 x
(I + x)a — 1
5. lim ------ i = 1 3a a G R
x—*o ax
a (x) x 3/-
lim )..r = l i m ------ - lim y/x — 0
x->o p (x ) x -+ o sm x x—>o
1 —cosa: 2 s in 2(x /2 ) 1
lim — ....».....- = l i m --------s------= - •
a?x2
sina: ~ x , ln ( l + x) x , ax — 1 ~ x ln a, ( 1 + x ) a — 1 ~ ax, 1 — cos a x ~
~T~'
rn e j e a p e a jia H S p o j.
C jie n e tia TeopeM a n a j e noT peS aH h n o s o jta H y c J io B 3 a eKBHBajieHTHOCT
SecKOHanHO M a ra x (})yHKn;Hja.
a ( x ) a i( x )
lim -Tj—r = h m —
r— ~ .
x~*a p ( x ) a '.-* a p \ [ x )
ln (l 4 5 sm 2 a;) 5 sin2 a; 5
h m ------ r-s---------- = hm — - • lim
x —>o e3x — 1 x —>o 3a;2 3 x-+o 3'
Ha c jiH M a H H aM H H ce y n o p e 5 y jy h S e c K O H a M H O B e j i H K e (} )y H K n ;H je napa
x —►a € R h K a^a x —> a _ hjih a; —►a + , r ^ e je a € 1 .
II p h m e p 9 .1 2 . ucmoz c m e n e n a c y 6 e c K o n a H H O e e j i u K e <fiyHKVl u j e
J J s a n o jiu H O M a
u cm o z p e d a K ada x —* oo. A ko j e p(x) = anx n 4 a n _ \ x n~ l 4 • • • 4 oia; 4 oo u
oko j e q(x) = bnx n 4 6„_ixn_1 H------- h 6ix 4 &o, npu -<eAt?/ je anbn ± 0, m a d a j e
CLji—x ć&l CLn
«n + — 4 - - - 4 - ^ 4
p(x )
lim —r— = h m
r x 0>n
X — >oc q[x) x->oo V ’
6„ + ^ l + - '- + 4 l T + bo
x n
' xn~1 x"
A ko je an = bn, mada cy tiojiuhomu p u q 6ecKOHaHHO eenuKe eKeueajieHmne
tpyHKv,uje K a d a x —>■oo.
I p aH H M H C B p C flH O C T H c f> y H K Iln ja 173
3. (o(/3))n = o(/3” ) 3 a n€ N
4. o(o(/?)) = o{fi)
na je
lim = 2 . lim = 2 . lim (1 + 0 (1 )) = 2 .
X—>0 X* x —>0 x* x—*0
IIpm m ep 9 .1 4 . 3 a x 0 eacKcu
e2x _ gX 1 -(- 2 x + o(x) — (1 + X + o(x)) _ _____
X + o(x) 1 + 0(1)
sin 2 x — sin x 2x + o(x) — (x + o (x)) X + o(x) l + o ( l) !
na je
e2x _ ex
l i m ------------------ lim 1 + 4 1 1 1.
x->-o sin 2 x — sin x x -+0 1 + o (l)
174 r p a H H H H e B p e flH O C T H (J > y H K p w ja
sin x — x o(x )
lim ----5------- = lim — T-.
E—>o x6 x— x6
9.6 riHTaBba h a a ^ u ;«
, , v 3x2 — 4x + 1
( ! ) / ( * ) = ----------- t----- , a = 1, A = 2;
x —1
r 3 _
(2) / ( * ) = - ---- V - , o = 3, A = 9.
X O
x-2‘ 16 . . - . 1
(1) lim = 2; (2 )l i m a; s i n — = 0.
x—>4 X z ■4x ’ v >o x
(1) / (z ) = 1 + ^ r r ^ a = 2
( 2 ) f ( x ) = 1 ~~ (x - l ) 2 ’ a = 1
(3) / ( x ) = ^ s i n ^ , a = 0
(4) / ( x ) = sg n {s in 7rx), a = n € N
1 — cos x
x < 0
X' a — 0.
(2 ) /(x ) = <
X
x > 0
. 2x + x 2 ’
1
|x | > 8 < £
1 + x2
h nonyH H TH T a 6 jm ijy
7. JXoKa3aTH n a He n o c i o j e rp a m ra H e Bpe^HocTH
i*
2. 7T
(1) lim s i n - (2) lim s i n —
x —>0 X x —* 0 X
x 2 + 4x + 3 x+ 1
(1) lim (2) lim
x -* -i x 2 + 3x + 2 x >1 x 3 —3x + 2
>> l i m i t ( f , x , 0 , ’l e f t ’) ; l i m i t ( f , x , 0 , ’r i g h t ’ )
noGnjaMO
sm x sin x
lim ..;..., ■1, lim 1.
x x —>0+ x
C B oje p e 3 y jiT a T e n p o B e p H T e K o p n c T e ftu MATLAB .
x2 — 2x + 1
( 1) / 0 ) = a= 1
x3 —x
(4) / ( * ) = a = + °°
(5) / ( * ) = Y T ¥ ’ a = _ ° °
1 — v /c o s x
(6) f ( x) = a = 0+
1 — COS y/x ’
ln (x 2 —x + 1)
(7) f { x) = a = +oo
ln (x 4 + x + 1) ’
x 2(x — 1)
(1) f ( x) = bx (2) / ( x ) = \J 4x2 + x + 1 —bx —c
(x - l ) 2
xe
(3) f ( x) = bx — c (4) f ( x) = x a r c ta n x —bx — c
sin 2x + 2 a rc ta n 3x + 3x 2 , . + x2 + x3 - 1
(1) lim — ------------------ =-------------
*-♦0 ln (l + 3a: + sin2 a:) + xex ( ) 1™ ln (co sx )
2 sin \J x 2 + V a ? + ln (l + x)
(3) lim --------------------- -
x_*°+ x + \f Xy/x
---------
(4)*iToXln(1+f)~lni)
(sin 2 x — 2 t a n x ) 2 + (1 — c o s2 x )3
(5) l i m ----------------- =— -------^ -------------— (6) lim (l + x 2)cotx.
^-*•0 ta n ” 6x + s i r a: x —*0
\ / l + sin 2 x — 1
(3) Um (4) lim (a:(ln(x + 1) — Ina:))
x —*0+ ar x —>+oo
M cTopnjcK e HanoMene
2. X a jH e c n a ^ a y n p o n y KTiiBHiije M aTeM am -
n a p e 19 . BeKa. O SjaB H o j e npeKO 50 p a n o B a
H3 pa3JIHHHTHX oOjiacTH MaTeMaTHKe h ^;o 6 h t -
hhk j e T a y c o B e M enaJte. X ajH e j e hmho n p n -
JiHKy n a c jiy m a npenaBaEba H3 T eo p n je 6 p o je B a
nyBeH or T a y c a , a cap a ljH B a o j e h c a npyrH M Be-
jihkhm MaTeMaTHHapiiMa to t BpeMeHa, Kao ihto
c y B a je p r n ip a c , K yM ep hjih KpoH eKep. no-
3HaTa j e X a jH e -B o p e jio B a TeopeM a o noKpnBaH>y
3aTBopeH or CKyna y R n o M o h y KOHaiHO mhoto m rrep B a jia .
r j i a s a 1 0
H e n p e K H /i^ io c T cj^ H K u n ja
A / ( a ) —►0 K a ^ a x —> a.
II phmep 1 0 .2 . $yHnv,uje sgn u | sgn | nucy nenpenudne y nyjiu jep npea od nux
neMa zpanuuHy epednocm y x = 0 (eudemu IIpuMep 9 .1), don 3a dpyzy nuje
ucnyTben ycAoe (10 .1) jep je lim f (x) = 1, don je / ( 0) = 0.
x — >0
182 U c n p e K H f l H O C T (}>yH K UM ja
sin2 x
x^ 0 X cos x ^ 0
f(x) x g(x) = < X
x 0, x = 0,
. x —a x+ a . x —a
\sinx — sinal = 2 sm —- — cos —— - < 2 s m ------- < \x —a I,
2
O n e p a i p t j e c a H enp eK H ^ H H M c}>yHKiiHjaM a
x „ /(a ) T.
H oka3. HeKa je , Ha npHMep, / ( a ) > 0 h e —— ■ K ano je q>yHKiiHja
H enpeK H ^na y T a n K ii a, 3a oKOjmHy V£ Tamce / ( a ) n o c T o j n oKOJiHHa U (a)
n o ja c e i^ e jia n p e c jiH K a B a y V. 3 a x G U{a) B a * H f [ x ) > 0. C jihhho je h y
c jiy n a jy / (a ) < 0. ■
1. f , g £ C [ a , b ] =>■ f + g j g € C[a,b],
2. f , g G C[a,b], g{x) / 0 ( i G [a, 6]) =* f / g G C[a,b\.
n a je h HenpeKHflHa y a. I
H enpeK H ^H O C T e ji e m e h t a p H u x (j)yHKii;iija
1. KOHcmanma, i i - > c G i
2. cmenena pynKv,uja,, (a G
3. encnonengujanna pynnu,uja, x ax (a > 0, 1)
4. AozapurruiMcna pgnnpuja, x *—>logBx (a > 0, lj
184 HenpeKHflHocT tf)yhkhh ] a
1. nojiHHOM P ne(})HHHcaH ca
R(x) = P(x)
Q(x)'
rn e cy P h Q iio jih h o m h ,
er + e
sinh x cosh a;
,X
ex + e„ —X
tanh x , coth a: =
ex + e~x
10.2 B p c T e npeKH.nja
71e(J)uh m n u ja 1 0 .6 . A k o j e a m a u n a n p e n u d a ^ p n n p u j e f u a n o y m o j m a u n u
n o c m o je je d n o c m p a n e zp a n u u n e e p e d n o c m u , m a d a j e a m a u n a n p e n u d a n p e e
epcm e.
x sin(l/x) sin(x)/x
X X
s in x
x ^ 0
/(*) = x ’
0, x = 0
186 HenpeKHflHOCT <f>yHKiuija
' 1
f(x ) = a2 x ^ °
x = 0,
1
sin ■ x ^ 0
/(*) = x
0, x = 0,
BajepinTpacoBe TeopeMe
T eo p eM a 1 0 .8 . [ J p y r A B a je p l u t p a c o b a ] A ko je <pynKv,uja f nenpeKudna
na odceuKy [ a ,b ], mada ona na moM odceuKy docmuotce u HajMawy u n a jeeh y
npednocm.
I= inf f ( x ) , L = sup f( x ) .
o.<x<b a<x<b
v{x) = J F T i '
HenpeKHnsa Ha [a, 6] . H a ocHOBy T eo p eM e 1 0 . 7 oHa j e h orpaHHueHa Ha
[a , b\. H a K J ie , n o c T o jn m T a K B O n a j e 0 < <p(x) < m , o n H o c H o
1
0< < m.
f(x) - I
x G ( - 1 ,1 )
/(*) =
x G { —1,1}
a b
,ZJo k a 3. H en a j e / ( a ) < 0 h f( b ) > 0. Tanina ^eJiH oflce^ aK [a, b] Ha
UBa ^ ejia A k o je Bpe^HocT (j)yHKii;Hje y Toj tbhkh je^ H an a Hyjin, oH^a
H»y MOHeMo y3eTH 3a c A k o to Huje c.Jiyaaj, oH^a Ha KpajeBHMa je^ H o r
a+ b a + b 1
o r o^ cen aK a a, H -------,0 (pyHKIlHja HMa Bpe^HOCTH pa3JIHHHTOr
3H aK a. A ko T aj o ^ c e n a K 03hhhhmo c a [ a \ , b i] h aKO o n n c a H H n o c T y n a K
noH aB JL aM O , flo O n tie M O h jih T a n K y H3 ( a , b ) y K o jo j j e BpeflHOCT 4>yHKii;Hje
j e ^ H a n a H yjiH h jih h h 3 yM eT H yT H x o ^ c e n a K a
c = lim an = lim bn .
n —*oo n — ►oo
KaKO je
f ( a n) < 0, f ( b n) > 0
n a j e / (c ) = 0. ■
T eo p e M a y n a 3 y je Ha to ^ a n p n HaBefleHHM ycjioBHM a Ha HHTepBajiy
(a, b) n o cT o jn 6 a p je^H a Tann a y K ojoj j e BpenHOCT (})yHKiiHje je^HaKa HyjiH.
Me^yTHM, TaKBHx T a n a n a Mo»ce 6 hth h BHine (CjiH Ka 10 .4 ).
x 0
/0 ) =
x = 0,
H p yra K onra B o a i / a H O B a T e o p e M a
T eo p eM a 1 0 .1 0 . A ko je j>ynKii,uja f neupenudna na [a, 6] u oko je f {a) < f{b),
mada 3a ceaKO C 3a Koje je f ( a ) < C < f ( b) nocmoju 6ap jed n a mauna c E (a, b)
manea da je f(c) = C.
,Ho k a 3. <l>yHKrpija g : x i—>• f ( x ) — C j e HenpeKH/iHa Ha [a. b], n p n neM y j e
] enudna na (0,1]
-0 .9 -0 .5 -0 .1 0 .1 0.5 0.9
Ax
A/
6. HoKa3aTH j e (})yHKn;Hja
fo, x e Q
\x , x£Q
8. M c n H T aT H ^ a jih n o c T o j n s p e ^ n o c T n a p a M e T p a a 3a K o jy j e fla Ta t ^ H K u n j a
/ HenpeKHAna y TanKH x = 0.
( x - l ) 3, x < 0 ix , lx l < 1
(1) / ( x ) = < ax + b, 0 < x < 1 (2) f { x) — I X2 + ax + b, \x\ > 1
3a x G R \ (0) !}■
10. v , = a, f { l ) — b u / ( x )
- - H en a „j e . /(0) 1 — e®/!1 - 1 )
O flp eflH T H TaHKC n p c K H ^ a ^ m c m ije / h H cnH T aT H HjHXOB K a p a K T e p y 3a-
bhchocth ofl, Bpe^HO CTH n a p a M e T a p a a h b.
192 HenpeKHflHOCT t()yHKi;nja
(3) f ( x ) = x l n |x |, a = 0 (4) f ( x ) = - ^ e - 1 ^ 2, a = 0
xz
y n y TC TB O . P a 3M O Tp H TH (J )y H K iiH je / h g n e (})H H H c a H e ca
x ----- , x /0
/(*) = g(x) = < x
0, x = 0.
" s in x
x ^ 0 x^ 0
/(*) ste )
x= 0 x = 0.
U ’
1) orpaHHneHa Ha [a,b],
1 0 .6 Z lo u a T a K
ZIoKa3 T e o p e M e 1 0 .1 1
PeMO n € N TaKo ^a 6y^e - < ^ ( o^ hocho n > 2/6) u £n £ U$/ 2(f), Ta^a
je
\Vn — £| = \f]n ~ Šn + Šn ~ £| < |Vn ~ £n| + |£n ~ £| < ---- h - < <5,
T't Zi
n a r)n npHna/ia okojihhh U${£/). T o 3 Haqn n a y cBanoj okojihhh thhkc £
nocToje HJiaHOBH h rjn 3 a Koje Basun
I/(£n) ~ / ( % ) | > £.
1.
B ajep m T p ac (Karl Weierstrass, 1815-1897) je He-
MaHKH M aieM aT m ap. HaKo je KacHo n o n eo n a
ce SaBH HayHHHM panoM (n y r o ro^HHa je 6 h o
cpeHHjOiHKOJicKH npo(j)ecop), nocT ao je jenaH o n
B O JielT H x HCMaTKHX M a T e M a r a n a p a H e B C T H a e c T o r
Bena. HajBeSiH nonpnH oc je flao y T eopnjn
aHajIHTHHKHX (j)yHKHHja, KOHBepreHHHjH peflOBa H
BapnjapHOHOM panyH y. Bancno je 3a onJiHHHor
yHHBep3HTeTCKor n pen aB an a Ha BepjiHHCKOM yHH-2
Bep3HTeTy.
(|)HJi0 3 0 cj)H jH H a y K e . I T o p e n T o r a , h m a n o n p n H o c h
y M a i’eM aT H H K o j a H a jiH 3 H .
r j i a B a 1 1
H A b o / i; tj3 y H K iiH je
1 1 .1 M 3 B O ,u ;a h n p H M e p ia
ilaKJie,
Ay Af f ( x + A x) - f(x)
f (x) = lim —— = lim —— = lim ----------- --------------
J K ’ Aa—OA x Ax—>0 A x Ax—>-0 Ax
A ko npnpamTaj A x 03HaHHM0 c a h, a x + h ca t, oHpa je
iim n * + k ) - / w = Um/ w - / w
/ '( * ) h—0 h t —*x
196 H 3 b o ,h 4>yHKqnje
A / _ |A x | — 0 _ |A x | _ f 1, 3a A x > 0
Air Ax [-1 , 3a A x < 0.
f'{x) = lim - = 0.
Air—>0 A x
2. HeKa je / ( x) = xn 3a n € N . T ana je
(x + A x ) n — x
f\x) = lim = nxn~ l .
Air^O Ax
fc = ix /
( A x \ x! A x 1
= A x -0 l0ga l 1 + VX Jj = l0ga gl/X = x l0g“ e ‘
1
CnepnjajiHO, 3a a = e HMaMO na je f'(x) = - 3a f ( x ) = ln x .
x
5. HeKa je f{x) = sin x . T ana je
sin(x + A x) - sin x 2 . Ax 2x + A x
J \x) = lim ------------ ---------------= lim —— sin —— cos — —------ = cos x.
Ax-*o Ax Air—>0 A x 2 2
6. HeKa je f (x) = c o sx . Tana je
,,, x cos(x + A x) - c o s x -2 . A x . 2x + A x
J [x) = hm ------------ t-------------- = hm —— • sm — - s in ------ ------ = —sin x.
Air—>0 Ax Air—>0 A x 2 2
H 3 B O f l 4> yH K U ,M je 197
T e o M e T p ra jc K O 3HaMeH>e H 3B O fla
Ay f{x + A x ) ~ f { x ) , ^
ta n a = —— = ----------r--------------• 1 1 1 •1 J
Ax Ax
KaKO j e ycjio B n a Tann a B t o k h T a ™ A eKBHBajieirraH ycJioBy A x —> 0,
TO H3 jenHaKOCTH ( l l . l ) cjie n n n a n o c T o ja ite rpaHHHHor n o jio a ta ja cen m ie
3aBHCH on n o c T o ja ita H3Bona (j)yHKpHje / y Tanrai x. yKOJiHKo Taj H3Bon
n o cT o jn , T an a j e rpaHHTHH nojioacaj ce n n n e onpeljeH yrjioM <£> 3a Kojn je
tan<p = f ' ( x) . TpaHM^Ha c e n n n a y tom C Jiynajy n o cT a je TaHreHTa KpHBe
y = f ( x ) y TanKH A (CjiH Ka 1 1 .3 , jieB o).
(11.3)
A y = A Ax + o( Ax), A x —+ 0, (11.4)
(11.5)
x 2, 3a x € Q
f(x)
0, 3a x ^ Q
1 1 .2 I l p a B H J i a ro j n c J ) e p e H n ; H p a i b a
OflHOCHO
Ay A u ^ Av
( 11 . 6 )
Ax Ax Ax
OG3HpoM ^ a c y u h v nHcjjepeHrpnjaGHjrae Y T am ni x, rpaH H m ie Bpe^HOCTH
KOJiHHHHKa y je^HaKocTH (1 1 .6 ) fla jy jennaKOCT y'(x) = u'{x) ± v'(x).
2. A ko j e y = uv, T a ^ a 3 a A x 7^ 0 m ia M O
OflHOCHO
Ay Av
—— v(x + A x) + u(x). (1 1 .7 )
Ax Ax v ' Ax
H3 (})ep CHnnj a6 h jiho c th (f)yHKKHja u m v y TaflKH x cjie/m jia nocToje
h 3bo^ h u'{x) vl v'(x) h jia v(x + A x ) —> v(x) Kafla A x —> 0. y3HMajyfiH
TO y 0 6 3 H P, Kao H CBOjCTBa rpaHH^HHX BpeflHOCTH, H3 jeflHaKOCTH ( 1 1 . 7 )
,Ho6HjaMo
/\ 7/
y'(x) = lim —— = u'(x)v(x) + u(x)v'(x).
v 7 Ar- 0 A x v ' v '
3. A ko j e y = u/ v, Ta^a 3a A® 7 ^ 0 h m 3 mo
u (x + A t ) u (x )
Ay
p ( x + A x) n(x)
« (x + Ax)v(x) —v(x + A x)u (x)
v(x)v(x + A x)
[it(x + A x ) — «(x)]v(x) — [u(x + A x) — v(x)]u(x)
v(x)v(x + A x)
OflHOCHO
_ 1 — v (x ) Av
u(x) . ( 11 . 8 )
Ax v(x)v(x + Ax) Axl Ax
M 3 je^HaKOCTH ( 1 1 .8 ) ^oSnjaM O
. Ay u ( x ) v ( x ) — v (x )u (x )
y (x) = lim —- = ------------ 77—r------------ .
Ax—»o A x v 2(x)
II pmmep 1 1 .1 . A ko je / ( x ) = ta n x , mada je
A2 .Ay .. .Ay
( 11 . 10 )
Az
z'(x) lim - A g\ y ) f ' ( x ) . ■
Ax —>0 Ax
H 3 b o h H H B ep 3H e cJ)yHKii;Hje
Ag(y) _ A x = 1
Ay Af(x) A f(x)
Ax
noSnjaM o n a je
Ag{y)
g'{y) = lim
Ay->0 Ay Ax™0 A f{x) / '( * ) '
Ax
1 1 1 1
ft* ) g'{y) cos y — sin2 y \/l — x 2
202 M3BO.H (flVHKIIMje
Ta6jniii;a M3Bo,na
Hajia»ceH>eM (no necjjHHHipijH) H3Bo^a h(:khx (|)yHKn;nja, a 3aTHM npnMeHOM
npaBHJia H3Bo^;a, mojkcmo ^ o Shth h 3box; CBaKe eneMeHTapHe <j)yHKii;Hje.
OS hhho ce naMTe pobogu ochobhhx ejieMeHTapHHX c|)yHKnHja, a n3BOfln
ocTajrax (j)yHKnHje H3panyHaBajy ce no noTpeSn. OB^e je ^aTa TaGjmna
H3BOfla ochobhhx eJieMeHTapmra: h xnrrep6ojiHHKHX ctjVHKunja.
i
xn n x n~ 1 n GN arcsin x |x| < 1
V i —x 2
i
xa a x a ~~1 x > 0, a 6 l arccos x |x| < 1
V l —x2
1
ax ax ln a a > 0 , a / 1, x GR arctan x xG i
1+ X2
1 1
loga x a>0, 1, x > 0 a rcco t x x GR
a; Ina 1 + X2
sin x cos X x GR sh x ch x x GR
cosx —sina; x GR ch x sh x xG l
1 7r 1
ta n x x ^ — + k 'K , /cG Z ta n h x x GR
COS2 X A c h 2x
1 1
cot X x V k 'K , k GZ c o th x x v o
sin2 x s h 2x
9' w = £M . ( 1 1 .1 1 )
f'(x) u'(x)
= v'(x) ln u(x) + v(x)
/(*) u(x) 1
OflHOCHO
u'{x)
f'(x) = u(x)vW v'(x) ln u(x) + v(x)
u (x ) _
A y — A A x + a ( A x ) A x — f'(x) A x + a ( Ax ) Ax , (1 1 .1 2 )
HaKJie,
dy = d f(x ) = f ' ( x ) A x .
143 O B e je ^ H a K o c T H c jie ^ H
dx dx
j e p j e dx = g'(t)dt.
143 npaBHJia 3a h 3b o ^ 36w pa, pa3JiHKe, npoH3BOfla u KOJiHHHmca HBejy
cj)yHKpHja ^HpeKTHO ^o6njaM O aH ajiorH a npaBHJia h 3a ,zpi<{)epeHipijaji 4>yH-
KHHje.
1. d( u{ x ) ± v (x )) = du(x) ± dv(x);
11 .4 M3 b o h ^H(|)epeHii;HjajiH BHmer p e^ a
M 3BO,zpi BHmer pe,a;a
MaTeM aTHM KOM H H ^yK iiH joM c e jeflH O CTaBH o flO K a 3 y jy je flH a K o c t h
3a c e a m npupodan 6poj n.
II pm m ep 1 1 .6 . 3 a <$>yuKu,ujy / ; i h ln ( l + x ) j e
HndyKi{ujoM ce donasgje da je
(1 + x ) n
u {n~ 1V + ■ ■ ■ + uvM . (1 1 .1 4 )
H sBOA (|)yHKijwje 207
n (n — 1)
l{n)(x) = exx 2 + nex 2 x+ c(x2 + 2 nx + n (n — 1)).
mo je
mr\ . . / , (n — l)n
y(n\ x ) = ( x 2 - n(n - 1)) sin x + — J + 2 n xsin I x H------- ------
/Ih e p e h npnja j ih B H r a e r p e ,n a
d2y = d(dy). (1 1 .1 5 )
dny = d ( d n- 1y ) .
y onmTeM c jiy iq a jy j e
Hb OBe je^HanocTH h m 3 mo je
dn {C u ) = C c T u , <T(u ± v ) = d nu ± cTv.
r^ e j e d2z = z " { x ) d x 2.
x 2 + x, 3a x > 0
f(x ) =
sina:, 3ax<0
y TanKH x = 0.
3. McnHTaTH AH<}>epeHnHja6HJiHOCT (JiyHKnHje
ex, 3a x > 0
/(*)
e- x , 3a x < 0
y TanKH x = 0.
4. HoKa3aTH A a j e (j>yHKii,Hja
. x 2 sin —, 33 2 : ^ 0
/(*) = S *
0, 3a x = 0
A H (})e p e H n H ja 6H J iH a y CBanoj t 3 h k h x € M .
8. A ko j e h = 1/ / , AOKa3aTH Aa je t i (x) = ~
13. Hena je
x < 0
x > 0
McriHTaTH n a jih n o cT o jn / "(0 ).
14. HoKa3aTH n a je
15. HoKa3aTH na je
1
n
e 3 a i/0
16. HoKa3aTH na je <})yHKn;Hja f ( x) = CecKOHaHHO nn -
0, 3ai = 0
(J )e p e H D ;H ja S m r a a y TaH K H x = 0.
1 1 .6 H o^aTaK
HaKJie,
f ( x + Ax) - f( x)
Ax
U3BOA 4>yHKD,Hje 211
„, , i x a r c ta n —,
/(* )= < *
0, x = 0,
mada j e
/( a x ) - m 7T
lim arctan ——
^<°> - a 1“ 0+ Ax A x—>o+ Ax 2’
/ ( A x ) - /(0) 7T
/ l(o ) lim = lim arctan —-
Ax—>0- Ax Ax—»o_ Ax ~~2'
JieBH h necHH H3Bon <j>yHKn;Hje
necj)HHHniy rpaHHMHH nonojKaj no-
jivcennne rpacj)HKa (jjvHKHHje y
TanKH A ( x , f ( x ) ) Kojn onroB apa
BpenHOCTHMa apryMeHTa MamHM,
o u h o c h o BehHM o n x. T e rpaHHHHe
noJio>Kaje MoaceMO 3BaTH Jieea no-
Aumameuma, o u h o c h o decna noJiy-
mamenma y TanKH A. Y npeTXon-
h o m npHMepy rpac[)HK ({^manije y
T anK H (0,0) H M a Jie B y n o J iy T a H -
7r
reH T y y = ——n 3a x < 0 h n e c H y
7T
nonyTaHreHTy y = —x 3a x > 0
CjiHKa 1 1 .5 . J ie B a h n e c H a noJiyTaH -
reH T a (CjiH Ka 1 1 .5 ) .
y c jiy n a jy (j)yHKnHje K oja je
fle(})HHHcaHa Ha [a,b\ y TanKH (a, / ( a ) ) MOH<e n o c r o ja r a necH a, a y TanKH
(6, f ( b )) JieBa nonyTaH reH Ta.
y C K Jian y c a re o M e T p n jc K O M H H T e p n p e T a n n jo M H 3 B o n a K a o Koec})HnH-
je H T a n p a B u ;a T aH reH T e, M oace c e y B e cT H h n o ja M 6 e c K O H a n H o r H 3 B o n a .
_Ue<f)HHMjj;Mja 1 1 .5 . <PyHKii,uja f y maunu x umcl 6ecK0Han<m U3eod arco ea:ncu
Herca od jednaKocmu
H c T o p n j c ie e H a n o M eH e
T e o p e M e rz i j i 4 > e p e H n ; H j a J i H o r
p a ^ i y H a
= f (c) + a ( A x ) ,
n p n MeMy a ( A x ) —» 0 Kana A x —> 0. M e5yxHM , oBa jenHaKocT HHje M orytia
je p necH a CTpaHa HMa cTajiaH 3HaK 3a h o b o j l h o Maao A x , n o« jieBa CTpaHa
M eita 3HaK y 3aBHCHOCTH on 3Hana 3a Ax. IlpeM a TOMe, nojia3Ha npeT-
nocTaBKa je HeonpacHBa, n a je f'(c) = 0. ■
HapaBHO, 4>yHKB;Hja M O *e HMaTH JiOKaJiHH eKCTpeMyM h y Ta^KH y Ko
jo j HHje nn<{)epeHH;Hja6HJiHa. H a npHMep, (J)yHKu;Hja x |x| HMa CTporn
JiOKaJiHH MHHHMyM y TaMKH x = 0, a y Toj TanKH HHje nH(t)epeHnHja6HJiHa.
f(x ) = i g (x ) = — X2 /*(x) = X 2 ■ s g n ( x )
sin(x)
J(oka3. H ena je
A _ f(b) ~ f{a)
( 12 . 2 )
b —a
h Hena j e cj)yHKH,Mja tp : [a, 6] —> R ne(j)HHHcaHa c a
f { x 2) - / ( n i) = / '( c ) ( x 2 ~ ®i) = 0. (1 2 .4 )
I s in y — s in n | < \y —x\.
A ko cy / yHKV,uje / ,
T eo p eM a 1 2 .4 . [K o iiim je b a ] [ a / ] - * R nenpeKudne
na [a,b], du$epeHv,uja6uAHe na (a ,b ) u ano je g’(x) / 0 3a ceaKO x E (a ,b ),
mada nocm oju mauna c E (a, b) m anea da je
/ ( * > ) - / (q ) m ( 12.6)
g(b) ~ g(a ) sr'(c)'
m - /( « ) (12.7)
g(b) - g(a)
) - f(a) - A ( g ( x ) - g ( a ) ) . (12.8)
T eo p eM e aHtjjepeimnj a jm o r p an yH a 217
m = - /(« ) -
m J§r7~a ( a ) ) = °-
T e o p e M a 1 2 .5 . A ko cy <f>yHKv,uje f , g : [a ,b ] —+ E
4. f ( k\ a ) = g^k\ a ) = 0 sa ceaKo k = 0 , 1 , . . . , n,
m _ f n + i\ c )
(1 2 .9 )
gib) 5 (n+1)(c)'
fjb) = f j c i ) _ f ( a ) - f j a ) = f"(c2)
g(b) c?;(ci) g \d )-g '{a ) g"(c2)
3 a HeKO c E ( a ,c n ). M
218 TeopeM e /imt}>e p e ii q li j a jiho r p a M V i i a
1 2 .3 JIonHTajioBa npaBHJia
T eop eM e o cp en m o j B p en H o cra M ory ce H C K o p u cra ra 3a HaJiaJKeme rpaHHH-
hhx BpeflHOCTH, n p e CBera oSjiroca - h — . O n r o B a p a jy fia npaBHJia B e3 yjy
0 oo
ce (1 6 6 7 -1 7 4 8 ), M ana c y
3 a HMe in B ajp ap cK o r M aT eM ara^ ap a BepHyjiH j'a
no3HaTa Kao Jlonum ajioea npaeujia, je p h x je <J)paHri;ycKM M aTCM aranap JIo-
nHTaji (1661-1704 ) n y 6 jmKOBao y npBoj inTaMnaHoj kh>h 3h o nn^epem iH -
jajiHOM panyH y.
H e o n p e ^ e H O C T o S jiM K a
0
s a ć e ( a , x), onHOCHO
/ 0*0 _ f ( c )
90*0 g'{c)'
TeopeM e /iMc}>epeHUKjajiHor paM yna 219
V f {x ) ,. /'( c ) ?{x)
lim .- = lim .. . = lim ,
a:— g [ X ) c—*a g '{C ) x->a g '{ X )
m To je h Tp e 6a jio ^ ;o K a 3 a T H .
ln (l + x-) 1
IIpmmep 1 2 .3 . lim lim 1.
x —>0 X x-»0 1 + X
H e n a ^a je no Tp eđH O Burne n y Ta npnM eH H TH J Io n H T a jio B O n p a B H J io .
IIphmep 1 2 .4 .
x —s in x 1 cosx .. s i n i cosx 1
l i m ------ ----- = lim = lim lim
x—»0 x° x—+0 3x 2 x —+o 6 x x —»o 6 6'
F(t) = f ( - l / t ) , G(t) = g ( - l / t ) .
oo
H e o ^ ip e ^ e H O C T o S j n n c a
oo
f(x ) oo
K o jih h h h k —7 - 7 HMa Heoflpe^eHocT o S jim c a Ka^a x —>a aKO je
g(x) 00
TeopeMa 1 2 .8 . H e n a c y $ y H K v ,u je f u g d u < p e p e H v ,u ja 6 u jm e y n p o 6 y m e .n o ]
O
OKOAUHu U (a ) m au K e a u hcka je :
O
1. lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 00, 2. g'{x) ^ 0 sa x GU (a),
x —*a
. f \ x)
3. n o c m o j u lim —
-a g'(x) '
Tada je
Um fM = lim />(I)
ia g(x) x-+a g'{x)
lnx l/x
II phm ep 1 2 .5 . lim —r - — lim , 2 = 0.
®-+0+ \/X 0+ — 1 jX L
cx
II phmep 1 2 .6 . lim — = lim ~ r = + 00.
i —>+oo X X—»+00 i
ln x 2 _
II ph m e p 1 2 .7 . lim —7= — lim —7 = — U.
£-► +00 y jx £—*+00 X
x + sina: .. l + s in x / x
lim ------------ = lim — 7— — 1 5
a;—*00 X + COS X x-*oo 1 + COS X /X
H e o u p e ^ eH o cT H o S jiH K a 0 • o o , oo — o o , 0 3, 1 i 00
ln x l/x
IIphm ep 1 2 .8 . lim x 2 ln x = lim „ = lim „ - 2 lim X1 = 0.
x —>0+ x —>0+ \ / X z x--+0+ —2 / X A '-*0+
1 1 \ x — 1 — ln x 1 —l/x
IIphmep 1 2 .9 . lim -------- = lim ----------—----- = lim ------------------ —
X —>1 ln x x —1 / x—*i (x — 1 ) l n x x —>1 l n x + 1 — l / x
I/*2 1
x—♦i \ j x + \ / x 2 2
1 2 .4 IlHTaHba h 3a^aii;H
P o j io B a T e o p e M a . H 3a P o jiO B y h 3 a J I a rp a H » c o B y T e o p e M y n o jia s H a
n p e T n o c T a B K a j e n a j e (J)yHKiiHja nH <t>epeHiiHja6HJiHa y HeKOM H H T ep B aay
h H enpeK H nH a H a K p ajeB H M a T o r H H T ep B ajia . T e o p e M a 1 2 .2 T B p n n n a 3 a
(j)yHKi;Hjy / n o j a HMa je n u a K c a p e n iio c T M H a K pajeB H M a o n c e H K a je n iia H M n a
f ' ( x ) = 0 HMa 6 a p j e j o i o pem eH »e y H y T a p Tor o ncem ta.
x G [0,1]
( 1, 2]
x -y , x x -y
< ln - <
x y
2 x 3 + 3 x 2 — 12 x + 7 > 0.
- 3a: - 3 x - 1 e 1/*2 _ i
( 1 ) lim (2 ) lim ----- ----- ------- 2
x —*0 sin 2 5 x x—^oo 7T — 2 arctan x l
cosh x — cos x ln (x 10 - 10x + 9)
(3) lim (4) lim
x —>0 x4 x—>1 ln(x 5 — 5 x + 4)
ln x
(5) lim (6 ) lim ( — ---- -—
■0 + 1 + 2 ln(sin x) x—*o \ x ex — 1 /
/ , \ l/x 2
7TX , . / arctan x x
(7) lim sin (x — 1) tan — (8 ) lim
x —>1 2 x —>0 X
(1) » syms x;
» f = exp(3*x)-3*x-l; f = f/sin (5 * x ); f = f/sin (5 * x );
» lim it(f,0)
(2) » f = e x p ( l / x /x ) - l ; f = f / ( p i - 2*atan(x/x));
» l i m i t ( f , inf)
224
T e o p e in e ./iHcpepemjMjajiHor p aH jm a
(7) » f = sin(x-l)*tan(pi*x/2);
» lim it(f,l)
Sin(j: - W 2 ) (a ta n ( x ) / x y / * ’
C jiM K a 1 2 .4 . r p a c jm im (J )y H K H H ja H 3 r p a H O T H n x B pe ^H ocTH (7 ) n ( 8)
1 2 .5 JIonaTaK
H a p 6 y o B a Te o p e M a
•
x 2* sin —, x ^ 0
f(x) x
0, x = 0
( A t ) ’ sin —------0
a o) = lim ------ -------- 422____ lim A t sin —— = 0.
Ax—»o At A®-»o A t
f{x ) - f ( a )
x > a
g(x) = < x —a
x= a
rp a m K O B o j Te o pe M H n o c T o jn c G (a ,£ ) 3a K o je B a * H
\Jx2 + 1
lim ..,...;----- lim = lim
x-++oo y/x 2 _|_ I x —*+oo x +°° V x 2 + 1
f(x)
T afla j e liin
— = 0, a rpaiiMMHa ape^HOCT KOJiHMHHKa f / g Ka^a x —>
x->+oo g'\x)
+ oo He n o cT o jn . JIonHTajioBO npaBHJio y obom npHM epy He Ba»H je p 3a
4>ym apijy g HHje HcnymeH ycn o B # a y HeKoj okojihhh Tamce + o o <})yHKi],Hja
g' 6 y,ae pa3JmnHTa op, H yjie. HaHMe, <{>yHKii;Hja g' 6 ecKOHa^mo MHoro n yT a
M e& a 3 HaK (CjiH Ka 12.5).
ln n ln (n + l) — ln n
lim -----= lim .............. ......—— = lim ln = 0.
n—»oo n n —»oo n—»oo
x i + x 2 + ----- \-xT
lim lim xn.
n —->oo n n —>oo
H c T o p n j c ic e H a n o M eH e
2. <l>paHpycKH MaTeMa
sep h -L o u is Lagrange, 1 7 3 6 -1 8 1 3 ) 6 h o j e jejiaH o ji
HajBellHX M aTeM aTH'iapa 18. BeKa. P oljeH j e y
M TajiHjn, a jKHBeo j e u p a,gn o y T op n H y, B ep jin H y
h IIap H 3 y . H a o j e b c jih k h flonpHHOc y aHajiH3H,
T eopnjH 6 p o je B a , flH^epeHHHjajiHHM jeflHaHHHaMa,
T eopnjH ejiHiiTHHHHx <J)yHKu;Hja, Kao h y npHM emi
MaTeMaraKe (HapoHHTO y M exaH npH ). B h o j e HJiaH
BepjiHHCKe h IlapHCKe anafleM H je HayKa. O h je
npBH ynoT pe6H O TepMHH ’tiaeod’ 1797. ro,gHHe.
T e j j i o p o B a h M a K J io p e H O B a
< f ) o p M y j ia
13 .1 T ejjiop oB a (|>opMyjia
3a a n p o K C H M a n ;H jy ^ a rr e (}> y H K H n je / y o k o j ih h h h c k c Ta TK C a H a jn e n rfre
/•
TejjiopoB nojraHOM
f { x ) = f{ a ) + f '{ c ) ( x - a).
A k o < j)y H K ii;H jy / y o k o j ih h h Ta n K e a anpoK C h m h p aM o Po(x) =
n o J iH H O M O M
x 6h t h
R q (x ) = f ( x ) - / ( g ) = f \ c ) ( x - a).
A ko (})VHKHHjy / anpoKCHMHpaMO noJiHHOMOM P n fle(()HHHcaHHM c a
P n {x) = ao + a i ( x - a) ------- h an (x - a )n ,
229
rejjiopoBa H MaKJiopeHOBa (})opMyjia
6nhe
( 1 3 .1 )
/ ( x) = Pn(x) + Rn{x)i
Pn{a) = / ( a ) , Pn (a ) = / V )* '' • ’ Pn \ a) - f
OflHOCHO
/ {fc)(« )
(x — a )fe. (1 3 .2 )
P n (x ) = E k\
fc=0
IIOJIHHOM Pn je n o 3 HaT Kao Tejjiopoe hoauhom cmenena n 3a «j.yHKipijy f Y
_ TaJ e a. Je^HaKocT (1 3 .1 ) je Tejnopoea cf>oPMyAa 3a * y ™ y /
V O K O JIH H H TaM K e CL.
r p e n ,K y anp o K C M ap p je R , ( x ) y 4>opMy™ ( 1 3 - 1 ) »aaHBaMo »c—
.
3 a nponeH y ocTaTKa M ory ce BopHCTHTH p a a O T T e tfopMe H.eroBor aa-
nwca.
u nena je
f ( x ) = Pn(x) + Rnfr)* XeU
Tejnopoea if)opMyjia <pyHnv,uje f y okoauhu maune a. Tada nocmoju mauna c
u3Mefjy mauana a u x m anea da je
JI.OKA3. H en a je
Kano je
F W (o) = f {k\ a ) - P(k\ a ) = f {k\ a ) - f [k){a) = 0
230 TejjiopoBa h MaKJiopeHOBa (})opMyjia
(n + 1 )!
C jih h h o ce flOKa3yje h cjiyn aj Ka^a je x < a. ■
p e ^a (j)y H K n ;H je / y T a ™ a,
d2f(a) ] | dnf(a)
Pn(x) = f(a) + df(a) +
p e frn ^ a je
f {x ) m Pn{x).
A k o je / (n + 1) ( x ) o rp a H H H e H y o k o j ih h h Ta nK e a, Ta ^ a H 3 JIarpaH>KOBor
o5jiHKa o cTa TK a c jie ^ H ^ a je
T e o p e M a 1 3 .2 . A ko j> y H K V ,u ja f
m a d a e a o te u
Rn(x) = o((x —a)n), x —►a.
JX OKA3. Hena je
Rn{x)
a(x) —
(x —a)n
TejjiopoBa u MaKJiopeHOBa cfiopMVJia 231
1 f {n- 1){ x ) - P i n ^ ( z )
— l i m ---------------------------------
Kano je
P ^ - X)(x) = / (n- x)(a) + / (n)(a)(x - a),
to je
l i m / < -»> (* )
x —»a x —a x —>a x —a
= 0.
H 3 B O fla p e n a n — 1 ( 3a f lB a M a m e ). J 1 T $ yo m n Ta B a n o ja M f lH (J )e p e H u ;H ja -
d2f(a) dnf(a)
A /( a ) « df(a) +
2! n!
y .IJOBOJLHO Majioj OKOJIHHH THHKC O. JIT<3? H3pa>KaBa H HHH>eHHIiy fla
(jjyHKn;Hja / h nojiHHOM Pn HMajy y TaHKH a dodup eumez peča (pe^a n ).
1 3 .2 MaKJiopeHOBa t|)opMyjia
T e jjio p o B a c | )o p M y jia 3a a = 0 ce 30Be MaKJiopenoea popMijAa. HaKJie, y
tom c jiy n a jy je
m - /<o ) + m x+ + Č M
n\
s + B . ix)
1!
232 TejnopoBa h MaKJiopeHOBa <|>opMyjia
= Pn (x) + R n(x),
Kano j e f ( n'(x ) — ex 3a n € N , to je
na je
x2 xn
Pn {x) = l + a :+ ^ y H ------ l - ^ j ( 1 3 .3 )
T ~
*•<*> = J^TTye (13'4)
H3 (1 3 .4 ) BHflHMo ^ a 3a (|)HKCHpaHO x ocTaTan T e* n Hyjin Kaaia n —►oo.
e33 13 1
IIphm ep 1 3 .1 . 3 a x £ [0,3] u n — 12 je |i? i 2(x)| < < = 10 3.
IIpeMa moMe, na odceuKp [0,3] je ex « P i 2 (x) ca mauHouiKp do IO- 3 .
3 a x = 1 MtaMo
, , 1 1 1 1 ee
e = l + l+ - + - + - +
n! (n + 1 )! ’
n p n neMy je
_L ___ e6 ___ 3__
( n + 1)! < ( n + 1)! < ( n + 1)!
Kano je 3a n = 0 , 1,2,...
to je
na je
™3 r 2n+I
+ ( 1 3 .5 ,
-4 -2 0 2 4
CjiMKa 1 3 .3 . MaKJiopeHOBH iio jih h o m h CjiHKa 13 .4 . ManjiopeHOB nojiHHOM Pg g
3a (j)yHKn;Hjy x *—> sina; 3a <j)VHKiiHjy x ►
—>sina;
ITp h m e p 1 3 .2 . A k o 3a u 3 p a u y H a e a ib e e p e d n o c m u s in 20° n p u M e n u M O M a n -
A openoe t io a u h o m n e m o z c m e n e n a , d o 6 u ja M o
■ . 7T 7T 1 /7 T \3 1 / 7T\5
sin 20 = sin — « — 0.341854.
9 9 3! \ 9 / + 5 !V 9 /
7T
II p h m e p 1 3 .3 . A k o y f io p ju p n u (13.5) y 3 M e M o n = 2, m a d a 3 a |x| < — d o 6 u ja M O
a n p o K c u M a v ,u jy
x3 x5
sma;
' _ 6" + 120
ca an
cojiyrm
e^Pe ^ e | * ( , ) | < < 1 0 -,
K ano je 3a n = 0 ,1 , 2 , . . .
to je
/ ( 2n)( 0 ) = ( - l ) n , / ( 2n+ 1 )(o) = o,
n a je
j.2 t4 rJln
-4 -2 0 2 4
CjiMKa 1 3 .5 . MaKJiopeHOBH iiojimhomh C jiH K a 1 3 .6 . MaKJiopeHOB noJiHHOM Poo
(j)yHKu;Hje x >
—>cosx ({»VHKUHje x H-> cos x
7T
ELpm m ep 1 3 .4 . A ko y <f>opMyAU (13 .6 ) y3MeM0 n = 6 , mada 3a |x| < — do6ujaMO
anpoKcuMav,ujy
x2 x4 x6
C“ I “ 1 ' T + 24 = 729
(7T/ 4)®
ca zpanuVjOM anconymHe zpeiuKe |iŽ6 (x)| < — —r— < 1 0 .
o!
x2 x3 n —1 *
P n (x) = X - y + y ------ + ( - 1 ) ( 1 3 .7 )
n
H
Xn + 1 1
R n (x) = ( - l ) n
n + 1 ( 1 + 9 x )n + l'
3 a |x| < 1 ocTaTan t o k u H yjin K ajia n —> oo, a 3a 0 < x < 1 Ba>KH
1
K (x )| <
n + 1'
a ( a —1 ) o a ( a —1 ) • • ■(a —n + 1 ) „
Pn{x) 1 + ai + — Lx2 + -----h —--------- ------ r-------------- - x n
n!
a
= 1 + ax + ( )x ------- h
CnepnjajiH O , 3 a a = — 1 m aM O
1
1 — x + x 2 — x 3 -\---------h ( —l ) nx n 4- R n{x).
1 + x
, n(n — 1 ) n I n'
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + V- V + •••+ xk + + xr
h m e m o je (npn x —> 0 ) :
T - X
+ ^ - + o(xn), ( 1 3 .8 )
= l + x + 2\ + n!
x 2n+l
s in x = * - | r + f f ------ + ( - 1 )“ + o (x 2n+2) ( 1 3 .9 )
£
2
£
4 £ 2n
COS X
~ 2!~ + 4!~ + ( - l ) r ( 2 n)! + o(£2n+1), ( 1 3 .1 0 )
£2 £3 £
ln (l + x) = x + (_ 1 ) " - 1_ + o(£«), ( 1 3 .1 1 )
t + y n
a
(1 + x)a = 1 + ax + £2 + + £” + o ( £ n ). ( 1 3 .1 2 )
n
MaKJiopeHOBe (|)opM yjie ( 1 3 .8 ) - ( 1 3 .1 2 ) c a IleaHOBHM o 6 jihkom ocTaTKa
M ory c e kophcthth 3 a HaJiajKeme rpaHHHHHX Bpe^HOCTH (j)yHKii;Hja.
C X ^2 — COS £
II pmmep 1 3 .5 . Hena je I = l i m ------- 5—;--------- . KopucmeHu M aKAopenoee Sop-
x-»0 £ ,s sm £
m 'ija,e (13.8 ) u (13 .10 ) U M aM O (y n p eo j ce x 3 a M e ib y je c a —£ 2 /2)
2 ^4
H a oeu£ jednanocm u do6ujaMo da je e~x ^2 — c o s£ = — + o(£4). To m anu da
u (f>yHKV,ujy y uMenuov,y mpe6a pa3eum u do tioauhomu nem epm oz cm enena, a
3a mo je doeojbno ysem u caMo npeu vjian y Ma.kji o p en oeo j ff>op.M/ijAU (13.9 )
, £ 4/ 1 2 + o {x4) l / 1 2 + o ( l) 1
X—>0 £ 4 + o(£4) X—*o 1 + o ( l) 12
i / 3 + o (x 3) 1
I = lim = lim
x —>0 x° x —*0 3'
Pik)(a) = f ^ ( a )
3a CBaKO k = 0 , 1 , . . . , n h n a je
f ( x ) = Pn (x) + R n(x),
(1) f ( x ) = ex (2) f ( x ) = s in x
(3) f ( x ) = ln x (4) f { x ) = x 2e ~ 2x
(1) f ( x ) = — , a = 2 (2) f { x ) = — =, a = L
X —1 X
» xd = 1 .2 : 0 .0 5 : 3 ; f d = s u b s ( f , x , x d ) ;
» e z p l o t ( p , [ 1 .2 , 3 ] ) ; h o ld on;
» p l o t ( x d , f d , ’r - . ’ ) ;
» le g e n d C ’T e jlo r o v p o lin o m ’ , 'f u n k c i j a ’ ) ;
c y rpacJjHiiH (^HKijHje / h nojinHOMa Ts(x) = 4 — x + (x — 2 ) 2 — (x — 2)'}.
O^HOCHO T\ 0 (fleCHo)
5. M3pa*iyHaTH
( 2 ) l n l . l c a Tai4 H onihy 10 ~ 3
( 1 ) f ( x ) = co s(sin x ) h n — 4
(2 ) f( x ) = l n — h n = 6
X
(3) f ( x ) = y/\ - x + 2 x2 h n = 3.
1
(1 ) f ( x ) = e (2 ) f ( x )
y j3x + 4
x + l/ 3 x a x + l/ 6 x J
10 . Oflpe^HTH a ta b TaKO je
242 T e j j i o p o B a h M a K J io p e H O B a (J>opM yjia
y/l + bx
( 2 ) lim = 1
x—>0 xx
. , , sin ax —tan bx
(3) l i m ----------=---------= 4.
x—>0 X3
1+ b 3a — 1 + 62 .
o x + -------Ti-------+ 0(!) = 3 -
13.5 Zlo^aTaK
r ^ e je 9 = &(x) £ (0,1).
IIope,n; JlarpaHiKOBor n o c ro je h ^ p y rn o S jih ijh o c T a T K a . K om ujee o 6 a u k
ocmamKa je ^aT c a [ ]
bojbho B e j i H K a . H yB e H H p e 3 y jiT a T B a je p m T p a c a ro B o p n o TO M e ^ a n o c-
^aTOM o^ cenK y.
T eopeM a 1 3 .3 . A ko je f n e r ip e K u d n a <j)yHKV,uja n a [a, b], m a d a 3a c e a n o e > 0
n o c m o ju uoauhom Pn m a n a e da je
|f ( x) - Pn(x )| < £
3a c e a K o x £ [a, b\.
M c T o p H jc K e H a n o M e n e
f ( a + h) = f ( a ) + f ( a ) h + \ f " { a ) h 2 + •••
H c n H T H B a a e ( |) y H K u ; H j a
n p B o r H 3 B O fla .
,H
o k a 3. 3 a Xi,X2 € (a, 6 ) 0 i i < £ 2 , Ha ocHOBy Jlarpam KO Be TeopeM e,
HMaMo fla j e
f( x + A x) - f(x)
(14.1)
Ax
246 McnnTHBaH>e (JjVHKHnja
na je
f ( x + A x ) - f{x)
/ '( * ) lim > 0.
A x —>0 Ax
C jihhho c e ^ oK a3yje h 2. ■
IIpHMeTHMo ,na Heje^piaKocT ( 1 4 . 1 ) bćukh , Kano 3a A x > 0, Tano h 3a
A x < 0. IlomTO j e cj)yHKHHja / flHtJjepeHUHjaBHjma y TanKH x , .hobojlho j e
6 hjio pa3MOTpHTH caMo je,n;aH c jiy n a j (Ha npmviep, A x > 0) je p j e h 3bo ,zi; y
Toj TaHKH jeflHaK 6 h JIO KOM O# je^HOCTpaHHX H3BO^a.
II ph m e p 1 4 .4 . <PyHKv,uja f , d e f iu H u c a n a ca f ( x ) = e- 1 ^ 2 3a x ^ 0 u / ( 0) = 0,
UMa y m a u n u x = 0 c m p o z u aokoahu m u h u m pm .
x
CjiHKa 14.1. JIoKajiiiM eKCTpeMyM CjiHKa 14 .2. y TaMKaMa eKCTpeMyMa
(j)yHKUnje y C T arp io H ap H o j TaMKH 4>yHKBHja H H j e h h (j) e p e h u H j a 6 u jih a
a(x)
K ano j e o ((x — c )2) ( x — c )2, iyje a ( x ) —*• 0 K a#a x —*■c, to je
II phm ep 1 4 .8 . 3 a
ynnyujy f : x e^sina: cmayuonapHe maune cy x & =
kn — 7r/4 3a k € Z. Kano je
mo je f " ( x k ) > 0 ano j e k napan 6poj u /"(xfc) < 0 ano j e k nenapan 6poj.
IIpeM a moMe, maune x%m (m € Z / cy maune cmpozoz Aonannoz MUHUMyMa, a
maune X 2 m -i C4I maune cm pozoz nonannoz m a,ne u m yM a,.
1 4 .3 KoHBeKCHOCT H KOHK3BHOCT
Vc{x) = / (c ) + f '{ c ) { x - c)
1 4 .2 . 4>yHKV,uja f je
H oB O JbaH yC JIO B 3 a K O H B eK C H O C T
T a v ic a n p e B o j a K p u B e y = f ( x )
2x
II p h m e p 1 4 .1 0 . Hena f : x i—> arcsin Kpuea y = f{x) umo mpu npeeoj-
1 + X1
ne maune: A{ —1 , —tt/ 2 ) , B( 1 , 7 t / 2 ) u C ( 0 , 0). lipu moMe, ne nocmoju dpyzu
u3eod (fipnnpuje f y maunaMa —l n l (eudemu Cnuny 14.2).
1 4 .4 A cH M H T O T e
II phm ep 1 4 .1 1 . A ko j e f ( x ) = s e 1^ 2 , m a d a j e
f{x) = x = x + o (l), x —♦ + 00 ,
II phm ep 1 4 .1 2 . A ko je f { x ) = x ln e H— V
x )
m ada je
f(x) = x ( ln e + ln ( 1 + x ( 1+ — + o ( — x + - + o (l)
ex ex \x
K ada x —> + 00 , na j e n p a e a y = x + 1 /e K o c a a cu M n m om a K p u ee y = f ( x ) .
II ph m ep 1 4 .1 3 . A ko j e f ( x ) = —= = = = , m a d a j e
V r + 1
x
/ ( * ) = \x X 00 ,
a H3
/(*) b o(x)
a H------ 1-------- , x +oo
x x
cjieflH ,a;a j e
= „. lim M
x x —>+oo
x -2
riPMMEP 1 4 .1 7 . 3a f ( x ) =.. -= = = = npaea y = x je Koca acuM nm om a 3a
\Jx2 + 1
x —> + o o , a npaea y = —x je Koca acuM nm om a 3a x —* —oo.
/0 ) = j- j ep j e
1 .. 1
lim ------- = + oo, lim ------- = —oo.
® ->l+ X — 1 x — >1_ X —1
pynKV,uje f ( x) = —— jep je
ln x
lim ----- = —oo.
x-*o+ x
2 — r2
ITpm m ep 1 4 .2 2 . Hena j e f ( x) = ■
Vx2 + 1
A . H3 D f = M u
—oo
f ( x)
+oo
2 —x 2 x2
/(*) + 0 — 7—r + 0 (1) , X —> OO
\x\ 2x2 X
/ 1y = x1 1 y = - xl
-6 -4 -2 6 2 4 6
X x
CjmKa 14.8. r p a c ( ) H K <{)yHKixHje / h 3y M H p a i m ^ e o c a n p e B o jH H M T a b a n a
x(x2 + 4)
B. H 3 f'(x) = CAedu da j e <pyHKV,uja p a c m y h a na uum epeoA ij
(x2 + l ) 3/2
( —o o ,0 ) u onadajyH a n a u n m ep ea A y ( 0 , + 00 ), m m o sn a u u da y m a u n u x s = 0
uMa AOKaAHU MaKCUMyM Koju je jedtiaK 2.
M cnuTHBaite (})yiiKUHja 257
5£ 2 — 4
C . M3 f"{x) cjiedu da je <f>yHKV,uja KoneeK cna n a m irnep-
(x 2 + l ) 5/2
eaAUMa (—00 ,^ 4 ) u (£ 5 , 4- 00 ), a KOHKaena na unmepeaAy (£4 , 2 5 ), zde je £4 =
A. Hs D j = ( - 0 0 ,0 ) U (0, + 00 ) u
0, £ —>O4.
/(*)
—OO, £ —>0_
f ( x) = (x - 2) ( 1 - ~ + 0 ( “ ) ) = * - 3 + o ( l) , xz ►00
x 2
<iX
II pm m ep 1 4 .2 4 . Hena je f ( x ) = — + a r c s i n --------
2 1 + xz
2\x\
A. $yn nyuja f je detfiunucana na M jep je < 1 3 a ceano x €
1 + x2
063upoM da je <f>ynnu,uja f Henpenudna na IK, zpafiun (f>yHKV,uje hcmu eep-
munanHux acuMnmoma. 3a x > 0 je f ( x) > 0, 3a x < 0 je f (x) < 0 , a 3a x = 0
je f ( x) = 0. Kano - ------ ^ —* 0 nada x —> ± 00 , mo je f ( x) ~ nada x —♦ ± 00 ,
na je npaea y = x /2 noca acuMnmoma zpa<f>una <pynnv,uje f . <Pynnu,uja je
nenapna.
B . 3a |x | ^ 1 je
2(1 — x 2)
« * ) = §+ (1 + x 2) \l — x 2\ '
1 2
3a |z | < 1 je y'{x) = - + — — 5 > 0, na na uurnepeanp ( — 1 ,1 ) <f>ynnv,uja
2 1 + X1
f pacme.
1 2 x2 — 3
y'(x)
2 1 + x 2 ~ 2 (1 + x 2Y
1 4 .6 I lH T a ib a h a a ^ a u jH
2r
(!) f ( x ) = Y^ 2 (2) / ( t ) = 2x2 - l n x
x2
x — — < ln ( l + x) < x.
6. H a jih 4>yHKn;iija
f ( x ) = | x + 2:r2s i n i , x^0
\o, x= 0
8. HeKa je
3a;2, x < 0
/O ) = <
~2 x > 0
X ’
4> y H K u ;H ja / y 'r a ^ K H x —0 H M a J iO K a jiH H M H H H M y M , a H>eH H 3 b o ^ je H era-
T H B aH h 3a X < 0 H 3a X > 0. 3 6 o r n era h 3b o ^ < j ) y H K ip ije / He M e aa 3H aK
y TaHKH x = 0? CKHpnpaTH rpa<J)HKe 4)yHKpnja / h / '.
HcnuTHBaiLe 4>yHracija 261
9. H a npHMcpy (J)yHKiiHje
(o , x = 0
n o K a 3 a ™ n a ycjioBH T eo p eM e 14 .3 HHcy HeonxonHH 3a JioKajiHH eKCTpeMyM
<j)yHKu;Hje. H a n jie , T p e S a noKa3aTH n a <j>yHKiiMja / y t b ^kh x = 0 HMa
JIOKaJIHH MHHHMyM, a n a H>eH H3BOn y CBaKOj OKOJIHHH Te TB’TKe HMa H
n03HTHBHe H HeraTHBHe BpenHOCTH.
MATLAB HapenGaMa
» sym s x ; f = x '" 4 * ( 2 + s i n ( l/ x ) )
» g = d i f f ( f ) ; e z p l o t ( f ,[ - 0 .0 5 ,0 .0 5 ] ) ;
» h o ld on; e z p l o t ( g , [ - 0 . 0 5 , 0 . 0 5 ] )
M oaceM O B H n e ra r p a c |) H K (J)y H K u ;H je / (CjiHKa 1 4 .1 2 ). Ha H C Toj cjihiih
(n e c H o ) n aT je h r p a < } ) H K H 3 B o n a ( J )y H K n ;H je /.
X “I- 1
13. HoKa3aTH fla rpa<j)HK (})yHKijHje f : x i—►~2 ^ ^ hm a Tpn npeBojHe Tanne
Koje cy KOJiHHeapHe.
14. O a p c a h t h HHTepBajie kohbckchocth h KOHKaBHOCTH, Kao h npeBojHe
Tanne (ano nocToje) 3a cjryHKniijy
x
(1) / ( * ) = (2) f ( x) = \ x - l \ x 3/2
(X — l ) 3
2x2 l/x 1
(3) f( x) = (4) / ( x ) = arctan
1 + 2x x2 - 1 '
ln (l —x), x < 0
/ :x
sinh x, x > 0
(! ) ^ = (x + 2 )2 =
X~
(D /W = (2) f ( x )
X+ 1
1 + ln x
5 / x ) = ----------------- e 1'* (6) f { x ) =
x 1 — ln x
1 + ln |x|
(7) /(x ) = x + l n ^ ± - | (8) f { x )
x —2 x ( l — ln |x|)
x2 + 1
(9) / ( x ) = arccos | .....X (10) / ( x ) = arccot
1 + x*
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[14] A. Knight (2000). Basics of M ATLAB and Begond, CRC Press, Boca Ra-
ton.
[16] S. Leon (2008). Linear Algebra with Applications , Pearson, New Jersey.
[26] B. L. van der Waerden (2003). Algebra, Vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, New York.
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