COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL Compression Index: U1 = degree of consolidation at time 1 qult =1.3cNc + qNq + 0.

4𝛶 B Ny
ST = Sc + Ss + Se 1. Skemptous Equation U2 = degree of consolidation at time 2 Rectangular footing
A. Primary Settlement Cc = 0.009 (LL-10) Over consolidation Ratio (OCR) qult =cNc (𝟏 +
𝟎.𝟑 𝑩
) + qNq + ½ 𝛶 B
Normally Consolidated Clay: LL = liquid limit OCR =
𝑷𝒄
𝟎.𝟐𝑩
𝑳
𝑪𝒄 𝑯 𝑷𝒐+ ∆𝑷 (𝒆𝒐−𝒆) 𝑯 2. Rendon-Herrero 𝑷𝒐 Ny(𝟏 − )
Sc = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ; Sc = 𝟏+𝒆 Pc = preconsolidation pressure 𝑳
𝟏+𝒆𝒐 𝑷𝒐 𝟏+𝒆𝒐
Cc = 0.141 GS 1.2 ( 𝒐 )𝟐.𝟑𝟖 Circular footing
Sc = primary consolidation settlement 𝑮𝒔 Po = present effective vertical pressure
3. Nagaraj and Murthy qult =1.3cNc + qNq + 0.3𝛶 B Ny
Cc = compression index Differential Settlement
Cc = 0.2343 (LL/100) GS Where:
H = thickness of clay layer ∆P = 𝛶HIc ;
4. Park and Koumoto qult = ultimate bearing capacity
∆P = ave. increase of effective stress in clay or IC = influence coefficient , H = h of tanks,
𝑵𝑶 c = cohesion of soil
overburden pressure Cc = 𝛶 = unit weight of fluid
𝟑𝟕𝟏.𝟕𝟒𝟕−𝟒.𝟐𝟕𝟓(𝑵𝑶) c = q/2
Po = ave. stress in the mid-height of clay layer , NO = in situ porosity of soil SETTLEMENT OF LOADS IN SAND (SPT)
qu = unconfined compressive strength
overburden pressure Swell Index: Bazaraa Equation
𝛶 = unit weight of soil
eo = in-situ void ratio 1. Nagaraj and Murthy 𝟐𝒒 𝟐𝑩 𝟐
Nagaraj and Murthy
Smax = [ ] q = 𝛶Df
𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟑𝑳𝑳 𝑵𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝟏+𝑩
𝒆 Cs = 𝑮𝑺 q = applied pressure in tons/ft2 Nc, Nq, Ny = bearing capacity factors that are non
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑷𝒐 𝟏𝟎𝟎
dimensional and are only functions of soil friction
𝒆𝑳 2. Cs = 1/5 to 1/10 Cc when dw < B/2 :
eL = (LL/100) Gs Time Rate of Consolidation angle
XB = PD/PW
Over-consolidated Clay: Compression Index: B = dimension of each side of foundation
𝑿𝑩 𝟐𝒒 𝟐𝑩 𝟐
when Po + ∆P < Pc 𝒆 −𝒆
Cc = 𝟏 𝑷𝟐𝟐 Smax = [ ] Ø = angle of internal friction
𝑵𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝟏+𝑩
Sc =
𝑪𝒔 𝑯
𝒍𝒐𝒈 (
𝑷𝒐+ ∆𝑷
)
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑷
𝟏 Pd = effective overburden pressure at depth B/2 Bearing Capacity Factor
𝟏+𝒆𝒐 𝑷𝒐
Coefficient of Compressibility below the footings base assuming that the water 1. Ressner Formula
when Po + ∆P > Pc 𝒆 −𝒆
𝑪𝒔 𝑯 𝑷𝒄 𝑪𝒄 𝑯 𝑷𝒐+ ∆𝑷 av = 𝟏 𝟐 tables is not present Nq = tan2 (45 + Ø/2) eлtanӨ
Sc = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏
2. Prandtl Formula
𝟏+𝒆𝒐 𝑷𝒐 𝟏+𝒆𝒐 𝑷𝒄 Coefficient of Volume Compressibility Pw = effective overburden pressure at the same
Nagaraj and Murthy 𝒆𝟏 −𝒆𝟐 depth with the ground water table present Nc = (Nq-1) cotØ
𝒆 mv =
𝟏.𝟏𝟐𝟐− 𝒆𝒐−𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟑𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑷𝒐′ (𝟏+ 𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒆 ) (𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 )
Burland & Burbridge Equation 3. Vesic Formula
log Pc’ = 𝒍
eave =
𝒆𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐
Ny = 2(Nq+1) tanØ
𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝟖 𝟐 1. When q > Pc
eL = (LL/100) Gs mv=
𝒂𝒗
q = P/B2 4. Meyerhof Formula
(𝟏+ 𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒆 )
Pc = pre-consolidation pressure 𝑺𝑪 (𝑵𝟔𝟎)𝟏.𝟒 Ny = (Nq-1) tan(1.4Ø)
Pc’ = pre-consolidation pressure in kPa
Modulus of Volume Compressibility q= + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝑷𝑪
𝟏.𝟕𝑩𝟎.𝟕𝟓 Allowable Bearing Capacity= qult/ F.S.
S = Hmv∆P ; S = total primary consolidation 2. When q < Pc
Po’ = in situ average overburden pressure Allowable Load , qall =( qult/ F.S.) (A)
∆P = Load/B2 𝑩𝟎.𝟕𝟓 (𝟏.𝟕)𝒒
S = Hmv∆P q= B. Load Shear Failure
Coefficient of Consolidation 𝟑(𝑵𝟔𝟎 )𝟏.𝟒
B. Secondary Settlement 𝑲 (For loose sand and soft clay)
𝑪𝜶 𝑯 𝑻𝟐 Cv = 3. For L/B between 1 and >1
Ss = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒎𝒗 𝜰𝒘
𝟏.𝟐𝟓 𝑳/𝑩 𝟐 c’ =2/3c
𝟏+𝒆𝒑 𝑻𝟏 Cv = coeff. of consolidation S1 = S [ 𝑳 ] tanØ’ = 2/3 tan Ø
( )+𝟎.𝟐𝟓
ep = eo - ∆e mv = coeff. of volume compressibility 𝑩
𝑷𝒐+ ∆𝑷 4. When q < Pc with a value of S=16mm Strip footing
∆e = 𝑪𝒄 𝒍𝒐𝒈( ) 𝛶w = unit weight of water
𝑷𝒐 q = 16Q + 0.67PC qult =cNc’ + qNq’ + 1/2𝛶 B Ny’
Where: Time factor Ultimate Bearing Capacity
𝑪𝒗 𝒕 5. When q Pc
Ss = secondary consolidation Tv = Square footing
(𝑯𝒅𝒓)𝟐 q = 3(16) Q ; q=bearing pressure
settlement qult =1.3cNc’ + qNq’ + 0.4𝛶 B Ny’
Hdr= half the thickness of sample if drained both corresponding to a max. settlement of approx.
Cα = secondary compression index Rectangular footing
sides 1 inch or 25mm at the end of contruction
T2 = time after completion of primary 𝟎.𝟑 𝑩
Hdr= thickness of sample if drained one side only (𝑵𝟔𝟎 )𝟏.𝟒 qult =cNc’ (𝟏 + ) + qNq’ + ½ 𝛶 B
settlement Q= 𝑳
t= unit weight of water 𝟏.𝟕𝑩𝟎.𝟕𝟓 𝟎.𝟐𝑩
T1 = time for completion of primary 6. Settlement of Footings (Sand) using Subgrade Ny′(𝟏 − )
Degree of consolidation for the entire depth of 𝑳
settlement Reaction Method Circular footing
clay layer at anytime “t”
ep = void ratio at the end of primary 𝟑.𝟗𝟑 𝒒𝑩𝟐 qult =1.3cNc’+ qNq’ + 0.3𝛶 B Ny’
U=
𝑺𝒄𝒕
S=
consolidation 𝑺𝒄 𝑲𝒗 (𝑩+𝟎.𝟑𝟎𝟓)𝟎.𝟕𝟓
Allowable Loads Carried by the Foundation
C. Immediate Settlement U= degree of consolidation S = settlement in meters 1. Gross Allowable Load
Se = 𝑪𝒔 𝒒 𝑩 (
𝟏−µ𝟐 Sct= settlement of the layer at time “t” q = pressure imposed by the foundation 𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕
) 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍 = (𝑨) ; A = B2
𝑬𝒔
Sc = ultimate settlement of the layer from primary q = P/B2 𝑭.𝑺.
𝟏−µ𝟐 2. Net Allowable Load
Se = 𝒒 𝑩 ( ) Ip consolidation P = load supported by the foundation
𝑬𝒔 𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕−𝒒
Degree of consolidation at distance “z” at Kv =modulus of vertical subgrade reaction for 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒏𝒆𝒕 = (𝑨) ; A = B2
Cs = shape of foundation rigidity factor 𝑭.𝑺.
anytime “t” 0.3 square meter plate bearing on ground surface Foundation Pressure
B= width of foundation or diameter of circular
𝑼𝒛 TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY 𝝈
foundation U =𝟏 − Gross: 𝒒𝒖 = 𝒂𝒍𝒍
𝑼𝒐 A. General Shear Failure 𝑨
q = P/B2 (net vertical pressure applied) Uz = excess pore pressure at time “t” 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍
Strip footing Net: 𝒒𝒖 = − 𝛶Df
µ = Poissons ratio of soil Uo = initial excess pore water pressure 𝑨

ES = modulus of elasticity of soil qult =cNc + qNq + 1/2𝛶 B Ny Net Soil Pressure: 𝒒𝒏𝒆𝒕 =
𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍
− 𝚼𝐃𝐟
Relation of time and degree of consolidation 𝑨
Ip = influence factor 𝟐 Ultimate Bearing Capacity
𝒕𝟏 𝑼𝟏
= Square footing
𝒕𝟐 𝑼𝟐 𝟐

CEIT-02/ FOUNDATION 2016

Ave. increase in pressure/Ave. Vertical stress dq = 1 + 2tanØ (1-sinØ)2 arctan (Df/B) N60 = blow count for Standard Penetration Test 1 kN = 0.102 tonne 1 kPa = 0.0104 tons/ft2
increase d𝛶 = 1.0 resulting from standard 60 blows 1 psi = 6.89476 kPa 1 kg = 2.20462 lbs
∆P =
∆𝐏𝒕 + 𝟒∆𝐏𝒎+ ∆𝐏𝒃
; ∆Pt,m,b = P/A Load Inclination Factors: SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL 1 kPa = 20.885 psf
𝟔
For v=0ᵒ For normally consolidated clay, c=0 𝛶water = 9.81kN/m3 𝝆𝒘 = 1000 kg/ m3
Change in stress: ∆P = Ip (net surcharge)
ic = 0.50 – 0.50 √1 − 𝐻/𝐴𝑐𝑣 τ = 𝝈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ 𝛶water = 62.43 lb/ft3 𝝆𝒘 = 1.94 slugs/ ft3
F.S. = W/ Uplift Force
iq =[ 1-0.5 H/ V + Ac cot Ø ]5 τ = shearing stress; 𝜎 = normal stress; Ø = angle of
UF = 𝛶At inter. friction
For v > 0ᵒ
MEYERHOF’S BEARING CAPACITY
i𝛶 = [1-(0.7 - Vᵒ / 450) H/ ( V + Ac cot Ø )]5 For over consolidated clay
A. Vertical Load
STANDARD PENETRATION TEST h= 𝝈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅
qu = cNcScdc + qNqSqdq +
when B ≤ 1.22 m. τ =c + 𝝈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ ; c = cohesion of clay
0.5𝛶BN𝛶S𝛶d𝛶
qall (net) = 19.16 Ncor Fd (Se/25) Consolidated-drained test
B. Inclined Load
when B > 1.22 m. For normally consolidated clay (non-cohesive soil)
qu = cNcScdc ic+ qNqSqdqiq + 𝝈𝟏 −𝝈𝟑
𝟑.𝟐𝟖 𝑩+𝟏 𝟐 sinØ =
0.5𝛶BN𝛶S𝛶d𝛶i𝛶 qall (net) = 11.98 Ncor ( ) Fd (Se/25) 𝝈𝟏 +𝝈𝟑
𝟑.𝟐𝟖 𝑩
Shape and Depth Factors: where: 𝝈𝟏 =𝝈𝟑 +∆𝑫
𝝈 −𝝈
For Ø = 0 qall (net) = net allowable pressure 𝒓 = 𝟏 𝟑 ; OA = 𝝈𝟑 + r
𝟐
Sc = 1 + 0.2 B/L Ncor = corrected standard penetration test ∆D = deviator stress (diam. of semi-circle)
Sq = S𝛶 = 1.0 Fd = depth factor 𝝈𝟏 = major principal stress at failure
dc = 1 + 0.2 Df/B B = width of footing 𝝈𝟑 = chamber confining stress, cell stress, lateral
dq = d𝛶 = 1.0 Se = tolerable elastic settlement in mm. stress, minor stress
For Ø ≥ 10 Depth Factor: For over consolidated clay (cohesive soil)
Sc = 1 + 0.2 Kp (B/L) 𝟎.𝟑𝟑 𝑫𝒇
Fd = 1 + 𝝈𝟏 =2ctan(45+Ø/2)+𝝈𝟑 tan2(45+Ø/2)
Sq = S𝛶 = 1.0 + 0.1 Kp (B/L) 𝑩
Correction Factor: 𝝈𝟑 = 𝝈𝟏 tan2(45-Ø/2) - 2ctan(45-Ø/2)
dc = 1 + 0.2 √𝐾𝑎 Df/B
𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟓 SOIL COMPOSITION:
dq = d𝛶 = 1.0 + 0.1 √𝐾𝑝 Df/B Cn = 0.77 log (Peck) 𝑽𝒗
𝝈
Void Ratio: e =
Load Inclination Factors: where: 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝒗
ic = iq = (1-α/90ᵒ)2 Cn = correction factor to be applied to number Porosity: n =
𝑽
i𝛶 = (1- α/Ø) 2 of blows per ft. 𝑽𝒘
Degree of Saturation: S =
where: 𝜎= overburden pressure at the depth observed 𝑽𝒗
𝑾𝒘
k𝛶 = tan2 (45 + Ø/2)  when 𝜎 < 24 kPa, equation is not valid Moisture Content: ω =
𝑾𝒔
α = angle of resultant measured from vertical axis  when 𝜎 > 24 kPa, use the correction factor 𝑾
Unit Weight: 𝛶 =
HANSEN’S BEARING CAPACITY  when 𝜎 = 96 kPa, no correction should be 𝑽
𝑾𝒔 𝑮𝒔 𝜰𝑾
qu = cNcScdc icbcgc+ qNqSqdqiqbqgq+ made Dry Unit Weight: 𝛶 = or 𝛶=
𝑽 𝟏+𝒆
0.5𝛶BN𝛶S𝛶d𝛶i𝛶b𝛶g𝛶 SPT N-value Relative Density (𝑮𝒔+𝒆) 𝜰𝑾
0-4 Very Loose
Sat. Unit Weight: 𝛶 =
Shape Factors: 𝟏+𝒆
4-10 Loose (𝑮𝒔+𝑺𝒆) 𝜰𝑾
For failure along base width B: Moist Unit Weight: 𝛶 = or = 𝛶DRY
Sc = 0.2 icb (B/L) 10-30 Medium 𝟏+𝒆

30-50 Dense (1+ω)

Sq = 1+sinØ B (iql/L) (𝑮𝒔−𝟏) 𝜰𝑾
Over 50 Very Dense Effective Unit Weight: 𝛶’ =
S𝛶 = 1 – 0.4 (B(i𝛶b) / L (i𝛶l) 𝟏+𝒆
For failure along base length L: ATTERBERG LIMIT:
SPT N-value Consistency
Sc = 0.2 icb (L/B) Plasticity Index: PI = LL – PL
<2 Very Soft
Sq = 1+sinØ (L(iql)/B) 2-4 Soft Liquidity Index: LI =
𝝎−𝑷𝑳

S𝛶 = 1 – 0.4 (L(i𝛶l) / B (i𝛶b)) 4-8 Medium

𝑳𝑳−𝑷𝑳
𝑳𝑳−𝝎
Base and Ground Inclination Factors: 8-15 Stiff
Consistency Index: CI =
𝑳𝑳−𝑷𝑰
𝟐𝒗 𝑽ᵒ 𝝎𝟏 − 𝝎𝟐
bc = = 15-30 Very Stiff Flow Index: If = 𝑵
л+𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟕ᵒ
>30 Hard 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑵𝟐
bq = e-2vtanØ 𝟏
CONE PENETRATION TEST METHOD Toughness Index: CI =
𝑷𝑰
b𝛶 = e-2.7vtanØ 𝒒 𝑰𝒇
𝟐𝜷 𝜷ᵒ 𝟏𝟏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑷𝒄
𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐
gc = = Ø = 17.6 + ( 𝝈
𝒂
) Shrinkage Limit: SL = (𝟏𝟎𝟎) −
л+𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟕ᵒ (𝑷𝒗 )𝟎.𝟓 𝒎𝟐
𝒂
gq = g𝛶 = (1-0.5tanβ)5 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐
𝜎𝑣 =effective soil overburden pressure 𝝆𝒘 (𝟏𝟎𝟎)
where: 𝒎𝟐
qc = resisting force divide by the projected area of 𝒎𝟐
v = base of footing inclination Shrinkage Ratio: SR =
the cone 𝒗𝟐 𝝆𝒘
β = ground inclination 𝟏
Pa = one atmosphere ; 100 kPa or 2 ksf Specific gravity: Gs =
Depth Factors: 𝟏
−
𝑺𝑳
Ө = angle of internal friction 𝑺𝑹 𝟏𝟎𝟎
For Df ≤ B
STANDARD PENETRATION TEST METHOD
dc = 0.4 (Df/B) CONSTANTS & CONVERSION:
(𝑵𝟔𝟎 )𝟎.𝟑𝟒
dq = 1 + 2tanØ (1-sinØ)2(Df/B) tanӨ = tan-1 ( 𝝈 ) 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 12 in = 0.3048 m
[𝟏𝟐.𝟐𝟎+𝟐𝟎.𝟑 (𝑷𝒗 )]𝟎.𝟑𝟒
For Df > B 𝒂
1 m = 1000 mm 1 m = 100 cm
dc = 0.4 arctan (Df/B)
CEIT-02/ FOUNDATION 2016
CASES

CEIT-02/ FOUNDATION 2016