EX.

NO: DATE:

OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Aim:
To perform open circuit and short circuit test on the given single phase transformer
and
1. To draw its equivalent circuit
2. To predetermine its efficiency and regulation

Apparatus Required:
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity
(0-2) A 1
1 Ammeter MI
(0-5) A 1
(0-150)V 1
2 Voltmeter MI
(0-75)V 1
(150V, 2A) LPF 1
3 Wattmeter
(75V, 5A) UPF 1
4 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper Few

Precautions:
1. Auto Transformer should be kept at minimum voltage position at the time of closing
& opening of DPST Switch.
Procedure:
Open Circuit Test:
1. Connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram (Normally the High Voltage
(HV) side is kept open and the test is performed at the Low Voltage (LV) side).
2. DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer is varied gradually until the rated primary voltage of the transformer
has reached.
4. Corresponding voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings on the primary side are
noted down.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to its minimum position and then the DPST switch
is opened.
Short Circuit Test:
1. Connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram (Normally the Low Voltage
(LV) side is kept open and the test is performed at the High Voltage (HV) side).
 2. DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer is varied until the rated primary current of the transformer has
reached.
4. Corresponding voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings on the primary side are
noted down.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to its minimum position and then the DPST switch
is opened.

Tabular Column:
 Open Circuit Test:
Vo Io Wo (Watts)
(Volts) (Amps) OBS *ACT

Short Circuit Test:

VSC ISC WSC (Watts)
(Volts) (Amps) OBS *ACT

*ACT=OBS × Multiplication Factor,

Vwattmeter �I wattmeter �Power factor
Where, Multiplication factor =
Full Scale Deflection used

Formulae Used:
Wo
1. Cos 0 =
Vo I o

�W �
2. Sin 0 = 1  Cos 2 o or 0 = Cos-1 �V Io �
�o o �

Open Circuit parameters referred to LV side (test conducted on LV side):

Vo
3. RoLV = where Io cos 0 = Iw = working component
I o Cos  o

Vo
4. XoLV = where Io sin 0 = I = magnetising compent
I o Sin o

Short Circuit Parameters referred to HV side (test conducted on HV side):

V SC
5. Z1eHV =
I SC

WSC
6. R1eHV = 2
I SC

7. X1eHV = Z12e  R12e

1.Equivalent circuit referred to LV side

Note: The OC test is conducted on LV side. The SC test is conducted on HV side. Hence the
obtained open circuit parameters are referred to LV side and the obtained short circuit
parameters are referred to HV side. To obtain the complete equivalent referred to LV side, it
is necessary to transform short circuit parameters referred to LV side. This can be carried out
using the transformation ratio KLV. The open circuit parameters are retained as such.
Low Voltage(115)
1. KLV = High Voltage(230)

2. R2eLV = K2LV ×R1eHV

3. X2eLV = K2LV ×X1eHV

Equivalent Circuit referred to LV Side:

R X
2eLV 2eLV
I1
P

I
o L
O
V A
o
D
R X
oLV oLV

N
2.Equivalent circuit referred to HV side
Note: To obtain the complete equivalent referred to LV side, it is necessary to transform open
circuit parameters referred to HV side. This can be carried out using the transformation ratio
KHV. The short circuit parameters are retained as such.
High Voltage(230)
1. KHV = Low Voltage(115)

2. RoHV = K2HV ×RoLV

3. XoHV = K2HV ×XoLV
Equivalent Circuit referred to HV Side:

R1eHV X1eHV
I1’
P

’
Io
LO
AD
’
Vo

RoHV XoHV

3. Predetermination of efficiency for various load conditions at any given power factor
N
1. From OC test, Core loss = Wo
2. From SC Test, Copper loss = Wsc (copper loss at full load)
3. copper loss at any load= (n 2 �Wsc )
% Efficiency at any load for the given power factor can be calculated using the formula,
Output Power n �V I cos 
% Efficiency at any load = Input Power = n �V I
2 rated 2 rated
4. ,
2 rated 2 rated cos  + Wo + ( n �
2
Wsc )

(If LV side is shorted in SC test, take V2rated=115V, I2rated= Power/V2rated = I2rated,)

(or)
n �VA (rating) cos 
5. % Efficiency at any load = n �VA (rating) cos  + W + (n 2 �W )
o sc

Where n is the fraction of load

4. Predetermination of Regulation for various power factors at any given load

For Lagging PF,
( n �I 2 rated R2 eLV cos  ) + ( n �I 2 rated X 2 eLV sin  )
%VR = �100
V2 rated

For Leading PF,

( n �I 2 rated Re 2 LV cos  )  ( n �I 2 rated X e 2 LV sin  )
= %VR = V2 rated
�100

Model Calculation:
Table 1. Copper Loss and Core Loss
Sl Fraction of p.f=1
No. Load (n)
Copper Loss Core Loss
(Watts) (Watts)
1 1/4

2 1/2

3 3/4

4 1

5 1.5

Table 2. Predetermination of Efficiency:

Sl Fraction p.f=1 p.f=0.8
No. of Load Input Power Output Efficiency Input Output Efficiency
(n)
(Watts) Power (%) Power Power (%)
(Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
1 1/4

2 1/2

3 3/4

4 1

5 1.5

Table 3. Predetermination of Voltage regulation:

Cos  % Regulation for load fraction % Regulation for load fraction
n=1 n=0.5
Lag+ Lead- Lag + Lead-
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
 0.8
1

Model Graphs:
Efficiency %

Drawn for
p.f=0.8

Result:
Thus the OC and SC test are conducted on single phase transformer. The performance of
transformer is predicted.
Output power (Watts)