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Op Amps Positive Feedback: Circuits Electronics
Op Amps Positive Feedback: Circuits Electronics
6.002 ELECTRONICS
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
R1
+ vOUT
v IN +
– –
v + R2 vOUT
R1
v IN +
– v − +
– A(v + − v − )
vOUT = A(v + − v − )
= Av +
⎡ v − vIN ⎤
= A⎢ OUT ⋅ R1 + vIN ⎥
⎣ R1 + R2 ⎦
AR1 AR1vIN
= vOUT − + AvIN
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
⎡ AR1 ⎤ ⎡ R1 ⎤
vOUT ⎢1 − = v A 1 −
⎥ IN ⎢ R + R ⎥
⎣ R1 + R2 ⎦ ⎣ 1 2⎦
⎡1 − R1 ⎤
⎢ R +R ⎥ R
vOUT =⎢ 1 2
⎥ ⋅ AvIN = − 2 vIN
⎢ − AR1 ⎥ R1
⎢⎣ R1 + R2 ⎥⎦
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
v+ +
vo
R v* +
+
– C – Av*
(v + − v − )
v− –
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
+
vo
–
R3 R4
vo
Circuit model R2 A
R1 +
v+ +
R v* +
+
– C – vo
v− (v + − v − ) –
–
R3 R4
A
dv* *
RC + v = v+ − v_
dt vo R1 +
v+ = = γ vo
RC dvo vo R1 + R2
+ = v+ − v_
vo R3
=−
A dt A −
v = γ vo
+ R3 + R4
= ( γ − −γ ) vo
neglect
dvo ⎡ 1 A − + ⎤
or +
⎢
+ ( γ − γ ) vo = 0
⎥⎦
dt ⎣ RC RC
dvo A − +
+ ( γ − γ ) vo = 0
dt RC
time −1
dvo vo RC
or + = 0 where T = − +
dt T A( γ − γ )
vo ( 0 ) = 0
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
K neutral
stable
t
disturbance
v+ + vo
−
v –
− VS
vo
+ VS
v+ − v−
0
− VS
vo
+
−
v →0 v
t
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
vi –
vo
+ R2
+ vo R1
v = R1
R1 + R2
e.g. R1 = R2
+
v = 7.5 vo = 15
vi VS = 15
vo = −15 v − = −7.5
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
vi –
vo
+ R2
+ vo R1
v = R1
R1 + R2
+ VS R1 e.g. R1 = R2
v = vo = +VS 15
R1 + R2 vi VS = 15
( vi = v − ) > v + v− < v+
v − > 7.5 v − < −7.5
− VS R1
vo = −VS − 15 v − =
R1 + R2
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
hysteresis
vi
− 7 .5 0 7 .5
Demo − VS
− 15
Demo
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
vi analog
vo to digital
vi
7.5
t
− 7 .5
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
vC
–
vo
C + R1
vo
R1
2
vo
VS
VS v+
2 v−
vC
−
t
v
VS
−
2 v+
− VS
Demo Assume vo = VS at t = 0
vC = 0
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
t
can use as a clock
clock
a 1,1,0?
b When is the signal valid?
common timebase -- when to “look” at a signal
(e.g. whenever the clock is high)
Æ Discretization of time
one bit of information associated with
an interval of time (cycle)
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].