Model Gelombang

October 21, 2019

Macam-macam Gelombang

I Acoustic waves - audible sound, medical applications of ultrasound, underwater

sonar applications.
Macam-macam Gelombang

I Acoustic waves - audible sound, medical applications of ultrasound, underwater

sonar applications.
I Chemical waves - concentration variations of chemical species propagating in a
system.
Macam-macam Gelombang

I Acoustic waves - audible sound, medical applications of ultrasound, underwater

sonar applications.
I Chemical waves - concentration variations of chemical species propagating in a
system.
I Electromagnetic waves - electricity in various forms, radio waves, light waves in
optic fibers, etc.
Macam-macam Gelombang

I Acoustic waves - audible sound, medical applications of ultrasound, underwater

sonar applications.
I Chemical waves - concentration variations of chemical species propagating in a
system.
I Electromagnetic waves - electricity in various forms, radio waves, light waves in
optic fibers, etc.
I Seismic waves - resulting from earthquakes in the form of P-waves and S-waves,
large explosions, high velocity impacts.
Macam-macam Gelombang

I Acoustic waves - audible sound, medical applications of ultrasound, underwater

sonar applications.
I Chemical waves - concentration variations of chemical species propagating in a
system.
I Electromagnetic waves - electricity in various forms, radio waves, light waves in
optic fibers, etc.
I Seismic waves - resulting from earthquakes in the form of P-waves and S-waves,
large explosions, high velocity impacts.
I Traffic flow waves - small local changes in velocity occurring in high density
situations can result in the propagation of waves and even shocks.
Macam-macam Gelombang

I Acoustic waves - audible sound, medical applications of ultrasound, underwater

sonar applications.
I Chemical waves - concentration variations of chemical species propagating in a
system.
I Electromagnetic waves - electricity in various forms, radio waves, light waves in
optic fibers, etc.
I Seismic waves - resulting from earthquakes in the form of P-waves and S-waves,
large explosions, high velocity impacts.
I Traffic flow waves - small local changes in velocity occurring in high density
situations can result in the propagation of waves and even shocks.
I Water Waves - surface wave, internal wave, shallow water wave, Tsunami, etc.
Macam-macam Gelombang

I Acoustic waves - audible sound, medical applications of ultrasound, underwater

sonar applications.
I Chemical waves - concentration variations of chemical species propagating in a
system.
I Electromagnetic waves - electricity in various forms, radio waves, light waves in
optic fibers, etc.
I Seismic waves - resulting from earthquakes in the form of P-waves and S-waves,
large explosions, high velocity impacts.
I Traffic flow waves - small local changes in velocity occurring in high density
situations can result in the propagation of waves and even shocks.
I Water Waves - surface wave, internal wave, shallow water wave, Tsunami, etc.
I Linear wave - vibrating string, drumhead.
Vibrating String
Gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada String

I Gaya tegangan yang bergerak ke arah horizontal.

Gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada String

I Gaya tegangan yang bergerak ke arah horizontal.

I Gaya yang menyebabkan string bergerak vertikal (naik-turun).
I Pada arah horizontal kita punya gaya tegangan

T1 cos α = T2 cos β = konstan = T (1)

I Pada arah vertikal kita punya dua gaya, yaitu −T1 sin α dan T2 sin β.
I Tanda minus pada T1 kita sematkan karena pada T1 gerakan menuju kebawah.
I Dengan menggunakan hukum Newton ke-2 maka jumlah dari dua gaya tersebut
∂2u
sama dengan ρ∆x × ∂t 2
sehingga.

∂2u
−T1 sin α + T2 sin β = ρ∆x
| {z } ∂t 2
m
| {z }
a

I Dari (1), jika persamaan diatas kita bagi dengan T maka diperoleh

T2 sin β T1 sin α ρ∆x ∂ 2 u

− =
T T T ∂t 2
atau
T2 sin β T1 sin α ρ∆x ∂ 2 u
− =
T2 cos β T1 cos α T ∂t 2
I Sehingga selanjutnya diperoleh

ρ∆x ∂ 2 u
tan β − tan α = (2)
T ∂t 2
I Sekarang tan β dan tan α dapat kita nyatakan sebagai kemiringan dari string
dititik x dan x + ∆x atau
   
∂u  ∂u 
tan β = dan tan α = (3)
∂x x+∆x ∂x x

I Jadi, jika (3) kita substitusikan pada (2) diperoleh

ρ∆x ∂ 2 u
   
∂u  ∂u 
− =
∂x x+∆x
 ∂x x T ∂t 2

I Bagi kedua ruas persamaan diatas dengan ∆x sedemikian hingga diperoleh

 !
ρ ∂2u
  
1 ∂u  ∂u 
− = (4)
∆x ∂x x+∆x ∂x x T ∂t 2
I Untuk ∆x → 0 maka
 !
∂2u
  
1 ∂u  ∂u 
lim − =
∆x→0 ∆x ∂x x+∆x ∂x x ∂x 2

I Jadi persamaan (4) menjadi

∂2u ρ ∂2u
=
∂x 2 T ∂t 2
atau s
∂2u ∂2u T
= c2 2 dengan c=
∂t 2 ∂x ρ

∂2u ∂2u
− c2 2 = 0
∂t 2 ∂x
2
∂ u
 2
∂ u ∂2u

2
= c +
∂t 2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2
I Persamaan terakhir disebut sebagai persamaan gelombang linier 1D.
∂ 2 u (x, t) ∂ 2 u (x, t)
− c2 = f (x, t) , x ∈ [0, L] t≥0
∂t 2 ∂x 2
u (x, 0) = φ (x) ut (x, 0) = ψ (x)
u (0, t) = 0 dan u (L, 0) = 0
Metode Beda Hingga I

∂ 2 u (x, t) ∂ 2 u (x, t)
− c2 =0 (5)
∂t 2 ∂x 2
dy yj+1 − yj
≈ , beda maju
dx ∆x
dy yj+1 − yj−1
≈ , beda pusat
dx 2∆x
dy yj − yj−1
≈ , beda mundur
dx ∆x
∂ 2 u (x, t) ∂ 2 u (x, t)
− c2 =0 (6)
∂t 2 ∂x 2
Metode Beda Hingga II
I Interpolasi polinom derajat-1

f (x) ≈ p1 (x)
= a0 + a1 (x − x0 )

a0 = f (x0 )
a1 = f [x1 , x0 ]
f (x1 ) − f (x0 )
=
x1 − x0

 
f (x1 ) − f (x0 )
p1 (x) = f (x0 ) + (x − x0 )
x1 − x0
   
f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) f (x1 ) − f (x0 )
= f (x0 ) + x− x0
x1 − x0 x1 − x0

dp1 (x) f (x1 ) − f (x0 )

=
dx x1 − x0
f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
=
∆x
fj+1 − fj
=
∆x
Metode Beda Hingga III
x0 = x − ∆x dan x1 = x + ∆x

f (x) ≈ p2 (x)
= a0 + a1 (x − x0 ) + a2 (x − x1 ) (x − x0 )

a2 = f [x2 , x1 , x0 ]
f [x2 , x1 ] − f [x1 , x0 ]
=
x2 − x0
f (x2 )−f (x1 ) f (x1 )−f (x0 )
x2 −x1
− x1 −x0
=
x2 − x0

a3 = f [x3 , x2 , x1 , x0 ]
f [x3 , x2 , x1 ] − f [x2 , x1 , x0 ]
=
x3 − x0

∂ 2 u (x, t) ∂ 2 u (x, t)
− c2 =0 (7)
∂t 2 ∂x 2
u (x, t + ∆t) − 2u (x, t) + u (x, t − ∆t) u (x + ∆x, t) − 2u (x, t) + u (x − ∆t, t)
−c 2 =0
∆t 2 ∆x 2
ujn+1 − 2ujn + ujn−1 n
uj+1 − 2ujn + uj−1
n
−c 2 = 0, j = 0, 1, . . . , (M − 1) , n = 0, 1,
∆t 2 ∆x 2
Metode Beda Hingga IV

I Jika j = 0 dan n = 0 maka persamaan diatas menjadi

u01 − 2u00 + u0−1 u 0 − 2u00 + u−1

2 1
0
− c =0
∆t 2 ∆x 2