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Seminar report

On

Carbon Nano Technology

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree
of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

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Acknowledgement

I would like to thank respected Mr…….. and Mr. ……..for giving me such a wonderful
opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present
a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went through my
work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.

Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized
and well-stacked till the end.

Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped
my work a lot to remain error-free.

Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete
my report on time.

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Preface

I have made this report file on the topic Carbon Nano Technology; I have tried my best to
elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the
beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic.

My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful
note. I express my sincere gratitude to …………..who assisting me throughout the
preparation of this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement, confidence and
most importantly the track for the topic whenever I needed it.

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CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. What is carbon nano technology?
3. Electron transfer properties of macro-sized & nano-
sized particles
4. Types of Carbon Nano Material
5. Preparation of carbon Nano Material
6. Application of Carbon Nano Technology
7. Advantages
8. Disadvantages
9. Conclusion
10. References
.

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INTRODUCTION
Albert Einstein, as part of his doctoral dissertation,
calculated the size of a single sugar molecule from
experimental data on the diffusion of sugar in water. His work
showed that each molecule measures about a nanometer in
diameter. At a billionth of a meter, a nanometer is the essence
of small. The width of 10 hydrogen atoms laid side by side, it
is one thousandth the length of a typical bacterium, one
millionth the size of a pinhead, one billionth the length of
Michael Jordan's well-muscled legs. One nanometer is also
precisely the dimension of a big windfall for research. Almost
100 years after Einstein's insight, the nanometer scale looms
large on the research agenda.

Nanotechnology is the study and use of materials,

devices, and systems on the scale of a nanometer (a billionth
of a meter, or 10-9m). If researchers can learn to manipulate
individual atoms at this scale, some experts believe the results
could lead to a revolution in computing, electronics, energy,
materials design, manufacturing, medicine, and numerous
other fields. Nanotechnology is the creation of functional
materials, devices and systems through control of matter on
the nanometer length scale (1-100 nanometers), and
exploitation of novel phenomena and properties (physical,
chemical, biological, mechanical, electrical...) at that length
scale. For comparison, 10 nanometers is 1000 times smaller
than the diameter of a human hair. A scientific and technical
revolution has just begun based upon the ability to
systematically organize and manipulate matter at nanoscale.
Payoff is anticipated within the next 10-15 years.

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WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
For most of this century, scientists have practiced
"top-down science," a reductionist approach in which the
goal is to simplify our understanding of matter by
breaking it into its basic building blocks, ranging from
quarks to neutrinos. But, in recent years, interest has
arisen in complexity. Scientists want to know how simple
atoms and molecules come together and arrange
themselves to form complex systems, such as living cells
that make life possible on earth. This "bottoms-up"
science, which deals with how complex systems are built
from simple atomic-level constituents, spawned
nanoscience. It is the study of the properties of tens of or
hundreds of atoms or molecules in a space with a
diameter of less than 50 nanometers. But there is a there
in both nanoscience and nanotechnology. The nanoworld
is a weird borderland between the realm of individual
atoms and molecules (where quantum mechanics rules)
and the macroworld (where the bulk properties of
materials emerge from the collective behavior of trillions
of atoms, whether that material is a steel beam or the
cream filling in an Oreo). At the bottom end, in the
region of one nanometer, nanoland bumps up against the
basic building blocks of matter. As such, it defines the
smallest natural structures and sets a hard limit to
shrinkage: you just can't build things any smaller. e of
two large atoms or four small ones). The emerging field-
new versus old nanotech-deals with materials and
systems having these key properties: they have at least
one dimension of about one to 100 nanometers, they are
designed through processes that exhibit fundamental
control over the physical and chemical attributes of

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molecular-scale structures, and they can be combined to

form larger structures.
Sandwiching several nonmagnetic layers, one of which is
less than a nanometer thick, between magnetic layers can
produce sensors for disk drives with many times the
sensitivity of previous devices, allowing more bits to be
packed on the surface of each disk. Since they were first
introduced in 1997, these giant magneto resistive heads have
served as an enabling technology for the multibillion-dollar
storage industry. New tools capable of imaging and
manipulating single molecules or atoms have ushered in the
new age of nano. The icons of this revolution are scanning
probe microscopes-the scanning tunneling microscope and the
atomic force microscope, among others-capable of creating
pictures of individual atoms or moving them from place to
place.
Nano technology would help in-
1. Advanced miniaturization is a key thrust area to enable
new science and exploration missions.
2. Ultra small sensors, power sources, communication,
navigation, and propulsion systems with very low
mass, volume and power consumption are needed.
3. Revolutions in electronics and computing will allow
reconfigurable, autonomous, "thinking" spacecraft.
4. Nanotechnology presents a whole new spectrum of
opportunities to build device components and systems
for entirely new space architectures.

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Electron transfer properties of macro-

sized & nano-sized particles of the same
material are different.

MATERIAL MACRO-SIZE NANO-SIZE

PbS Is an insulator Becomes conductor

FeO3 Band gap is 1.95 eV Band gap is 3.1 eV

Carbon Electron emission at Electron emission at

2500 V. much lower voltage-
2.5V

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TYPES OF CARBON NANO

MATERIAL
Carbon nano material can be of the following types-
 Carbon nano beads
 Carbon nano fibers
 Carbon nano tubes
 Diamond like carbon
 Many other shapes

1. CARBON NANO-BEADS

PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANO BEADS-

1. Spherical (Solid and hollow)

2. Sizes 200 nm - 800 nm
3. Interconnected & spongy

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2. CARBON NANO FIBRES

 Coiled Type Carbon Fiber

 Flexible Hair Like Fiber

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 Cactus Flower Like Fiber

 Octopus Like nano Fiber

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3. CARBON NANOTUBE

 Carbon nano - materials are synthesized from fossil fuels

related precursors e.g. acetylene, benzene, xylene & also
from graphite.
 The latest trend is to use plant based precursors

PREPARATION OF CNT

•Carbonaceous material (precursor) is heated to just below

their boiling point to generate vapor.

•The vapor along with a carrier gas (N2 or Ar) is sent to a

furnace heated at pyrolyzing temperature (650 – 10000C).

•Pyrolyzed material is CNM; which is further purified to

remove graphitic carbon.

•Catalysts like Fe, B, Ni & Co are used during pyrolysis to

produce different forms of carbon nano-material

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APPLICATIONS OF CARBON
NANOTECHNOLOGY

1. NANOSCALE DIGITAL CHIP DESIGN

Computer chips will get smaller, more powerful,

connected and pervasive. They will bring digital
intelligence into all kinds of objects and spaces. The
encounter system combines silicon virtual prototyping and
detailed IC implementation into a unified architecture with
a single in memory data model and user interface. The
latest version of Encounter Platform supports both SUN
and LINUX.

2. BIOCHIPS FOR HEALTHCARE

Biochips are ushering in anew era in health care. They

will help to understand the role played by genes in
health and disease. Many of these innovations are rightly
termed as lab-on-chip. With biochips, it would be easy
to speed up development and discovery of drugs, improve
diagnostics tools, and even chart out a significant
procedure for determining the best treatment for a specific
disease.
As of now, practical applications are being developed,
which include handheld devices for testing microbes in
food and identifying criminals by their DNA’s. Very soon
biochips will also play a big role in detection of biological
and chemical warfare agents.

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3. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR SOLAR CELLS

Carbon nanotubes--tiny straw

like cylinders of pure carbon--
have interesting electrical
properties. Indeed, they have
already been used to
manufacture tiny transistors and
nanowires. Now scientists say
the minuscule cylinders may one day find their way into
solar cells
To make the altered nanotubes, Dirk M. Guldi of the
University of Notre Dame and his colleagues attached
molecules of ferrocene to their walls. Made up of two flat
rings of five carbon atoms each that sandwich an iron
atom, ferrocene is known for its tendency to give up its
electrons. The scientists determined that when they
exposed their altered nanotubes to light in the visible
range, carbon atoms in the walls of the tubes accept the
electrons originally associated with the ferrocene
molecules. "This separation of charge is sufficiently long-
lived for us to divert and use the electrons," Guldi notes.

This is the first time hybrid nanotubes complexes have

been shown to undergo such photo induced electron
transfer. And it didn't take much: the researchers added just
one ferrocene group for every 100-carbon atom in the
nanotubes. The results, meet the first criteria for the
development of solar cells based on modified carbon
nanotubes.

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THE ONCE AND FUTURE NANO-

MACHINE

Among the promised fruits of nanotechnology, small

machines have always stood out. Their attraction is
straightforward. Large machines--airplanes, submarines,
robotic welders, and toaster ovens--are unquestionably useful.
If one could take the same ideas used to design these devices
and apply them to machines that were a tiny fraction of their
size, who knows what they might be able to do? Imagining
two types of small machines--one analogous to an existing
machine, the second entirely new--has captured broad
attention. The first is a nanoscale submarine, with dimensions
of only a few billionths of a meter--the length of a few tens or
hundreds of atoms. This machine might, so the argument goes,
be useful in medicine by navigating through the blood,
seeking out diseased cells and destroying them.
The second--the so-called assembler--is a more radical
idea, originally proposed by futurist K. Eric Drexler. This
machine has no macroscopic analogue (a fact that is important
in considering its ultimate practicality). It would be a new
type of machine--a universal fabricator. It would make any
structure, including itself, by atomic-scale "pick and place": a
set of nanoscale pincers would pick individual atoms from
their environment and place them where they should go. The
Drexlerian vision imagines society transformed forever by
small machines that could create a television set or a computer
in a few hours at essentially no cost. It also has a dark side.
The potential for self-replication of the assembler has raised

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the prospect of what has come to be called gray goo: myriads

of self-replicating nanoassemblers making uncountable copies
of themselves and ravaging the earth while doing so.

Does the idea of nanoscale machines make sense? Could

they be made? If so, would they be effectively downsized
versions of their familiar, large-scale cousins, or would they
operate by different principles? Might they, in fact, ravage the
earth?
We can begin to answer these intriguing questions by
asking a more ordinary one: What is a machine? Of the many
definitions, I choose to take a machine to be "a device for
performing a task." Going further, a machine has a design; it
is constructed following some process; it uses power; it
operates according to information built into it when it is
fabricated. Although machines are commonly considered to be
the products of human design and intention, why shouldn't a
complex molecular system that performs a function also be
considered a machine, even if it is the product of evolution
rather than of design?
Issues of teleology aside, and accepting this
broad definition, nanoscale machines already do exist,
in the form of the functional molecular components of
living cells--such as molecules of protein or RNA,
aggregates of molecules, and organelles ("little
organs")--in enormous variety and sophistication. The
broad question of whether nanoscale machines exist is
thus one that was answered in the affirmative by
biologists many years ago.

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APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUBES

 USE OF CNT IN BIOSENSOR SYSTEM

Biosensors are detection devices that translate biological

activity into readable electrical signals. They are used to
detect and quantify pollutants in the environment and
chemicals in food or pharmaceuticals. The history of
biosensors started in the year 1962 with the development of
enzyme electrodes by the scientist Leland C. Clark.

 CNT IN ATOMIC FORCE

MICROSCOPY

In AFM Si tip of atomic size is used for scanning.

When the electron of the outer most shell of the tip atom,
comes in contact with the electron of the scanning surface, it
produces current, which is measured.
Si tip in presence of moisture and air gets oxidized.
Covering the Si tip with single wall CNT stops the oxidation
of Si and Carbon being a hard material does not break easily.

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 USE OF CNT IN DRUG DELIVERY

SWNTs can be cut into smaller sections. to get open end tubes
Which can be filled with a variety of materials e.g. enzymes.
The enzyme or biomolecule gets encapsulated & protected
within CNT
Subsequent analysis of the catalytic activity of the
immobilized enzymes showed that a significant amount of the
enzyme retains its activity
To use this system for drug delivery CNT is solubilized in
water by adding suitable functional group e.g. OH , COOH,
SO3H etc.
This type of research is expected to help in drug delivery to
infected human organs.
A suitable drug can be inserted into the hollow space of the
nanotubes and can be injected into body (with functionalized
soluble carbon nanotubes). Drug will start operating slowly at
the site, which is infected

 NANO TECH DEVICES: MADE OF SPINACH

PROTEINS AND CARBON NANOTUBES.
The scientists gathered evidence that spinach is a
plant with potential. They became particularly interested
in a chlorophyll-containing protein in spinach called
Photo system I (PSI, pronounced PS One). They knew it
performed photosynthesis using the energy of the sun to
make plant tissue. But another amazing feature of this
photosynthetic reaction center was that when it receives a
photon of light, electrical current flows through it in one
direction in 10 to 30 Pico seconds — 100 times faster
than in a silicon photodiode. Thus, spinach proteins could
be used as a photo battery or solar electric cell.

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Then these 10-NM spinach proteins could be used

as nanodiodes to transmit current in one direction and
block it in the other in the absence of light, making
possible the fabrication of biomolecular electronic
devices. The researchers met the challenge, suggesting
that the next generation of opto-electronic devices may
be based on spinach, not silicon. After isolating PSIs
from spinach leaves, they learned how to make current
flow along spinach proteins by depositing a platinum
electrical contact on the end of each PSI. Next they
showed that platinum anchors PSIs to a gold surface.
A major challenge was to orient the PSIs so that all
the same ends point in the same direction either
perpendicular or parallel to a metal surface. In 1997 the
researchers found an effective way to achieve preferred
orientation of PSIs: chemical treatment of the atomically
flat gold surface on a mica substrate. They coated gold
surfaces chemically with 2-mercaptoethanol and found
that most of the PSIs point up, like lawn grass.
The sulfur atom in this molecule attaches strongly to
gold, and the molecule's other end selectively binds to the
positively charged free end of a PSI, causing it to be
perpendicular to the surface. The next step was to build a
biomolecular device. Greenbaum met with Simpson to
plan the design of a hybrid nanodevice using spinach
reaction centers as the diodes. Their expertise is needed
because the nanodiodes made of oriented spinach
proteins are to be connected by nanowires made of
carbon nanotubes.

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ADVANTAGES
1) Safe and affordable.

2) Medicine (detection of diseases).

3) In computer use.
4) Pollution free environment.
5) Safe assembly of consumer goods.
6) Molecular food synthesis.

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CONCLUSION
Nanotechnology is a hybrid science combining
engineering and chemistry. Atoms and molecules stick
together because they have complementary shapes that lock
together, or charges that attract. Just like with magnets, a
positively charged atom will stick to a negatively charged
atom. As millions of these atoms are pieced together by Nan
machines, a specific product will begin to take shape.
The goal of nanotechnology is to manipulate atoms
individually and place them in a pattern to produce a desired
structure. There are three steps to achieving nanotechnology-
produce Trillions of assemblers and replicators will fill an
area smaller than a cubic millimeter, and will still be too small
for us to see with the naked eye. Assemblers and replicators
will work together like hands to automatically construct
products, and will eventually replace all traditional labor
methods. This will vastly decrease manufacturing costs,
thereby making consumer goods plentiful, cheaper and
stronger. Nanotechnology will impact every facet of society,
from medicine to computerized goods.

The promises of nanotechnology sound great, don't they?

May be even unbelievable? But researchers say that we will
achieve these capabilities within the next century. And if
nanotechnology is, in fact, realized, it might be the human
race's greatest scientific achievement yet, completely
changing every aspect of the way we live.

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DISADVANTAGES

1) Atomic bomb & grenade.

2) Spread diseases.
3) World wide hunder.
4) Corruption of world.
5) Computer generated fake reality.

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REFERENCES
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.studymafia.org
www.projectsreports.org

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