PNEUMATIC PUNCHING MACHINE

CHAPTER 1

SYNOPSIS
The main purpose of this project is punching the objects for much application,
like sealing, name punching, plate designing and etc. Here we are designing a
pneumatic spiral punching making machines are necessary for saving the
manufacturing time in the process, pneumatic is act as a main role.

INTRODUCTION
Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must be made
available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system.
When the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it wills
indeed the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.
The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using
reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain
pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Pneumatic Cylinder.

Compressor.

Solenoid control valve

Die (male, female) clamp

The main objective is to designing and developing a very compact, punch
making machine. Initially the switch unit operates the compressor which delivers the
air to the solenoid valve at certain pressure. The solenoid controls the flow direction
of air to the pneumatic cylinder. Thus the reciprocating motion of the pneumatic
cylinder creates high force to punch the work piece. This part consists of two parts one
is fixed called upper die, at the base and other is fixed called lower die at the end of
piston rod. This part is moved up and down to provide the force on the object.

Here we used for carrying the objects from one side to another side the object
when it comes, if it detects the object means it will out puts a low pulse to the
controller. Pneumatic is act as punching equipment. We can connect seal or cup cast
with the pneumatic for cup production. Different seals and casts are used for punching
the different shapes. When control unit detects the low pulse from then that will ON
the pneumatic for Punch. After a second the controller will OFF the pneumatic. After
getting the punch from the pneumatic spiral punch making.
ADVANTAGES

 It reduces the manual work

 It reduces the production time

 Uniform application of the load gives perfect removing of the bearing.

 Damages to the bearing due to the hammering is prevented

 It occupies less floor space

 Less skilled operator is sufficient

LIMITATIONS
 Initial cost is high

 Cylinder stroke length is constant

 Need a separate compressor

APPLICATIONS
 Pressing Operation in all industries

 Paper punching industries

 Leather washer operation in all industries

 Punching operation also done

 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter will cover all the information related to this project, such as die

design, piercing punches, pneumatic function and tolerances. Using this information,

the element in the project will be presented to give more understanding about the title,

objective, problem statement and the scope of project. The source that may be taken is

either from book, journal, patent, conference paper, research paper and website.
 CHAPTER 3
PNEUMATICS

3.1. INTRODUCTION

Pneumatics is the discipline that deals with the mechanical properties of gases
such as pressure & density & applies the principle to use compressed gas as a source
of power to solve engineering problem. The most widely used compressed gas is air &
thus its use has become synonymous with the term pneumatics. Today the most
important property of the medium air is the simple conversion of pressure into force &
translational displacement using a piston in a circular bore.

3.1 Pneumatic System

Pneumatic systems use pressurized gases to transmit and control power. As the
name implies, pneumatic system typically use air (rather than some other gas) as the
fluid medium because air is safe, low cost and readily available fluid. It is particularly
safe inn environments where an electrical spark could ignite leaks from system
components (Majumdar, 1995).There are several reasons for considering the use of
pneumatic systems instead of hydraulic systems. Liquids exhibit greater inertia than
do gases. Therefore, in hydraulic systems the oil is a potential problem when
accelerating and decelerating actuators and when suddenly opening and closing
valves. Liquids also exhibit greater viscosity than do gases.

This results in larger frictional pressure and power losses. Also, since hydraulic
system use a fluid foreign to the atmosphere, they require special reservoirs and no
leak- system designs. Pneumatic systems use air that is exhausted directly back into
the surrounding environment. Generally speaking, pneumatic systems are less
expensive than hydraulic systems (Majumdar, 1995).
 However, because of the compressibility of air, it is impossible to obtain
precise, controlled actuator velocities with pneumatic systems. Also, precise
positioning control is not obtainable. In applications where actuator travel is to be
smooth and steady against a variable load, the air exhaust from the actuator is
normally metered. Whereas pneumatic pressures are quite low to explosion dangers
involved if components such as air tanks should rupture(less than 250psi), hydraulic
pressure can be as high as 12000psi. Thus hydraulic pressure can be high-power
systems whereas pneumatics is confined to low power application (Majumdar, 1995).

Principles and Maintenance

The technology of pneumatics has gained tremendous importance in the field of

work place rationalization and automation from old fashioned timber works and coal
mines modern machine shops and space robots. Certain characteristics of compressed
air have made this medium quite suitable for use in modern manufacturing and
production plants. It is therefore, important that technicians and engineers should have
a good working knowledge of pneumatic system, air operated tools and other
accessories, including a thorough and clear concept of the physical principles that
govern the behavior of compressed air (Majumdar, 1995).

3.1.2 Application of Pneumatic

With the introduction of pneumatics in the manufacturing process, the industry

is benefited with a cheaper medium of industrial automation which s judiciously used,
may bring down the cost of production to a much lower level. A few decades ago,
maximum application of pneumatics was probably in the field of construction where
main source of power for tools like power hammer drills and etc was compressed air
only. Now, compressed air is used in every walk of industrial life starting with
pneumatic cranes to the use of air in the brake systems and so on.
Advantageous of pneumatic:

1. Wide availability of air.

2. Compressibility of air

3. Easy transportability of compressed air in pressure vessels,

containers and in long pipes

4. Fire proof characteristic of the medium

5. Simple construction of pneumatic elements and easy handling

6. High degree of controllability of pressure, speed, and force

7. Possibility of easy but reasonably reliable remote controlling

8. Easier maintenance

9. Explosion-proof characteristic of the medium comparatively cheaper in cost than

other stems

Compared to hydraulic system, pneumatic system has better operational

advantages but it cannot replace hydraulic system so far as power requirement and
accuracy of operations are concerned. In areas of hazards, probably air will be a better
medium of power than electrical system, hydraulic system and steam power system. It
may not be necessary at this stage to dwell further on the multitude of advantages that
may be derived from applying pneumatic energy on production plants and systems
except what has been already mentioned earlier (Maunder, 1995).

ADVANTAGES OF AIR

 Does not generate sparks.

  Poses no health hazard.
 Can be easily stored.
 Atmospheric air is free & this had led to statement that compressed air is a
cheap form of energy.

Due to low viscosity, air cannot be used to lubricate the machinery it actuates.
However, advances in electronics helped to develop control systems for electric drives
that made them superior to formerly used fluid power actuators. This technology can
also enhance the performance of the pneumatic drives. Examples are pressure
controlled chambers in lorry braking circuits or position controlled actuators for
process valves.

AREA OF APPLICATION OF PNEUMATICS

 Damp Hopper
 Stamping
 Mining (Door opening & closing)
 Material flow
 Automobile (Braking System, engine etc.)
 Tools (Jackhammer, drills etc.)
 Punching
 Motion Restriction in CNC machines
 Dental Care
 Pneumatic gun for bolt tightening
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM
 CHAPTER-4

PRINICIPLES OF PNEUMATIC

2.1 INTRODUCTION OF PRINICIPLES OF PNEUMATIC

Pneumatics is a branch of technology that deals with the study and application
of pressurized gas to effect mechanical motion. Pneumatic systems are extensively
used in industry, where factories are commonly plumbed with compressed air or
compressed inert gases. This is because a centrally located and electrically
powered compressor that powers cylinders and other pneumatic devices
through solenoid valves is often able to provide motive power in a cheaper, safer,
more flexible, and more reliable way than a large number of electric
motors and actuators. Pneumatics also has applications
in dentistry, construction, mining, and other areas.

Ian Mackenzie

 8 years FIRST experience

 Co-General Manager for Team 1114 in 2004, winning 8 FRC awards

 Lead designer for two revolutionary FIRST drive systems

(Hexadrive 2002,SimSwerve 2004)

 Specific Areas of Mentorship – Mechanical Design, Competition Strategy

 3rd year Systems Design Engineering student at the University of Waterloo

 Current member of the Waterloo Regional Planning Committee

 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Fig4.0 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Why Use Pneumatics?

 Weight
o Much lighter than motors (as long as several used)
 Simple
o Much easier to mount than motors
o Much simpler and more durable than rack and pinion
 More rugged
o Cylinders can be stalled indefinitely without damage
o Resistant to impacts
 Disadvantage: All the way in or all the way out
2.2 PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS

2.2.1 COMPRESSOR

 Generates pressure of 120 psi

 Always run off relay module, in forward
 Do not use to generate a vacuum!
Reservoir(s)

 Up to two
 Store compressed air at 120 psi
 Top up before each match

– Slow leaks can decrease pressure between pit and field

– Tether robot beside field to top up pneumatics

4.2.2 REGULATOR, FILTER

● Allows air from reservoirs to flow to rest of pneumatic system

● Limits pressure in valves, cylinders to 60 psi

A pressure regulator is a valve that automatically cuts off the flow of a liquid
or gas at a certain pressure. Regulators are used to allow high-pressure fluid supply
lines or tanks to be reduced to safe and/or usable pressures for various applications.
Gas pressure regulators are used to regulate the gas pressure and are not appropriate
for measuring flow rates. Flow meters, Roometter or Mass Flow Controllers should be
used to accurately regulate gas flow rates.
Operation

A pressure regulator's primary function is to match the flow of gas through the
regulator to the demand for gas placed upon the system. If the load flow decreases,
then the regulator flow must decrease also. If the load flow increases, then the
regulator flow must increase in order to keep the controlled pressure from decreasing
due to a shortage of gas in the pressure system.

A pressure regulator includes a restricting element, a loading element, and a

measuring element:

 The restricting element is a type of valve. It can be a globe valve, butterfly

valve, poppet valve, or any other type of valve that is capable of operating as a
variable restriction to the flow.
 The loading element applies the needed force to the restricting element. It can
be any number of things such as a weight, a spring, a piston actuator, or more
commonly the diaphragm actuator in combination with a spring.
 When the actuator is forced against an expansion disk, the force is distributed
among the pressure walls. This allows the gas to flow at the proper rate and not
to be continually vaporized and diluted.
 The measuring element determines when the inlet flow is equal to the outlet
flow. The diaphragm is often used as a measuring element because it can also
serve as a combine element.

In the pictured single-stage regulator, a diaphragm is used with a poppet valve to

regulate pressure. As pressure in the upper chamber increases, the diaphragm is
pushed upward, causing the poppet to reduce flow, bringing the pressure back down.
By adjusting the top screw, the downward pressure on the diaphragm can be
increased, requiring more pressure in the upper chamber to maintain equilibrium. In
this way, the outlet pressure of the regulator is controlled.

2.2.3 PRESSURE SENSOR

 Detect pressure in pneumatic system

– Indicate whether system is above or below a set pressure

– Can be calibrated

 Usually two (one set for 115 psi, one set for 105 psi)
– Pressure below 105 psi:

Compressor on
 – Pressure above 115 psi:

Compressor off

A pressure sensor measures pressure, typically of gases or liquids. Pressure is

an expression of the force required to stop a fluid from expanding, and is usually
stated in terms of force per unit area. A pressure sensor usually acts as a transducer; it
generates a signal as a function of the pressure imposed. For the purposes of this
article, such a signal is electrical. Pressure sensors are used for control and monitoring
in thousands of everyday applications. Pressure sensors can also be used to indirectly
measure other variables such as fluid/gas flow, speed, water level, and altitude.
Pressure sensors can alternatively be called pressure transducers, pressure
transmitters, pressure senders, pressure indicators and pyrometers, manometers,
among other names.

Pressure sensors can vary drastically in technology, design, performance,

application suitability and cost. A conservative estimate would be that there may be
over 50 technologies and at least 300 companies making pressure sensors worldwide.
There is also a category of pressure sensors that are designed to measure in a dynamic
mode for capturing very high speed changes in pressure. Example applications for this
type of sensor would be in the measuring of combustion pressure in an engine cylinder
or in a gas turbine. These sensors are commonly manufactured out of piezoelectric
materials such as quartz. Some pressure sensors, such as those found in some traffic
enforcement cameras, function in a binary (on/off) manner, i.e., when pressure is
applied to a pressure sensor, the sensor acts to complete or break an electrical circuit.
These types of sensors are also known as a pressure switch.
Types of pressure measurements

Pressure sensors can be classified in terms of pressure ranges they measure,

temperature ranges of operation, and most importantly the type of pressure they
measure. Pressure sensors are variously named according to their purpose, but the
same technology may be used under different names.

 Absolute pressure sensor

This sensor measures the pressure relative to perfect vacuum.

 Gauge pressure sensor

This sensor measures the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. A tire pressure
gauge is an example of gauge pressure measurement; when it indicates zero, then the
pressure it is measuring is the same as the ambient pressure.

 Vacuum pressure sensor

This term can cause confusion. It may be used to describe a sensor that measures
pressures below atmospheric pressure, showing the difference between that low
pressure and atmospheric pressure (i.e. negative gauge pressure), but it may also be
used to describe a sensor that measures low pressure relative to perfect vacuum (i.e.
absolute pressure).

 Differential pressure sensor

This sensor measures the difference between two pressures, one connected to each
side of the sensor. Differential pressure sensors are used to measure many properties,
such as pressure drops across oil filters or air filters, fluid levels (by comparing the
pressure above and below the liquid) or flow rates (by measuring the change in
pressure across a restriction). Technically speaking, most pressure sensors are really
differential pressure sensors; for example a gauge pressure sensor is merely a
differential pressure sensor in which one side is open to the ambient atmosphere.

Sealed pressure sensor

This sensor is similar to a gauge pressure sensor except that it measures pressure
relative to some fixed pressure rather than the ambient atmospheric pressure (which
varies according to the location and the weather).

Pressure-sensing technology

There are two basic categories of analog pressure sensors.

Force collector types These types of electronic pressure sensors generally use a force
collector (such a diaphragm, piston, bourdon tube, or bellows) to measure strain (or
deflection) due to applied force (pressure) over an area.

 Piezoresistive strain gauge

Uses the piezoresistive effect of bonded or formed strain gauges to detect strain
due to applied pressure. Common technology types are Silicon
(Monocrystalline), Polysilicon Thin Film, Bonded Metal Foil, Thick Film, and
Sputtered Thin Film. Generally, the strain gauges are connected to form a
Wheatstone bridge circuit to maximize the output of the sensor. This is the most
commonly employed sensing technology for general purpose pressure
 measurement. Generally, these technologies are suited to measure absolute,
gauge, vacuum, and differential pressures.

 Capacitive

Uses a diaphragm and pressure cavity to create a variable capacitor to detect

strain due to applied pressure. Common technologies use metal, ceramic, and
silicon diaphragms. Generally, these technologies are most applied to low
pressures (Absolute, Differential and Gauge)

 Electromagnetic

Measures the displacement of a diaphragm by means of changes in inductance

(reluctance), LVDT, Hall Effect, or by eddy current principle.

 Piezoelectric

Uses the piezoelectric effect in certain materials such as quartz to measure the
strain upon the sensing mechanism due to pressure. This technology is
commonly employed for the measurement of highly dynamic pressures.

 Optical

Techniques include the use of the physical change of an optical fiber to detect
strain due to applied pressure. A common example of this type utilizes Fiber
Bragg Gratings. This technology is employed in challenging applications where
the measurement may be highly remote, under high temperature, or may benefit
from technologies inherently immune to electromagnetic interference. Another
analogous technique utilizes an elastic film constructed in layers that can
change reflected wavelengths according to the applied pressure (strain).
  Potentiometric

Uses the motion of a wiper along a resistive mechanism to detect the strain
caused by applied pressure.

Other types

These types of electronic pressure sensors use other properties (such as density) to
infer pressure of a gas, or liquid.

 Resonant

Uses the changes in resonant frequency in a sensing mechanism to

measure stress, or changes in gas density, caused by applied pressure. This
technology may be used in conjunction with a force collector, such as those in
the category above. Alternatively, resonant technology may be employed by
expose the resonating element itself to the media, whereby the resonant
frequency is dependent upon the density of the media. Sensors have been made
out of vibrating wire, vibrating cylinders, quartz, and silicon MEMS. Generally,
this technology is considered to provide very stable readings over time.

 Thermal

Uses the changes in thermal conductivity of a gas due to density changes

to measure pressure. A common example of this type is the Pirani gauge.

 Ionization

Measures the flow of charged gas particles (ions) which varies due to density
changes to measure pressure. Common examples are the Hot and Cold Cathode
gauges.
  Others

There are numerous other ways to derive pressure from its density (speed of
sound, mass, index of refraction) among others.

4.2.4 CYLINDERS

● Force = Pressure x Area

– 2” diameter piston

– Area = 3.14 x 12 = 3.14 in2

– Pressure = 60 psi

– 3.14 in2 x 60 psi = 188 lbs

– Force while extending greater than while retracting

● Main decisions: Length and diameter

– Diameter based on required force

– Larger diameter: more force, but more air

Cylinder Tips

● If you need the piston to stay extended or retracted, add a mechanical latch

● Be careful to ensure the piston rod cannot get bent

● Hard to get locknuts/lock washers in large sizes, so nuts on pistons likely to come

Loose
2.2.5 FLOW CONTROLS

Regulate flow of air into and out of a cylinder

● Used to control speed of a pneumatic cylinder

● if used, attach directly to cylinder (only one end needed)

● seems to regulate air flowing in both directions, but one direction is restricted
a Little more
4.2.6 FITTINGS
4.2.7 EXHAUST VALVE

● Use to release pressure (especially at the end of a match)

● Useful if you need to be able to release a grabber after a match is over

 CHAPTER-3

PNEUMATIC MECHANISM

3.1 LINEAR MOTION

A linear actuator is an actuator that creates motion in a straight line, as

contrasted with circular motion of a conventional electric motor. Linear actuators are
used in machine tools and industrial machinery, in computer peripherals such as disk
drives and printers, in valves and dampers, and in many other places where linear
motion is required. Hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders inherently produce linear
motion; many other mechanisms are used to provide a linear motion from a rotating
motor.
3.2 Advantages and disadvantages

Actuator
Advantages Disadvantages
Type

Cheap. Repeatable. No power

source required. Self contained. Manual operation only. No
Mechanical
Identical behavior extending or automation.
retracting.

Cheap. Repeatable. Operation can

be automated. Self-contained.
Electro-
Identical behavior extending or Many moving parts prone to wear.
mechanical
retracting. DC or stepping motors.
Position feedback possible.

Simple design. Minimum of

moving parts. High speeds
Linear motor Low force.
possible. Self-contained. Identical
behavior extending or retracting.

Requires position feedback to be

repeatable. Short travel. Low speed.
Piezoelectric Very small motions possible. High voltages required. Expensive.
Good in compression only, not in
tension.

Can leak. Requires position

Hydraulic Very high forces possible. feedback for repeatability. External
hydraulic pump required. Some
 designs good in compression only.

Precise position control impossible

Pneumatic Strong, light, simple, fast.
except at full stops

Wax motor Smooth operation. Not as reliable as other methods.

Segmented Very compact. Range of motion

Both linear and rotary motion.
spindle greater than length of actuator.

Force, position and speed are

controllable and repeatable.
Requires position feedback to be
Moving coil Capable of high speeds and precise
repeatable.
positioning. Linear, rotary, and
linear + rotary actions possible.
 CHAPTER-5
PRESSURE CONTROL APPLICATIONS

There are many good reasons for reducing (and sometimes maintaining) steam
pressure. This tutorial details common applications for direct operating, pilot operated,
pneumatic, electric and electro-pneumatic pressure control systems, including the
advantages and disadvantages of each different control method.

There are many reasons for reducing steam pressure:

 Steam boilers are usually designed to work at high pressures in order to reduce
their physical size. Operating them at lower pressures can result in reduced
output and 'carryover' of boiler water. It is, therefore, usual to generate steam at
higher pressure.
 Steam at high pressure has a relatively higher density, which means that a pipe
of a given size can carry a greater mass of steam at high pressure, than at low
pressure. It is usually preferable to distribute steam at high pressure as this
allows smaller pipes to be used throughout most of the distribution system.
 Lower condensing pressures at the point of use tend to save energy. Reduced
pressure will lower the temperature of the downstream pipe work and reduce
standing losses, and also reduce the amount of flash steam generated when
condensate from drain traps is discharging into vented condensate collecting
tanks.

It is worth noting that if condensate is continuously dumped to waste, perhaps

because of the risk of contamination, less energy will be lost if the condensing
pressure is lower.
 Because steam pressure and temperature are related, control of pressure can be
used to control temperature in some processes. This fact is recognized in the
control of sterilizers and autoclaves, and is also used to control surface
temperatures on contact dryers, such as those found in papermaking and
corrugators machines. Pressure control is also the basis of temperature control
in heat exchangers.
 For the same heating duty, a heat exchanger designed to operate on low-
pressure steam will be larger than one designed to be used on high-pressure
steam. The low-pressure heat exchanger might be less expensive because of a
lower design specification.
 The construction of plant means that each item has a maximum allowable
working pressure (MAWP). If this is lower than the maximum possible steam
supply pressure, the pressure must be reduced so that the safe working pressure
of the downstream system is not exceeded.
 Many plants use steam at different pressures. A 'stage' system where high-
pressure condensate from one process is flashed to steam for use in another part
of the process is usually employed to save energy. It may be necessary to
maintain continuity of supply in the low pressure system at times when not
enough flash steam is being generated. A pressure reducing valve is ideally
suited for this purpose.
 5.1 DIRECT OPERATING, SELF-ACTING PRESSURE REDUCING
VALVE - BELLOWS TYPE

Description

With this self-acting type of pressure controller, the downstream (control)

pressure is balanced (via a bellows) against a spring force.
Advantages:

1. Inexpensive.

2. Small.

3. Easy to install.

4. Very robust, giving long life with minimum maintenance.

5. Tolerant of imperfect steam conditions.

6. Self-acting principle means that no external power is required.

Disadvantages:

1. Proportional only control.

2. Proportional band is 30% to 40% of the upstream pressure.

3. Wide proportional band means that maximum flow is only achieved when the

downstream pressure has dropped considerably. This means that the reduced

pressure will vary depending on flow rate.

4. Limited in size.
 5. Limited flow rate.

6. Variation in upstream pressure will result in variation in downstream pressure.

Applications:
Non-critical, moderate load applications with constant running flowrates, for example:

1. Small jacketed pans.

2. Tracer lines.

3. Ironers.

4. Small tanks.

5. Acid baths.

6. Small storage clarifiers.

7. Unit heaters.

8. Small heater batteries.

9. OEM equipment.
Points to note:

1. Different versions for steam, compressed air, and water.

2. Soft seat versions may be available for use on gases.

3. A wide range of body materials means that particular standards, applications

and preferences can be satisfied.

4. A wide proportional band means care is needed if the safety valve needs to be
set close to the working pressure.

The system shown in Figure, works by having the pressure controller set at the
required downstream pressure and operating the steam pressure control valve
accordingly.
The 4-20 mA signals from the pressure transmitter is relayed to the pressure
controller and the saturation temperature computer, from which the computer
continuously calculates the saturation temperature for the downstream pressure,
and transmits a 4-20 mA output signal to the temperature controller in relation to
this temperature.

The temperature controller is configured to accept the 4-20 mA signal from the
computer to determine its set point at 5°C to 10°C above saturation. In this way, if
the downstream pressure varies due to any of the reasons mentioned above, the
temperature set point will also automatically vary. This will maintain the correct
water/steam ratio under all load or downstream pressure conditions.
 CHAPTER-6

ENDING REPORT

6.1 ADVANTAGE

 Simplicity of Design And Control

o Machines are easily designed using standard cylinders & other

components. Machines operate by simple ON - OFF type control.

 Reliability

o Pneumatic systems tend to have long operating lives and require very

little maintenance.

o Because gas is compressible, the equipment is less likely to be damaged

by shock. The gas in pneumatics absorbs excessive force, whereas the

fluid of hydraulics directly transfers force.

 Storage

o Compressed gas can be stored, allowing the use of machines when

electrical power is lost.

 Safety

o Very low chance of fire (compared to hydraulic oil).

o Machines can be designed to be overload safe.

6.2 CONCLUSION

Pneumatics is a branch of technology that deals with the study and application
of pressurized gas to effect mechanical motion. Pneumatic systems are extensively
used in industry, where factories are commonly plumbed with compressed air or
compressed inert gases. This is because a centrally located and electrically powered
compressor that powers cylinders and other pneumatic devices through solenoid
valves is often able to provide motive power in a cheaper, safer, more flexible, and
more reliable way than a large number of electric motors and actuators. Pneumatics
also has applications in dentistry, construction, mining, and other areas. Such as

Air brakes on buses and trucks

Air brakes, on trains

Air compressors

Air engines for pneumatically powered vehicles

Barostat systems used in Neuro gastroenterology and for researching

electricity

Cable jetting, a way to install cables in ducts

Compressed-air engine and compressed-air vehicles

Gas-operated reloading

Holman Projector, a pneumatic anti-aircraft weapon

Inflatable structures

Lego pneumatics can be used to build pneumatic models

5.3 COST ANALYSIS

S. No Particulars Cost

1 System Designing Rs. 2800.00

2 Components Rs. 3000.00

3 Project Report Expenses Rs. 1000.00

4 Traveling Expenses Rs. 300.00

5 Miscellaneous Rs. 400.00

TOTAL Rs. 7500.00

5.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. "Gone with the wind: Tubes are whisking samples across hospital".
Stanford School of Medicine. 2010-01-11. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
2. Buxton, Andrew (2004). Cash Carriers in Shops. Princes Risborough:
Shire Publications. ISBN 978-07478-0615-8.
3. Becker, D.A. (1998). "Characterization and use of the new NIST rapid
pneumatic tube irradiation facility". Journal of Radioanalytical and
Nuclear Chemistry 233: 155–160. doi:22 June 10.
4. "Pneumatic Air Drive-Thru McDonald's". Waymarking website.
Retrieved 12 February 2010.
5. "Prague's pneumatic post". Telefónica O2 Czech Republic. 2002.
Retrieved 12 February 2010.
6. George Medhurst, Calculations and remarks tending to prove the
practicability ... of a plan for the rapid conveyance of goods and
passengers upon an iron road through a tube of 30 feet in area, by the
power and velocity of air, London: 1812
7. Hadfield, Charles (1967). Atmospheric Railways. Newton Abbot: David
& Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4107-3.
8. Allen, Oliver E... "New York's Secret Subway". AmericanHeritage.com
website. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
9. "Capsule Pipelines - Mainland Europe". Capsu.org website. Retrieved 12
February 2010.