Professional Documents
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Preface
The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new textbooks
according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF – 2005 since June 2010.
Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the media of instruction.
From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core
subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.
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NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:
• connecting knowledge to life activities
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• learning to shift from rote methods
• enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks
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• learning experiences for the construction of knowledge
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• making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom experiences
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• caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country
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new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the
learner in the all round development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become a
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healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country, India.
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The most important objectives of teaching language are listening, speaking, reading,
writing and reference work. These skills have been given a lot of importance in all the
language textbooks. Along with the inculcation of these skills, fundamental grammar,
opportunities for learners to appreciate beauty and imbibe universal life values have been
integrated in language textbooks. When learners master these competencies, they would
stop studying textbooks for the sake of passing examinations. In order to help learners
ii
master these competencies, a number of paired and group activities, assignments and
project work have been included in the textbooks. It is expected that these activities
would help learner master communicative skills. Ultimately, it is expected that students
master the art of learning to learn and make use of these competencies in real life. Textbooks
for students X have a special significance. As any other new textbook they help learners’
master skills and competencies and at the same time there is going to be a public
examination based on them.
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The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons, writers,
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scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board and
printers in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks. A few works of
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some writers and poets have been included in these textbooks. The textbook society is
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extremely grateful to them for giving their consent for the inclusion of these pieces in the
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textbooks.
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Prof G S Mudambadithaya Nagendra Kumar
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_mV¥^y{_ H$mo àUm_ H$aVo hþE Cg_| {dÚ_mZ Anma dZ-g§nXm, I{ZO
d
g§n{Îm H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE ^maV Ho$ _hmZ² {d^y{V`m| H$m ñ_aU H$aVo h¢&
he
Bg H${dVm go ^maV H$s _hmZVm H$m n[aM` àmßV hmoVm h¡&
is
H${d n[aM` : ^JdVrMaU d_m© (1903-1981)
re S B
bl
lr ^JdVrMaU d_m© H$m OÝ_ 30 AJñV 1903
be T
H$mo CÞmd {Obo (C.à) Ho$ e\$snwa Jm±d _| hþAm
pu
K
nVZ, VrZ ff©, Q>o‹T>o-_o‹T>o amñVo, `wdamO MyÊS>m (CnÝ`mg), _oar H$hm{Z`m±,
_moMm©~§Xr VWm g§nyU© H$hm{Z`m± (H$hmZr-g§J«h), _oar H${dVmE±, g{dZ` Am¡a
t
No
EH$ Zmam‹O H${dVm (H${dVm-g§J«h), _oao ZmQ>H$, dgr`V (ZmQ>H$) Am{X CZH$s
AÝ` bmoH${à` H¥${V`m± h¢& 5 Aºy$~a 1981 H$mo d_m© Or H$m Xohm§V hþAmŸ&
2
eãXmW© :
em{`V - gmo`m hþAm, A_a - _¥Ë`whrZ, Omo H$^r Zht _aVm; hñV -
hmW, gwhmZo - gw§Xa, Ym_ - Ka, Jy±OZm - à{VÜd{ZV hmoZmŸ&
eãX `w½_ :
hao-^ao, \$b-\y$b, dZ-CndZ, gwI-g§n{Îm, YZ-Ym_Ÿ
d
he
{Ûé{ŠV eãX :
eV-eV, H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q>
is
re S B Aä`mg
bl
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
be T
pu
1. H${d {H$go àUm_ H$a aho h¢ ?
K
3
III. AZwê$nVm:
1. dgr`V : ZmQ>H$ :: {MÌboIm :
2. eV-eV : {Ûé{ŠV :: hao-^ao :
3. ~m`o§ hmW _o§ : Ý`m` nVmH$m :: Xm{hZo hmW _| :
4. hñV : hmW :: nVmH$m :
d
IV. XmoZm| I§S>m| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
he
1. Voao Ca _| em{`V A. dZ-CndZ
2. \$b-\y$bm| go `wV Am. AmO gmW _|
is
re S
3. EH$ hmW _|
B
B. {H$VZm ì`mnH$
bl
4. H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q> h_ B©. eV-eV ~ma àUm_
be T
5. _mV¥-^y C. Ý`m`-nVmH$m
pu
K
d
he
hþAm h¡
is
re S &
B
bl ,
be T
pu
K
àUm_ &
©
H${dVm go AmJo -
• Xoe^pŠV go g§~§{YV H$moB© H$ÞS> H${dVm H$jm _| gwZmBE &
• qhXr H$s AÝ` Xoe^pŠV-H${dVmAm| H$s H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE &
t to
No
5
2. H$í_rar go~
- ào_M§X
Bg H$hmZr _| ~mµOma _| bmoJm| Ho$ gmW hmoZodmbr YmoIo~mµOr na àH$me S>mbm
J`m h¡ Am¡a IarXmar H$aVo g_` gmdYmZr ~aVZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm na Omoa {X`m
J`m h¡&
d
H$b em_ H$mo Mm¡H$ _|
Xmo-Mma µOê$ar MrµO| IarXZo
he
J`m Wm& n§Om~r _odm\$amoem|
H$s XyH$mZ| amñVo hr _| n‹S>Vr
is
re S
h¢& EH$ XyH$mZ na ~hþV AÀN>o
B
bl
a§JXma, Jwbm~r go~ gOo hþE
ZµOa Am`o& Or bbMm CR>m&
be T
pu
AmOH$b {e{jV g_mO _|
K
JB© h¡& Q>mo_mQ>mo H$mo nhbo H$moB© ^r Z nyN>Vm Wm& A~ Q>mo_mQ>mo ^moOZ H$m
Amdí`H$ A§J ~Z J`m h¡& JmOa ^r nhbo Jar~m| H$o$ noQ> ^aZo H$s MrµO
Wr& A_ra bmoJ Vmo CgH$m hbdm hr ImVo Wo; _Ja A~ nVm Mbm h¡ {H$
JmOa _| ^r ~hþV {dQ>m{_Z h¢ ; Bg{bE JmOa H$mo ^r _oOm| na ñWmZ {_bZo
bJm h¡& go~ Ho$ {df` _| Vmo `h H$hm OmZo bJm h¡ {H$ EH$ go~ amoµO ImBE
to
Vmo AmnH$mo S>m°ŠQ>am| H$s µOê$aV Z ahoJr& S>m°ŠQ>a go ~MZo Ho$ {bE h_ {Z_H$m¡‹S>r
VH$ ImZo H$mo V¡`ma hmo gH$Vo h¢& go~ Vmo ag Am¡a ñdmX _| AJa Am_ go
t
~‹T>H$a Zht h¡ Vmo KQ>H$a ^r Zht& go~ H$mo `h ñWmZ {_b MwH$m h¡& A~ dh
No
Ho$db ñdmX H$s MrµO Zht h¡, Cg_| JwU ^r h¢& h_Zo Xy>H$mZXma go _mob-^md
{H$`m Am¡a AmY goa go~ _m±Jo&
XÿH$mZXma Zo H$hm-~m~yOr, ~‹S>o _µOoXma go~ AmE h¢, Img H$í_ra Ho$& Amn
bo OmE±, ImH$a V~r`V Iwe hmo Om`oJr&
_¢Zo é_mb {ZH$mbH$a Cgo XoVo hþE H$hm MwZ-MwZH$a aIZm&
6
XÿH$mZXma Zo VamOy
CR>m`r Am¡a AnZo Zm¡H$a go
~mobm-gwZmo, AmY goa
H$í_rar go~ {ZH$mb bm&
MwZH$a bmZm&
bm¢S>m Mma go~ bm`m&
d
XÿH$mZXma Zo Vm¡bm, EH$
he
{bµ\$mµ\$o$ _| CÝh| aIm Am¡a
é_mb _| ~m±YH$a _wPo Xo
{X`m& _¢Zo Mma AmZo CgHo$
is
re S
hmW _| aIo&
B
bl
Ka AmH$a {bµ\$mµ\$m
be T
pu
Á`m| H$m Ë`m| aI {X`m&
K
gw~h _w±h-hmW YmoH$a Omo ZmíVm H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ go~ {ZH$mbm, Vmo g‹S>m
hþAm Wm& EH$ énE Ho$ AmH$ma H$m {N>bH$m Jb J`m Wm& g_Pm, amV H$mo
XÿH$mZXma Zo XoIm Z hmoJm& Xÿgam {ZH$mbm& _Ja `h AmYm g‹S>m hþAm Wm&
A~ g§Xoh hþAm, XÿH$mZXma Zo _wPo YmoIm Vmo Zht {X`m h¡& Vrgam go~ {ZH$mbm&
to
`h g‹S>m Vmo Z Wm; _Ja EH$ Va\$ X~H$a {~bHw$b {nMH$ J`m Wm& Mm¡Wm
XoIm& dh `m| Vmo ~oXmJ Wm; _Ja Cg_| EH$ H$mbm gwamI Wm O¡gm AŠga
~oam| _| hmoVm h¡& H$mQ>m Vmo ^rVa d¡go hr Yã~o, O¡go ~oa _| hmoVo h¢& EH$
t
No
go~ ^r ImZo bm`H$ Zht& Mma AmZo n¡gm| H$m BVZm J_ Z hþAm {OVZm g_mO
Ho$ Bg Mm[a{ÌH$ nVZ H$m& XÿH$mZXma Zo OmZ~yPH$a _oao gmW YmoIo~mOr H$m
ì`dhma {H$`m& EH$ go~ g‹S>m hþAm hmoVm, Vmo _¢ CgH$mo j_m Ho$ `mo½` gw_PVm&
gmoMVm, CgH$s {ZJmh Z n‹S>r hmoJr& _Ja Mmam| Ho$ Mmam| Iam~ {ZH$b OmE±,
7
`h Vmo gm\$ YmoIm h¡& _Ja Bg YmoIo _| _oam ^r gh`moJ Wm& _oam CgHo$
hmW _| é_mb aI XoZm _mZmo Cgo YmoIm XoZo H$s àoaUm Wr& CgZo ^m±n {b`m
{H$ `h _hme` AnZr Am±Im| go H$m_ boZodmbo Ord Zht h¢ Am¡a Z BVZo
Mm¡H$g h¢ {H$ Ka go bm¡Q>mZo AmE±& AmX_r ~oB©_mZr V^r H$aVm h¡ O~ Cgo
Adga {_bVm h¡& ~oB©_mZr H$m Adga XoZm, Mmho dh AnZo T>rbonZ go hmo
`m ghO {dídmg go, ~oB©_mZr _| gh`moJ XoZm h¡& n‹T>o-{bIo ~m~wAm| Am¡a
d
H$_©Mm[a`m| na Vmo A~ H$moB© {dídmg Zht H$aVm& {H$gr WmZo `m H$Mhar `m
he
å`w{Z{gn¡{bQ>r _| Mbo OmBE, AmnH$s Eogr XþJ©{V hmoJr {H$ Amn ~‹S>r go ~‹S>r
hm{Z CR>mH$a ^r CYa Z Om`|Jo&
is
re S
nhbo Eogm Zht Wm& ì`mnm[a`m| H$s gmI ~Zr hþB© Wr& `m| Vm¡b _| Mmho
B
bl
N>Q>m±H$-AmY N>Q>m±H$ H$g b|; bo{H$Z Amn CÝh| nm±M H$s OJh ^yb go Xg
be T
Ho$ ZmoQ> Xo AmVo, Vmo AmnH$mo K~amZo H$s H$moB© µOê$aV Z Wr& AmnHo$ énE
pu
K
gwa{jV Wo& _wPo `mX h¡, EH$ ~ma _¢Zo _wha©_ Ho$ _obo _| EH$ XÿH$mZXma go
EH$ n¡go H$s aod{‹S>`m± br Wt Am¡a n¡go H$s OJh AR>ÝZr Xo Am`m Wm& Ka
©
AmH$a O~ AnZr ^yb _mby_ hþB© Vmo XÿH$mZXma Ho$ nmg Xm¡‹S>m J`m& Amem
Zht Wr {H$ dh AR>ÝZr bm¡Q>m`oJm, na bo{H$Z CgZo àgÝZ{MÎm go AR>ÝZr bm¡Q>m
Xr Am¡a CbQ>o _wPgo j_m _m±Jr& `hm± H$í_rar go~ Ho$ Zm_ go g‹S>o hþE go~
~oMo OmVo h¢& _wPo Amem h¡, nmR>H$ ~mµOma _| OmH$a _oar Vah Am±I| Z ~§X
to
*******
t
No
8
boIH$ n[aM` : _w§er ào_M§X
ào_M§X Or H$m OÝ_ 31 OwbmB© 1880
H$mo dmamUgr Ho$ nmg b_hr Zm_H$ Jm±d _| hþAm
Wm& BZH$m dmñV{dH$ Zm_ YZnVam` Wm& do {ejm
{d^mJ _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo Wo& ~MnZ _| hr ào_M§X
_mV¥ ào_ go d§{MV aho& BZH$m OrdZ Jar~r _| hr
d
JwµOam& do _o{Q´>H$ VH$ hr n‹T> nm`o& do `WmW©dmXr
he
H$WmH$ma Wo&
BZH$s à_wI aMZmE± - JmoXmZ, godmgXZ, J~Z, {Z_©bm, H$_©^{y _ Am{X
is
BZHo$ à_wI CnÝ`mg h¢& ~‹S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r, Z_H$ H$m XamoJm, n§M na_oída,
re S
nyg H$s amV Am{X BZH$s àgrÕ H$hm{Z`m± h¢& ào_M§X H$s H$hm{Z`m± "_mZgamoda'
B
bl
Zm_ go g§H${bV h¢&
be T
eãXmW© :
pu
K
_mob-^md - _yë`, H$s_V, Xm_; VamOy - Vm¡bZo H$m gmYZ, vÀPÀÌr; H$m`Xm
- {Z`_, ar{V; JbZm - {H$gr dñVw H$m KZËd H$_ hmoZm,
~oXmJ-gm\$, {Og_| H$moB© XmJ Z hmo; gwamI - N>oX, ~oa - EH$ àH$ma H$m
\$b; ^m±n boZm - nhMmZZm, Mm¡H$g - gMoV, gmdYmZ; H$Mhar - XâVa,
gmI - boZ-XoZ, N>Q>m±H$ - goa H$m gmobhd| ^mJ H$s EH$ Vm¡b, aod‹S>r -
to
9
4. Q>mo_mQ>mo {H$gH$m Amdí`H$ A§J ~Z J`m h¡?
5. ñdmX _| go~ {H$ggo ~‹T>H$a Zht h¡?
6. amoµO EH$ go~ ImZo go {H$ZH$s µOê$aV Zht hmoJr?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. AmOH$b {e{jV g_mO _| {H$gHo$ ~mao _| {dMma {H$`m OmVm h¡?
d
2. XyH$mZXma Zo boIH$ go Š`m H$hm?
he
3. XyH$mZXma Zo AnZo Zm¡H$a go Š`m H$hm?
4. go~ H$s hmbV Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&
is
III.
re S
Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
B
bl
A ~
be T
1. go~ H$mo é_mb _| ~m±YH$a àmV…H$mb h¡&
pu
K
2. IarXZm x x
10
V. AZwê$nVm :
1. Ho$bm : nrbm a§J :: go~ :
2. go~ : \$b :: JmOa :
3. ZmJnwa : g§Vam :: H$í_ra :
4. H$n‹S>m : ZmnZm :: Q>mo_mQ>mo :
d
VI. AÝ` dMZ {b{IE :
he
1. MrµO| -
2. amñVm -
is
re S
3. \$b
B
-
bl
4. Ka -
be T
pu
5. énE -
K
6. Am±I| -
©
7. H$_©Mmar -
8. ì`mnmar -
9. aod‹S>r -
10. XyH$mZ -
to
VII àË`oH$ eãX Ho$ A§{V_ Aja go EH$ Am¡a eãX ~ZmBE :
CXm : go~ J ~§Xa J a§J J Ja_
t
No
1. XyH$mZ
2. ~mµOma
3. é_mb
4. boIH$
11
VIII. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo ghr H«$_ go {b{IE :
1. JmOa Jar~m| ^r nhbo Ho$ noQ> H$s MrµO ^aZo Wr&
2. A~ MrµO Zht h¡ dh Ho$db ñdmX H$s&
3. Zhr§ bm`H$ ImZo ^r go~ EH$&
4. _mby_ hþB© Ka AmH$a AnZr ^yb&
d
IX. H$ÞS> AWdm A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
he
1. JmOa ^r nhbo Jar~m| Ho$ noQ> ^aZo H$s MrµO Wr&
is
2. XyH$mZXma Zo H$hm - ~‹S>o _µOoXma go~ Am`o h¢&
re S B
bl
3. EH$ go~ ^r ImZo bm`H$ Zht&
be T
4. XyH$mZXma Zo _wPgo j_m _m±Jr&
pu
K
nmR> go AmJo -
©
H$jm _| ào_M§X H$s Hw$N> gab H$hm{Z`m± n‹T>H$a CZH$s MMm© H$s{OE&
t to
No
12
3. {Jëby
- _hmXodr d_m©
Bg nmR> go ñZoh^md VWm àmUr-X`m H$s grI {_bVr h¡& new-n{j`m| Ho$ ñd^md
Am¡a CZH$s OrdZ-e¡br Ho$ gmW-gmW CZHo$ à{V _hmXodr d_m© Ho$ ào_ go ~ÀMo
n[a{MV hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
AMmZH$ EH$ {XZ g~oao H$_ao go ~am_Xo _| AmH$a _¢Zo XoIm Xmo H$m¡E
EH$ J_bo Ho$ Mmam| Amoa Mm|Mm| go Nw>Am-Nw>Am¡db O¡gm Iob Iob aho h¢Ÿ& `h
H$mH$^wewpÊS> ^r {d{MÌ njr h¡-EH$ gmW g_mX[aV, AZmX[aV, A{V gå_m{ZV,
to
A{V Ad_m{ZVŸ&
h_mao ~oMmao nwaIo Z Jé‹S> Ho$ ê$n _| Am gH$Vo h¢, Z _`ya Ho$, Z
t
No
h§g Ho$Ÿ& CÝh| {nVanj _| h_go Hw$N> nmZo Ho$ {bE H$mH$ ~ZH$a hr AdVrU©
hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht, h_mao XyañW {à`OZm| H$mo ^r AnZo
AmZo H$m _Ywa g§Xoe BZHo$ H$H©$e ñda _| hr XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& Xygar Amoa
h_ H$m¡Am Am¡a H$m±d-H$m±d H$aZo H$mo Ad_mZZm Ho$ AW© _| hr à`wº$
H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
13
_oao H$mH$nwamU Ho$ {ddoMZ _| AMmZH$ ~mYm Am n‹S>r, Š`m|{H$ J_bo Am¡a
Xrdma H$s g§{Y _| {N>no EH$ N>moQ>o-go Ord na _oar Ñ{ï> éH$ J`rŸ& {ZH$Q>
OmH$a XoIm, {Jbhar H$m EH$ N>moQ>m-gm ~ÀMm h¡, Omo gå^dV… Km|gbo go
{Ja n‹S>m h¡ Am¡a A~ H$m¡E {Og_| gwb^ Amhma ImoO aho h¢Ÿ&
H$mH$X²d` H$s Mm|Mm| Ho$ Xmo Kmd Cg bKwàmU Ho$ {bE ~hþV Wo, AV…
d
dh {ZíMoï>-gm J_bo go {MnH$m n‹S>m WmŸ&
he
g~Zo H$hm, H$m¡E H$s Mm|M H$m Kmd bJZo Ho$ ~mX `h ~M Zht gH$Vm,
AV… Bgo Eogo hr ahZo {X`m OmdoŸ&
is
re S
naÝVw _Z Zht _mZm-Cgo hm¡bo go CR>mH$a AnZo H$_ao _| bm`r, {\$a
B
bl
éB© go aº$ nm|N>H$a Kmdm| na nopÝg{bZ H$m _ah_ bJm`mŸ& H$B© K§Q>o Ho$
CnMma Ho$ CnamÝV CgHo$ _w±h _| EH$ ~y±X nmZr Q>nH$m`m Om gH$mŸ& Vrgao
be T
pu
{XZ dh BVZm AÀN>m Am¡a AmídñV hmo J`m {H$ _oar C±Jbr AnZo Xmo
K
ZÝh| n§Om| go nH$‹S>H$a, Zrbo H$m±M Ho$ _mo{V`m| O¡gr Am±Im| go BYa-CYa XoIZo
©
bJmŸ&
VrZ-Mma _mg _| CgHo$ pñZ½Y amo`|, Pã~oXma ny±N> Am¡a M§Mb-M_H$sbr
Am±I| g~H$mo {dpñ_V H$aZo bJtŸ&
h_ Cgo {Jëby H$hH$a ~wbmZo bJoŸ& _¢Zo \y$b aIZo H$s EH$ hëH$s S>{b`m
to
Am¡a AnZr H$m±M Ho$ _ZH$m|-gr Am±Im| go H$_ao Ho$ ^rVa Am¡a {I‹S>H$s go ~mha
No
Z OmZo Š`m XoIVm-g_PVm ahVm WmŸ& naÝVw CgH$s g_PXmar Am¡a H$m`©-
H$bmn na g~H$mo AmíM`© hmoVm WmŸ&
O~ _¢ {bIZo ~¡R>Vr V~ AnZr Amoa _oam Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aZo H$s Cgo
BVZr Vrd« BÀN>m hmoVr Wr {H$ CgZo EH$ AÀN>m Cnm` ImoO {ZH$mbmŸ&
14
dh _oao n¡a VH$ AmH$a ga© go naXo na M‹T> OmVm Am¡a {\$a Cgr VoOr
go CVaVmŸ& CgH$m `h Xm¡‹S>Zo H$m H«$_ V~ VH$ MbVm, O~ VH$ _¢ Cgo nH$‹S>Zo
Ho$ {bE Z CR>VrŸ&
H$^r _¢ {Jëby H$mo nH$‹S>H$a EH$ b§~o {bµ\$mµ\$o$ _| Bg àH$ma aI XoVr
{H$ CgHo$ AJbo Xmo n§Om| Am¡a {ga Ho$ A{V[aŠV gmam bKw JmV {bµ\$mµ\o$$ Ho$
^rVa ~§X ahVmŸ& Bg AX²>^wV pñW{V _| H$^r-H$^r K§Q>m| _o‹O> na Xrdma Ho$
d
ghmao I‹S>m ahH$a dh AnZr M_H$sbr Am±Im| go _oam H$m`©-H$bmn XoIm H$aVmŸ&
he
^yI bJZo na {MH$-{MH$ H$aHo$ _mZmo dh _wPo gyMZm XoVm Am¡a H$mOy
is
`m {~ñHw$Q> {_b OmZo na Cgr pñW{V _| {bµ\$mµ\o$$ go ~mhadmbo n§Om| go nH$‹S>H$a
re S
Cgo Hw$VaVm ahVm&
B
bl
{\$a {Jëby Ho$ OrdZ H$m àW_ dg§V Am`mŸ& ~mha H$s {Jbh[a`m± {I‹S>H$s
be T
pu
H$s Ombr Ho$ nmg AmH$a {MH$-{MH$ H$aHo$ Z OmZo Š`m H$hZo bJtŸ&
K
{Jëby H$mo Ombr Ho$ nmg ~¡R>H$a AnZonZ go ~mha Pm±H$Vo XoIH$a _wPo
©
go ~mha OmZo na dh ^r {I‹S>H$s H$s Iwbr Ombr H$s amh ~mha Mbm OmVm
Am¡a {XZ ^a {Jbh[a`m| Ho$ PwÊS> H$m ZoVm ~Zm, ha S>mb na CN>bVm-Hy$XVm
t
ahVm Am¡a R>rH$ Mma ~Oo dh {I‹S>H$s go ^rVa AmH$a AnZo Pybo _| PybZo
No
bJVmŸ&
_wPo Mm¢H$mZo H$s BÀN>m Cg_| Z OmZo H$~ Am¡a H¡$go CËnÞ hmo J`r WrŸ&
H$^r \y$bXmZ Ho$ \y$bm| _| {N>n OmVm, H$^r naXo H$s MwÞQ> _| Am¡a H$^r
gmoZOwhr H$s n{Îm`m| _|&
15
_oao nmg ~hþV go new-njr h¢ Am¡a CZH$m _wPgo bJmd ^r H$_ Zht
h¡Ÿ& naÝVw CZ_| go {H$gr H$mo _oao gmW _oar Wmbr _| ImZo H$s {hå_V hþB©
h¡, Eogm _wPo ñ_aU Zht AmVmŸ&
{Jëby BZ_| AndmX WmŸ& _¢ O¡go hr ImZo Ho$ H$_ao _| nhþ±MVr, dh
{I‹S>H$s go {ZH$bH$a Am±JZ H$s Xrdma-~am_Xm nma H$aHo$ _oO na nhþ±M OmVm
Am¡a _oar Wmbr _| ~¡R> OmZm MmhVmŸ& ~‹S>r H${R>ZmB© go _¢Zo Cgo Wmbr Ho$
d
nmg ~¡R>Zm {gIm`m, Ohm± ~¡R>H$a dh _oar Wmbr _| go EH$-EH$ Mmdb CR>mH$a
he
~‹S>r g\$mB© go ImVm ahVmŸ& H$mOy CgH$m {à` ImX²` Wm Am¡a H$B© {XZ H$mOy
Z {_bZo na dh AÝ` ImZo H$s MrµO| `m Vmo boZm ~§X H$a XoVm Wm `m Pybo
is
re S
go ZrMo \|$H$ XoVm WmŸ&
B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
Cgr ~rM _wPo _moQ>a-XwK©Q>Zm _| AmhV hmoH$a Hw$N> {XZ AñnVmb _| ahZm
to
n‹S>mŸ& CZ {XZm| O~ _oao H$_ao H$m XadmµOm Imobm OmVm, {Jëby AnZo Pybo
go CVaH$a Xm¡‹S>Vm Am¡a {\$a {H$gr Xygao H$mo XoIH$a VoOr go AnZo Km|gbo _|
t
No
d
n§Oo BVZo R>§S>o hmo aho Wo {H$ _¢Zo OmJH$a hrQ>a Obm`m Am¡a Cgo CîUVm
he
XoZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`mŸ& naÝVw à^mV H$s àW_ {H$aU Ho$ gmW hr dh {Ma {ZÐm
_| gmo J`mŸ&
is
re S
CgH$m Pybm CVmaH$a aI {X`m J`m h¡ Am¡a {I‹S>H$s H$s Ombr ~§X H$a
B
bl
Xr JB© h¡, naÝVw {Jbh[a`m| H$s Z`r nr‹T>r Ombr Ho$ Cg nma {MH$-{MH$ H$aVr
hr ahVr h¡ Am¡a gmoZOwhr {IbVr hr ahVr h¡Ÿ&
be T
pu
gmoZOwhr H$s bVm Ho$ ZrMo {Jëby H$s g_m{Y h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE ^r {H$ Cgo
K
dh bVm g~go A{YH$ {à` Wr, Bg{bE ^r {H$ Cg bKw JmV H$m, {H$gr
©
dmgÝVr {XZ, Owhr Ho$ nrVm^ N>moQ>o \y$b Ho$ ê$n _| {Ib OmZo H$m {dídmg,
_wPo g§Vmof XoVm h¡Ÿ&
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
H$m¡Z H$h gH$Vm h¡ {H$ new-njr ^mdhrZ àmUr h¢? do ^r h_mar Vah
to
H$a àmUr-OJV² H$s _mZd-ghO OrdZ e¡br H$m à^mdembr {MÌU {H$`m
h¡& AmO Ho$ g§X^© _| Ohm± _mZd Ho$ ñdmW© Ho$ H$maU new-njr H$s Om{V`m±
bwßV hmoVr Om ahr h¢, dhm± _hmXodr d_m© Or H$m `h "g§ñ_aU' CZH$s ajm
H$aZo Am¡a CZHo$ à{V ào_^md OJmZo H$s {Xem _| EH$ gmW©H$ à`ËZ {gX²Y
hmoVm h¡&
17
bo{IH$m H$m n[aM` :
_hmXodr d_m© Or {díd ñVa H$s H$d{`Ìr h¢Ÿ&
CÝh| "AmYw{ZH$ _ram' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$m
OÝ_ 24 _mM©, 1907 H$mo \$éIm~mX _| hþAmŸ&
CZHo$ {nVm JmoqdX àgmX d_m© Am¡a _mVm ho_mamZr
Wr§& CÝhm|Zo à`mJ Ho$ {díd{dX²`mb` go g§ñH¥$V _|
d
E_.E. Cnm{Y àmá H$a à`mJ Ho$ _{hbm {dX²`mnrR>
he
_| àYmZmÜ`m{nH$m H$m nX g§^mbmŸ&
_hmXodr d_m© Or Zo JX²` Am¡a nX²` XmoZm|
is
re S
H$s aMZm H$s h¡Ÿ& BZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ :
B
bl
`m_m, gm§Ü`JrV, Xrn{eIm, ZraOm, Zrhma, AVrV Ho$ Mb{MÌ, ñ_¥{V H$s
be T
aoImE±, nW Ho$ gmWr, _oam n[adma, l¥§Ibm H$s H${‹S>`m± Am{XŸ&
pu
K
_hmXodr d_m© Or H$mo goŠg[a`m, _§Jb àgmX, {ÛdoXr nXH$ Am{X AZoH$
nwañH$ma àmá h¢Ÿ& CZH$s "`m_m' Ho$ {bE kmZnrR> nwañH$ma àmá h¡Ÿ&
©
d
he
2. {Jbhar H$m ~ÀMm H$hm± n‹S>m Wm?
3. bo{IH$m Zo {Jëby Ho$ Kmdm| na Š`m bJm`m?
is
re S
4. d_m© Or {Jbhar H$mo {H$g Zm_ go ~wbmVr Wt?
B
bl
5. {Jbhar H$m bKw JmV {H$gHo$ ^rVa ~§X ahVm Wm?
be T
pu
6. {Jbhar H$m {à` ImX²` Š`m Wm?
K
d
IV. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :
he
1. `h ^r {d{MÌ njr h¡&
2. Cgr ~rM _wPo _| AmhV hmoH$a Hw$N> {XZ AñnVmb
is
re S
_| ahZm n‹S>m&
B
bl
3. {Jëby Ho$ OrdZ H$m àW_ Am`m&
be T
pu
4. _oao nmg ~hþV go h¢&
K
20
3. {Jëby _oao nmg aIr gwamhr na boQ> OmVm Wm&
4. {XZ ^a {Jëby Zo Z Hw$N> Im`m, Z dh ~mha J`m&
VII. {X`o J`o ghr órqbJ eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a g§~§{YV nw{ëb§J eãX Ho$ AmJo
{b{IE :
(_`yar, bo{IH$m, lr_Vr, Hw${V`m)
d
nw q „J órqbJ
he
1. boIH$
2. lr_mZ
is
3.
re S
_`ya
B
4.
bl
Hw$Îmm
be T
pu
Imbr OJh ^[aE :
K
VIII.
EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ
©
1. C±Jbr
2. Am±I|
3. ny±N>
4. {I‹S>{H$`m±
to
5. \y$b
6. n§Oo
t
No
7. {bµ\$mµ\$m
8. H$m¡Am
9. J_bo
10. Km|gbo
21
IX. CXmhaUmZwgma àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE :
1. {MnH$Zm {MnH$mZm {MnH$dmZm
{bIZm
{_bZm
MbZm
d
he
2. XoIZm {XImZm {XIdmZm
^oOZm
is
re S
IobZm
B
bl
XoZm
be T
pu
3. gmoZm gwbmZm gwbdmZm
K
amoZm
©
YmoZm
ImobZm
4. nrZm {nbmZm {nbdmZm
to
grZm
grIZm
t
No
2. ^rVa x 2. CnpñW{V x
3. M‹T>Zm x 3. C[MV x
d
{dídmg A{dídmg B©_mZ ~oB©_mZ
he
x x
1. {à` x 1. hmoe x
is
re S
2. g§Vmof
B x 2. I~a x
bl
3. ñdñW x 3. M¡Z x
be T
pu
~bdmZ x ~bhrZ YZ x {ZY©Z
K
1. ~w{Õ_mZ x 1. OZ x
©
2. e{ŠV_mZ x 2. ~b x
3. X`mdmZ x 3. JwU x
1. JmV
No
2. Amhma
3. {dñ_`
4. {hå_V
5. ImoO
23
XII. H$maH$ H$m Zm_ {b{IE :
CXm : J_bo Ho$ Mmam| Amoa - g§~§Y H$maH$
1. _w±h _| EH$ ~±yX nmZr -
2. {Jëby H$mo nH$‹S>H$a -
3. OrdZ H$m àW_ dg§V -
d
4. {I‹S>H$s H$s Iwbr Ombr -
he
5. _¢Zo H$sb| {ZH$mbH$a -
6. Pybo go CVaH$a -
is
re S
7. gwamhr na boQ> OmVm
B
-
bl
8. Hw$N> nmZo Ho$ {bE -
be T
pu
XIII.XrJ`r eãX-nhobr go new-n{j`m| Ho$ Zm_ Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE:
K
1)
_mo Hw$ _ `y a 2)
©
3)
a Îmm J é S> 4)
h§ H$ ~y V a 5)
6)
g {~ „r H$m¡ Am
to
7)
^mfm kmZ 8)
t
ì`§OZ g§{Y
ì`§OZ Ho$ gmW ñda AWdm ì`§OZ Ho$ _ob go CËnÞ n[adV©Z H$mo ì`§OZ g§{Y
H$hVo h¢&
CXmhaU : OJV² + ZmW = OJÞmW
gV² + AmMma = gXmMma
24
dmH²$ + _` = dmL²>_`
dmH²$ + B©e = dmJre
fQ²> + Xe©Z = fS²>Xe©Z
II. g§{Y {dÀN>oX H$aHo$ {b{IE :
VëbrZ - {MXmZ§X -
d
{XJå~a - gÁOZ -
he
gX²J[V -
is
III.
re S
ñda g§{Y Am¡a ì`§OZ g§{Y Ho$ eãXm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE :
B
bl
gXmMma, {Jare, dmJre, BË`m{X, gX¡d, Z`Z, OJÝZmW, _hmoËgd
be T
fS²>Xe©Z, OJÝ_mohZ
pu
K
nmR> go AmJo -
t
25
4. A{^Zd _Zwî`
- am_Ymarqgh "{X>ZH$a'
Bg H${dVm Ho$ X²dmam ~ÀMo ñZoh, _mZdr`Vm, ^mB©Mmam Am{X H$m _hËd g_P
gH$Vo h¢ &
d
AmO H$s Xþ{Z`m {d{MÌ, ZdrZ;
he
àH¥${V na gd©Ì h¡ {dO`r nwéf AmgrZ&
h¡ ~±Yo Za Ho$ H$am| _| dm[a, {dÚwV, ^mn,
is
re S
hþŠ_ na M‹T>Vm-CVaVm h¡ ndZ H$m Vmn&
B
bl
h¢ Zht ~mH$s H$ht ì`dYmZ
be T
bm±K gH$Vm Za g[aV² {J[a {gÝYw EH$ g_mZ&
pu
K
t ©
to
No
26
`h _ZwO,
{OgH$m JJZ _| Om ahm h¡ `mZ,
H$m±nVo {OgHo$ H$amo§ H$mo XoI H$a na_mUw&
`h _ZwO, Omo g¥{ï> H$m ûm¥§Jma,
kmZ H$m, {dkmZ H$m, AmbmoH$ H$m AmJma&
d
ì`mo_ go nmVmb VH$ g~ Hw$N> Bgo h¡ ko`,
he
na, Z `h n[aM` _ZwO H$m, `h Z CgH$m lo` &
is
lo`
re S CgH$m, ~w{Õ na M¡VÝ` Ca H$s OrV,
lo` _mZd H$s Agr{_V _mZdm| go àrV;
B
EH$
bl Za go Xÿgao Ho$ ~rM H$m ì`dYmZ
be T
pu
Vmo‹S> Xo Omo, ~g, dhr kmZr, dhr {dÛmZ,
K
*******
H${dVm H$m Ame` :
Bg nÚ^mJ _| d¡km{ZH$ `wwJ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ _mZd H$m {díbofU
hþAm h¡& H${d {XZH$a Or Bg H${dVm Ûmam `h g§Xoe XoZm MmhVo h¢ {H$
to
AmO Ho$ _mZd Zo àH¥${V Ho$ ha VËd na {dO` àmßV H$a br h¡& na§Vw
H¡$gr {dS>§~Zm h¡ {H$ CgZo ñd`§ H$mo Zht nhMmZm, AnZo ^mB©Mmao H$mo Zht
t
g_Pm& àH¥${V na {dO` àmßV H$aZm _Zwî` H$s gmYZm h¡, _mZd-_mZd
No
Ho$ ~rM ñZoh H$m ~m±Y ~m±YZm _mZd H$s {g{Õ h¡& Omo _mZd Xÿgao _mZd
go ào_ H$m [aíVm Omo‹S>H$a Amng H$s Xÿar H$mo {_Q>mE, dhr _mZd H$hbmZo
H$m A{YH$mar hmoJm&
27
H${d n[aM` :
H${d am_Ymarqgh {XZH$a Or H$m OÝ_ B©. gZ² 1908
H$mo {~hma àm§V Ho$ _w§Joa {Obo _| hþAm& nhbo do
ao{S>`mo {d^mJ _| H$m_ H$aVo Wo& ~mX _| EH$ gaH$mar
H$m°boO Ho$ àmÜ`mnH$ ~Zo& AmJo MbH$a do ^maV
gaH$ma Ho$ qhXr gbmhH$ma Ho$ nX na {Z`wŠV hþE&
d
B©. gZ² 1974 H$mo BZH$m XohmdgmZ hþAm &
he
H${d H$s Hw$N> à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - hþ±H$ma, aoUwH$m,
agd§Vr, gm_YoZr, Yyn-N>m±h, Hw$éjoÌ, ~mny,
is
apí_a{W Am{X& H${d H$s ha aMZm _| öX` H$mo à^m{dV Am¡a CËgm{hV H$aZo
re S
H$s nyU© epŠV h¡& BZH$s ^mfm gOrd Am¡a {df` Ho$ AZwHy$b h¡&
B
bl
"A{^Zd _Zwî`' nÚ^mJ "Hw$éjoÌ' Ho$ fîR> gJ© go {b`m J`m h¡&
be T
pu
eãXmW© :
K
d
III. ^mdmW© {b{IE :
he
`h _ZwO, Omo g¥pîQ> H$m ûm¥§Jma,
kmZ H$m, {dkmZ H$m, AmbmoH$ H$m AmJma &
is
re S
ì`mo_ go nmVmb VH$ g~ Hw$N> Bgo h¡ ko`,
B
bl
na, Z `h n[aM` _ZwO H$m, `h Z CgH$m lo` &
be T
pu
IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE :
K
CXm : ZdrZ-AmgrZ
©
1. ^mn -
2. ì`dYmZ -
3. ûm¥§Jma -
4. ko` -
to
5. OrV -
V. n§{ŠV`m± nyU© H$s{OE :
t
No
d
4. Za -
he
5. dm[a -
is
re S
6. H$a
B
-
bl
7. AmJma -
be T
pu
K
1. AmO x
2. x àmMrZ
3. M‹T>Vm x
to
4. g_mZ x
5. x AkmZ
t
No
6. OrV x
7. x gr{_V
8. VmoS‹ > x
30
VIII. EH$ eãX {b{IE :
O¡go : g^r OJhm| _| - gd©Ì
1. AmgZ na ~¡R>m hþAm -
2. ~Mm hþAm -
3. _Zw H$s g§VmZ -
d
4. {deof kmZ -
he
5. A{YH$ {dX²`m àmá
is
IX.
re S
AZwê$n eãX {b{IE :
B
bl
1. {J[a : nhm‹S> :: dm[a :
be T
2. ndZ : dm`w : qgYþ :
pu
K
H${dVm go AmJo -
• {XZH$a Or H$s AÝ` H$mì`-H¥${V`m| H$m n[aM` àmßV H$s{OE&
• ""_mZd H$s ghr nhMmZ ~w{Õ d VH©$ Zht na§Vw _mZdr`Vm h¡&'' -
Bg {df` na H$jm _| EH$ dmX-{ddmX à{V`mo{JVm H$m Am`moOZ H$s{OE&
t to
No
31
5. _oam ~MnZ
- S>m°.E.nr.Oo. AãXþb H$bm_
Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam N>mÌ gmXJr, Ym{_©H$ g{hîUwVm, {_b-OwbH$a ahZm Am¡a
{H$Vm~| n‹T>Zo H$m à`moOZ Am{X H$s àoaUm nm gH$Vo h¢&
_oam OÝ_ _Ðmg amÁ` (A~ V{_bZmSw>)
d
Ho$ am_oída_² H$ñ~o _| EH$ _Ü`dJu`
he
n[adma _| hþAm Wm& _oao {nVm
O¡Zwbm~XrZ H$s H$moB© ~hþV AÀN>r
is
re S
Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejm Zht hþB© Wr Am¡a Z hr
do H$moB© ~hþV YZr ì`{ŠV Wo& BgHo$
B
bl
~mdOyX do ~w{Õ_mZ Wo Am¡a CZ_| CXmaVm
be T
H$s gÀMr ^mdZm Wr& _oar _m±,
pu
K
OmVm Wm&
_¢ H$B© ~ÀMm| _| go EH$ Wm, b§~o-Mm¡‹S>o d gw§Xa _mVm-{nVm H$m N>moQ>r
H$X-H$mR>r H$m gmYmaU-gm {XIZodmbm ~ÀMm& h_ bmoJ AnZo nwíV¡Zr Ka _|
ahVo Wo& am_oída_² H$s _g{OXdmbr Jbr _| ~Zm `h Ka MyZo-nËWa d BªQ>
go ~Zm nŠH$m Am¡a ~‹S>m Wm& _oao {nVm AmS>§~ahrZ ì`{ŠV Wo Am¡a g^r
to
d
am_oída_² _§{Xa Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o nwOmar njr bú_U emór _oao {nVmOr Ho$
he
A{^ÝZ {_Ì Wo& AmÜ`mpË_H$ _m_bm| na MMm©E± H$aVo ahVo& O~ _¢ àíZ nyN>Zo
bm`H$ ~‹S>m hþAm Vmo _¢Zo {nVmOr go Z_mµO H$s àmg§{JH$Vm Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>m&
is
do H$hVo - "O~ Vw_ Z_mµO n‹T>Vo hmo Vmo Vw_ AnZo eara go BVa ~«÷m§S> H$m
re S
EH$ {hñgm ~Z OmVo hmo; {Og_| Xm¡bV, Am`w, Om{V `m Y_©-n§W H$m H$moB©
B
bl
^oX^md Zht hmoVm&'
be T
pu
_wPo `mX h¡, {nVmOr H$s {XZM`m© nm¡ \$Q>Zo Ho$ nhbo hr gw~h Mma
K
~Oo Z_mµO n‹T>Zo Ho$ gmW ewê$ hmo OmVr Wr& Z_mµO Ho$ ~mX do h_mao Zm[a`b
©
Ho$ ~mJ Om`m H$aVo& ~mJ Ka go H$ar~ Mma _rb Xÿa Wm& H$ar~ XO©Z
^a Zm[a`b H§$Y>o na {b`o {nVmOr Ka bm¡Q>Vo Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX hr CZH$m
ZmíVm hmoVm&
_¢Zo AnZr {dkmZ Ed§ àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$s gmar qµOXJr _| {nVmOr H$s ~mVm|
to
H$m AZwgaU H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡& _¢Zo CZ ~w{Z`mXr gË`m| H$mo g_PZo
H$m ^agH$ à`mg {H$`m h¡ {H$ Eogr H$moB© X¡dr e{ŠV µOê$a h¡ Omo h_|
t
^«_, Xþ…Im|, {dfmX Am¡a Ag\$bVm go Nw>Q>H$mam {XbmVr h¡ VWm ghr amñVm
No
{XImVr h¡&
O~ {nVmOr Zo bH$‹S>r H$s Zm¡H$mE± ~ZmZo H$m H$m_ ewê$ {H$`m, Cg g_`
_¢ N>h gmb H$m Wm& `o Zm¡H$mE± VrW©`m{Ì`m| H$mo am_oída_² go YZwfH$mo{S>>
(goVwŠH$amB© ^r H$hm OmVm h¡) VH$ bmZo-bo OmZo Ho$ H$m_ AmVr Wt& EH$
33
ñWmZr` R>oHo$Xma Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ Ho$ gmW {nVmOr g_wÐ VQ> Ho$ nmg Zm¡H$mE±
~ZmZo bJo& ~mX _| Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ H$s _oar ~‹S>r ~hZ µOmoham Ho$ gmW
emXr hmo JB©& Zm¡H$mAm| H$mo AmH$ma boVo hþE _¢ Jm¡a go XoIVm Wm& {nVmOr H$m
H$mamo~ma H$mµ\$s AÀN>m Mb ahm Wm& EH$ {XZ gm¡ _rb à{V K§Q>o H$s aµâVma
go hdm Mbr Am¡a g_wÐ _| Vyµ\$mZ Am J`m& Vyµ\$mZ _| goVwŠH$amB© Ho$ Hw$N> bmoJ
Am¡a h_mar Zmd| ~h JBª& Cgr _| nm_~Z nwb ^r Qy>Q> J`m Am¡a `m{Ì`m| go
d
^ar Q´>oZ XwK©Q>ZmJ«ñV hmo JB©& V~ VH$ _¢Zo {gµ\©$ g_wÐ H$s Iy~gyaVr H$mo hr
he
XoIm Wm& CgH$s Anma Ed§ A{Z`§{ÌV D$Om© Zo _wPo hVà^ H$a {X`m&
C_« _| H$mµ\$s \$H©$ hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ _oao A§Va§J {_Ì
is
re S
~Z JE& dh _wPgo H$ar~Z n§Ðh gmb ~‹S>o Wo Am¡a _wPo "AmµOmX' H$hH$a nwH$mam
B
bl
H$aVo Wo& h_ XmoZm| amoµOmZm em_ H$mo Xÿa VH$ gmW Ky_Zo Om`m H$aVo& h_
be T
_g{OXdmbr Jbr go {ZH$bVo Am¡a g_wÐ Ho$ aoVrbo VQ> na Mb n‹S>Vo& _¢ Am¡a
pu
ObmbwX²XrZ àm`… AmÜ`mpË_H$ {df`m| na ~mV| H$aVo&
K
àg§Jde _wPo `hm± `h ^r CëboI H$a XoZm Mm{hE {H$ nyao BbmHo$ _| {gµ\©$
©
ObmbwX²XrZ hr Wo, Omo A§J«oµOr _| {bI gH$Vo Wo& _oao n[a{MVm| _|, ObmbwX²XrZ
Ho$ ~am~a {ejm H$m ñVa {H$grH$m ^r Zht Wm Am¡a Z hr {H$grH$mo CZHo$
~am~a ~mhar Xþ{Z`m Ho$ ~mao _| nVm Wm & ObmbwX²XrZ _wPo h_oem {e{jV
ì`{ŠV`m|, d¡km{ZH$ ImoOm|, g_H$mbrZ gm{hË` Am¡a {M{H$Ëgm {dkmZ H$s
to
CnbpãY`m| Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVo ahVo Wo& dhr Wo {OÝhm|Zo _wPo gr{_V Xm`ao go
~mha {ZH$mbH$a ZB© Xþ{Z`m H$m ~moY H$am`m&
t
_oao ~më`H$mb _| nwñVH|$ EH$ Xþb©^ dñVw H$s Vah hþAm H$aVr Wt& h_mao
No
`hm± ñWmZr` ñVa na EH$ nyd© H«$m§{VH$mar `m H${hE, CJ« amï´>dmXr Eg.Q>r.Ama.
_m{ZH$_ H$m {ZOr nwñVH$mb` Wm& CÝhm|Zo _wPo h_oem n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE
CËgm{hV {H$`m & _¢, AŠga CZHo$ Ka go n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE {H$Vm~| bo Am`m H$aVm
Wm&
34
Xÿgao {Og ì`{ŠV H$m _oao ~mb-OrdZ na Jham Aga n‹S>m, dh _oao MMoao
^mB© eågwX²XrZ Wo& dh am_oída_² _| AI~mam| Ho$ EH$_mÌ {dVaH$ Wo& AI~ma
am_oída_² ñQ>oeZ na gw~h H$s Q´>oZ go nhþ±MVo Wo, Omo nm_~Z go AmVr Wr&
Bg AI~ma EO|gr H$mo AHo$bo eågwX²XrZ hr MbmVo Wo& am_oída_² _| AI~mam|
H$s Ow_bm EH$ hµOma à{V`m± {~H$Vr Wt&
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
t
^maV Ho$ amï´>n{V H$bm_ Or H$m OrdZ gmXJr H$m {_gmb Wm& CZHo$
No
_mVm-{nVm H$m n[al_, AmS>§~ahrZ OrdZ g~Ho$ {bE AmXe©àm` h¡& CZH$m
n[adma A{V{W`m| H$s godm go g§V¥á Wm& CZH$m n[adma Ym{_©H$ EH$Vm H$mo
_mZVm Wm& ~ÀMm| Ho$ M¡VÝ`erb, ~hþ_wIr ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE Eogo
AmXe© ì`{ŠV`m| H$s OrdZr àoaUmàX h¡&
35
boIH$ n[aM` :
ACb \$H$sa O¡Zwbm~XrZ AãXþb H$bm_ Or H$m OÝ_ 15-10-1931 H$mo
hþAm& ~‹S>o d¡km{ZH$ S>m°.E.nr.Oo. AãXþb H$bm_ Or 25-07-2002 go 24-07-
2007 VH$ h_mao Xoe Ho$ amï´>n{V Wo& Xoe Ho$ AmXe© VWm "OZdmXr amï´>n{V'
Ho$ Zm_ go ^maV Ho$ H$amo‹S>-H$amo‹S> öX`m| _| à{V{ð>V H$bm_ Or AnZr 82 dfm]
d
H$s C_« _| ^r AZoH$mZoH$ gm_m{OH$ àJ{Verb Am§XmobZm| _| AË`§V g{H«$` aho&
he
~ÀMm| VWm `wdH$m| Ho$ M¡VÝ`erb Ed§ ~hþ_wIr ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ {Z_m©UmW© AmnHo$ Z`o
A{^`mZ H$m _§Ì Wm - "_¢ Š`m X±ÿ?' ñdn[adV©Z H$s Amoa CÝ_wI Bg A{^`mZ
is
re S
H$m CX²Kmof Wm - B©_mZXma H$m`© Ed§ B©_mZXma H$m Zm_& "hmo_nmb' A{^`mZ
B
bl
Ûmam Amn ~MnZ _| hr BZ gdmbm| H$mo ~moZm MmhVo Wo {H$ ""_¢ Xoe Ho$ {bE
be T
Š`m Xo gH$Vm h±ÿ? g_mO Ed§ n[aga Ho$ {bE Š`m H$a gH$Vm h±ÿ?''
pu
K
(Xo{IE : http://www.whatcanigive.info)
eãXmW© :
©
36
Aä`mg
d
he
3. AãXþb H$bm_ Or Ho$ ~MnZ _| Xþb©^ dñVw Š`m Wr?
4. AãXþb H$bm_ Or Ho$ MMoao ^mB© H$m¡Z Wo?
is
II.
re S
Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
B
bl
1. AãXþb H$bm_ H$m ~MnZ ~hþV hr {ZpíM¨VVm Am¡a gmXJr _| ~rVZo
be T
pu
Ho$ H$maU {b{IE &
K
37
VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
~hþV, em_, g\$b, AÀN>m, ~‹S>m, AnZm
VII. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
A Am
1. _oao {nVm MMoao ^mB©
d
2. _«Xmg amÁ` A§Va§J {_Ì
he
3. eågwX²XrZ am_mZ§X emór
4. Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ O¡Zwbm~XrZ
is
re S
5. nŠH$m XmoñV
B V{_bZmSw>
bl
am_oída_²
be T
VIII.[aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :
pu
K
IX. AZwê$nVm :
t
38
X. ghr eãX go Imbr ñWmZ ^[aE :
1. AãXþb H$bm_ H$m OÝ_ _| hþAm&
A) MoÝZ¡ Am) ~|Jbyé B) am_oída_² B©) lra§J_²
2. am_oída_² _| à{V{ð>V _§{Xa h¡&
A) {dîUw Am) Aæ`ßnm B) hZw_mZ B©) {ed
d
he
3. O¡Zwbm~XrZ H$s {XZM`m© Ho$ nhbo ewê$ hmoVr Wr&
A) nm¡ \$Q>Zo Am) gy`m©ñV B) Xmonha B©) em_
is
re S
4. Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ AãXþb H$bm_ H$mo
B
H$hH$a nwH$mam
bl
H$aVo Wo&
be T
pu
A) AãXþb Am) AmµOmX B) amï´>dmXr B©) H$bm_
K
n‹T>Zm - n‹T>mZm
No
1. XoIZm -
2. gwZZm -
3. H$aZm -
39
4. OJZm -
5. ^oOZm -
6. MbZm -
7. ~¡R>Zm -
d
8. amoZm -
he
9. YmoZm -
is
10. XoZm
re S -
B
bl
II. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma àoaUmW©H$ eãXm| H$s ghm`Vm go nm±M dmŠ`
~ZmBE :
be T
pu
CXm : AÜ`mnH$ H$hmZr gwZmVo h¢&
K
1.
©
2.
3.
4.
to
5.
t
nmR> go AmJo -
No
^maV Ho$ amï´>n{V`m| Ho$ {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$aHo$ CZH$m g§{já n[aM` Xr{O`o&
40
6. ~g§V H$s gÀMmB©
- {dîUw à^mH$a
N>mÌ Bg EH$m§H$s _| {M{ÌV ~mbH$ Ho$ M[aÌ go ào[aV hmoH$a àm_m{UH$Vm go
OrZm grI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
d
nmÌ-n[aM`
he
~g§V : EH$ Jar~ eaUmWu b‹S>H$m
àVmn : ~g§V H$m N>moQ>m ^mB©
is
n§{S>V amO{H$emoa : EH$ ZoVm
re S
S>m°ŠQ>a VWm Xmo amh MbVo ì`{ŠV
B
bl nhbm Ñí`
be T
pu
(ñQ>Oo na gw{dYmZwgma EH$ ~‹S>o ZJa Ho$ ~mµOma H$m àVrH$mË_H$ Ñí`Ÿ&
K
AmZo-OmZo, boZ-o XoZo H$m emoa, \o$ardmbm| H$s nwH$maŸ& CÝhtHo$ ~rM _| EH$ b‹S>H$m,
©
Z§Jo n¡a, \$Q>o H$n‹S>o nhZo, hmW _| gm_mZ g§^mbo ^mJVm hþAm AmVm h¡Ÿ& CgH$s
Am`w bJ^J 12 df© H$s h¡Ÿ& CgH$m Zm_ ~g§V h¡Ÿ& dh nwH$ma ahm h¡Ÿ&)
t to
No
41
~g§V : N>bZr bo bmo, ~Q>Z bo bmo, {X`mgbmB© bo bmoŸ&
(H$moB© CgH$s ~mV Zht gwZVmŸ& g~ Cgo XoIVo h¢ Am¡a
AmJo ~‹T> OmVo h¢Ÿ& Bgr g_` EH$ IX²XaYmar ì`{ŠV dhm±
go OmVo {XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ& do _OXya ZoVm n§. amO{H$emoa h¢Ÿ& ~g§V
CÝh| XoIH$a CZHo$ nrN>o ^mJVm h¡Ÿ&)
d
~g§V : gmh~! ~Q>Z br{OE, Xogr ~Q>ZŸ& gmh~, {X`mgbmB© br{OEŸ&
he
amO{H$emoa : ^mB©! _wPo Hw$N> Zht Mm{hEŸ& OmAmo, {H$gr Am¡a H$mo XmoŸ&
~g§V : gmh~ N>bZr br{OEŸ& XyY N>m{ZE, Mm` N>m{ZE...
is
re S
amO{H$emoa : _wPo Zht Mm{hEŸ&
B
bl
~g§V : ~Q>Z...
be T
amO{H$emoa : ZhtŸ&
pu
K
~g§V : {X`mgbmB©...
amO{H$emoa : Zht, ZhtŸ&
©
~g§V : ({dZ_« ñda) gmh~ EH$ N>bZr bo br{OEŸ& {g\©$ Xmo AmZm
H$s_V h¡Ÿ&
amO{H$emoa : na ^mB© ! _wPo Zht Mm{hE Vmo H¡$go bo by± ?
~g§V : AÀN>m Amn N>… n¡go...&
to
42
amO{H$emoa : Zht bmoJo ?
~g§V : Or Zht, Amn N>bZr ˜arX br{OEŸ&
amO{H$emoa : AÀN>m, EH$ N>bZr _| Vwåh| Š`m ~MoJm ?
~g§V : Xmo n¡goŸ&
amO{H$emoa : Vmo ~g n¡go bo bmo Am¡a g_P bmo _¢Zo EH$ N>bZr ˜arX brŸ&
d
~g§V : Zht gmh~, ZhtŸ& `h Vmo ^rI h¡Ÿ& _¢ ^rI Zht by±JmŸ&
he
Amn N>bZr bo b|Ÿ&
(amO{H$emoa na Bg ~mV H$m ~‹S>m Aga hmoVm h¡Ÿ& do ghgm
is
re S Cg ~ÀMo H$mo XoIVo h¢ {\$a Oo~ Q>Q>mobVo h¢, na n¡go Zht
{_bVo&)
B
bl
amO{H$emoa : ^mB©, _oao nmg n¡go Zht h¢& hmoVo Vmo bo boVm, ZmoQ> h¡Ÿ&
be T
pu
~g§V : (CXmg) ZmoQ> h¡Ÿ& n¡go Vmo _oao nmg ^r Zht h¢Ÿ& Hw$N> {~H$m
K
hr ZhtŸ&
©
~g§V : ~g _¢ `h Am`mŸ&
amO{H$emoa : AÀN>m bmo, ^wZm bmAmo, A^r AmZmŸ&
t
~g§V : A^r Am`m, gmh~Ÿ& Amn `ht R>ha| ; A^r nbH$ _maVo hr
No
Am`mŸ&
(~g§V ZmoQ> boH$a ~mµOma H$s Amoa ^mJVm h¡Ÿ& amO{H$emoa dht I‹S>o
ahVo h¢Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao n§Ðh-~rg {_ZQ> ~rV OmVo h¢Ÿ& O¡g-o O¡go g_`
~rVVm h¡, do CËgwH$ hmoH$a ~mµOma H$s Amoa XoIVo h¢Ÿ&)
43
amO{H$emoa : n§Ðh {_ZQ> hmo JE, A~ VH$ Zht Am`mŸ& H$hm± ah J`mŸ?
_wPo Vmo bJVm h¡ A~ Zht bm¡Q>oJmŸ&
Xygam Ñí`
(ñQ>oO na µOam gm n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW nhbo O¡gm Ñí`Ÿ& EH$
Amoa {H$eZJ§O H$m ~moS>© bJm hþAm h¡Ÿ& hëH$m emoa h¡Ÿ& g§Ü`m
hmo JB© h¡Ÿ& bmoJ Kam| H$s Amoa bm¡Q> aho h¢Ÿ& CÝhtHo$ ~rM
d
_| EH$ Xw~bm-nVbm b‹S>H$m OëXr-OëXr AmVm h¡Ÿ& dh Z§Jo
he
n¡a h¡,Ÿ H$n‹S>o \$Q>o h¢Ÿ& Am`w bJ^J Xg df© h¡Ÿ& CgH$s eŠb
~g§V go {_bVr h¡Ÿ& dh CgH$m N>moQ>m ^mB© àVmn h¡Ÿ& dh
is
re S B
AmVo-OmVo ì`{ŠV`m| go Hw$N> nyN> ahm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ _wI na
bl
ì`J«Vm h¡Ÿ&)
be T
àVmn : Š`m| Or, {H$eZJ§O `hr h¡ ?
pu
K
d
àVmn : Or, _wPo _oao ^mB© Zo ^oOm h¡Ÿ&
he
amO{H$emoa : Vwåhmam ^mB© ! R>hamo _¢ AmVm hÿ±Ÿ& (~mha AmH$a) Voam ^mB©
H$m¡Z h¡, ~ÀMo !
is
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
to©
àVmn : AmO Xmonha H$mo CgZo AmnH$mo EH$ N>bZr ~oMr WrŸ&
t
No
amO{H$emoa : hm±, hm±, AmO _¢Zo EH$ b‹S>Ho$ go EH$ N>bZr br Wr& EH$
énE H$m ZmoQ> {X`m Wm&
àVmn : dh ZmoQ> ^wZmZo J`m Wm, _Ja O~ ^wZmH$a bm¡Q> ahm Wm
Vmo _moQ>a Ho$ ZrMo Am J`m& _moQ>a CgHo$ D$na go {ZH$b JB©&
amO{H$emoa : (AMaO) Š`m ! _moQ>a CgHo$ D$na go {ZH$b JB© !
45
àVmn : (ñda {JaVm h¡) CgH$m gm_mZ, n¡go, g~ {~Ia JEŸ& CgHo$
XmoZm| n¡a Hw$Mbo JEŸ&
amO{H$emoa : (^`) n¡a Hw$Mbo JE...
àVmn : (éAm±-gm) Or hm±Ÿ& Am¡a Bg{bE dh AmnHo$ nmg Z Am
gH$mŸ& dh ~ohmoe hmo J`m WmŸ& ~‹S>r _w{íH$b go Cgo Ka
bo JEŸ& ~‹S>r Xoa _| O~ Cgo hmoe Am`m Vmo CgZo _wPo AmnHo$
d
n¡go bm¡Q>m>Zo H$mo H$hmŸ& _¢ AmnHo$ gm‹T>o Mm¡Xh AmZo bm`m hÿ±Ÿ&
he
amO{H$emoa : (Imo`m-Imo`m) _oao gm‹T>o Mm¡Xh AmZo bmE hmoŸ! CgZo ^oOo h¢!
bo{H$Z ~ÀMo ! dh A~ H$hm± h¡ ?
is
àVmn
re S: KaŸ&
B
bl
amO{H$emoa : Ka _| H$m¡Z h¡ ?
be T
àVmn : H$moB© ZhtŸ&
pu
K
_| ahVo h¢Ÿ&
amO{H$emoa : Vwåhmao _m±-~mn Š`m...
àVmn : (amo n‹S>Vm h¡) do _mao JEŸ& X§Jm| Ho$ {XZm| _| CÝh| {H$gr Zo
_ma S>mbm...
to
46
amO{H$emoa : (A§Xa H$s Amoa XoIH$a) A_aqgh! _¢ Ahra Q>rbm Om ahm
hÿ±Ÿ& Vw_ Bgr dŠV S>m°. d_m© H$mo boH$a dhm± AmAmoŸ& H$hZm
{H$ EH$ b‹S>Ho$ H$s Q>m±J| _moQ>a Ho$ ZrMo AmH$a Hw$Mbr JB© h¢Ÿ&
OëXr H$amo! ^rIy Ahra H$m Ka nyN> boZmŸ& (_w‹S>H$a) AmAmo
~ÀMo, Mb|Ÿ&
(àVmn M{H$V-{dpñ_V CÝh| XoIVm h¡Ÿ& {\$a R>Jm-gm CZHo$
d
AmJo-AmJo OmVm h¡Ÿ& naXm {JaVm h¡Ÿ&)
he
Vrgam X¥í`
(ñQ>oO na EH$ H$ÀMo Ka Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ Amogmao H$m Ñí`Ÿ& µO_rZ
is
re S B
na Xar {~N>r h¡, Cg na ~g§V boQ>m h¡Ÿ& ah-ah H$a XX©
bl
go H$amh CR>Vm h¡Ÿ& àVmn Am¡a amO{H$emoa H$m àdoe)
be T
àVmn : `h ahm, gmh~Ÿ&
pu
K
47
~g§V : S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo ~wbdm`m h¡...
(S>m°ŠQ>a H$m àdoe)
S>m°ŠQ>a : h¡bmo n§{S>V Or ! _¢Zo Bgo ~mµOma _| XoIm h¡Ÿ&
amO{H$emoa : Or hm± ! µOam Xo{IE VmoŸ&
(S>m°ŠQ>a n¡a XoIVo h¢Ÿ& ~g§V µOmoa go AmoR> ^tMVm h¡Ÿ& àVmn
H$s Am±Im| go Am±gy PaVo h¢Ÿ& dh H$^r ^mB© H$mo XoIVm h¡,
d
H$^r S>m°ŠQ>a H$moŸ& amO{H$emoa CËgwH$Vm go nyN>Vo h¢Ÿ&)
he
amO{H$emoa : Š`m| S>m°ŠQ>a ! R>rH$ hmo OmEJm Z ?
is
S>m°ŠQ>a re S: (J§^ra) n§{S>V Or ! Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ n¡a H$s hS²>‹S>r Qy>Q>
JB© h¡Ÿ& ñH«$sZ H$aHo$ XoIZm hmoJmŸ& Xygam n¡a R>rH$ h¡, na
B
bl
Bgo A^r AñnVmb bo OmZm Mm{hEŸ&
be T
pu
amO{H$emoa : Vmo Š`m hþAm, A^r bo MbmoŸ& _¢ Eå~wb§g Ho$ {bE \$moZ H$a
K
AmVm hÿ±Ÿ&
©
48
amO{H$emoa : (h±gH$a) Vw_ qMVm _V H$amoŸ& ~g MwnMmn boQ>o ahmo ~oQ>m!
S>m°ŠQ>a gmh~ ! O~ VH$ _¢ Zht AmVm Amn `ht ah|, Bgo
~MmZm hr hmoJmŸ& `h Jar~ h¡ na Bg_| EH$ Xwb©^ JwU h¡,
`h B©_mZXma h¡Ÿ&
(S>m°ŠQ>a àVmn H$s ghm`Vm go B§OoŠeZ V¡`ma H$aVo h¢Ÿ& ~g§V
Am±I| ~§X H$a boVm h¡Ÿ& jU ^a Ho$ {bE CgHo$ _wI na em§{V
d
Am¡a H¥$VkVm C^a AmVr h¡Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a B§OoŠeZ bJmVo h¢, ~g§V
he
AmoR> ^tMVm h¡Ÿ& àVmn ^mB© H$m {ga Wm_Vm h¡, Am¡a naXm
{JaVm OmVm h¡Ÿ&)
is
re S B *******
bl
nmR> H$m Ame` :
{dîUw à^mH$a _mZd-_Z Ho$ nmaIr boIH$ h¢& Bg EH$m§H$s _| CÝhm|Zo
be T
pu
ñdm{^_mZ, naXþ…IH$mVaVm O¡gr _mZdr` ^mdZmAm| H$m gw§Xa {MÌU {H$`m
K
h¡& Jar~ hmoH$a ^r ñdm{^_mZr Am¡a n[al_ H$s H$_mB© go OrZodmbo ~g§V
©
Am¡a àVmn EH$ Amoa h¢ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa H§$Jmbm| Ho$ à{V h_XXu {XImVo hþE
AmXa Ho$ gmW ì`dhma H$aZodmbo amO{H$emoa O¡go nmÌ AZwgaUr` h¢&
d
eãXmW© :
he
amh - amñVm, _mJ© ; {X`mgbmB© - ¸æíQPÜwx , Matchstick;
N>bZr - OmbrXma N>moQ>m CnH$aU, EH$ AmZm- N>… n¡go, éAm±-gm - amoZo
is
re S
O¡go, Ahra - ½dmbm, AmoR>-^tMZm - XX© ghZ H$aZm, \o$ardmbo - Ky_-
B
bl
{\$aH$a gm_mZ ~oMZodmbo ì`mnmar, ^wZm bmZm - ~‹S>o {gŠHo$ H$mo {Mëba/Nw>Q²>Q>o
Ho$ ê$n _| ~XbZm, Amogmam - ~am_Xm, Ka Ho$ AmJo H$m ^mJ; eŠb - ñdê$n,
be T
pu
AmH¥${V; ì`J«Vm - ì`mHw$b, C{Û½Z, ~oM¡Z &
K
Aä`mg
©
50
8. ~g§V Ho$ Ka na S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo H$m¡Z bo AmVm h¡?
9. n§.amO{H$emoa Ho$ AZwgma ~g§V _| {Z{hV Xþb©^ JwU H$m¡Z-gm h¡?
10. n§.amO{H$emoa H$hm± ahVo Wo?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
d
1. N>bZr go Š`m-Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢ ?
he
2. ~g§V amO{H$emoa go Š`m {dZVr H$aVm h¡?
3. ~g§V amO{H$emoa go Xmo n¡go boZo go Š`m| BZH$ma H$aVm h¡?
is
re S
4. ~g§V amO{H$emoa Ho$ nmg Š`m| Zht bm¡Q>m ?
B
bl
5. àVmn amO{H$emoa Ho$ Ka Š`m| Am`m?
6. ~g§V Zo amO{H$emoa H$mo N>bZr IarXZo Ho$ {bE {H$g Vah ào[aV
be T
pu
{H$`m?
K
IV. AZwê$nVm :
t
d
5. Bg_| EH$ Xþb©^ JwU h¡, `h h¡ &
he
VI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo {ZX}emZwgma {b{IE :
is
re S
1. EH$ N>bZr _| Vwåh| Š`m ~MoJm ? (dV©_mZH$mb _|)
B
bl
2. _¢ A^r ~mµOma go ^wZm bmVm hÿ± & (^yVH$mb _|)
be T
pu
3. EH$ Xÿgao ì`pŠV go nyN>Vm h¡ & (^{dî`V²H$mb _| )
K
1. nrN>o ×
2. IarXZm ×
3. boZm ×
4. AmZm
to
5. em§{V ×
t
6. Jar~ ×
No
52
3. _¢ ^rI Zht by±Jm&
4. ~‹S>r _wpíH$b go ~g§V H$mo Ka bo JE&
5. ~g§V AmoR> ^tMH$a Amh ItMVm h¡&
6. `h Jar~ h¡ na Bg_| EH$ Xþb©^ JwU h¡&
IX. n[a`moOZm :
d
• {dîUw à^mH$a Ho$ AÝ` EH$m§{H$`m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a {H$gr EH$
he
EH$m§H$s H$m gma g§jon _| {b{IE &
^mfm kmZ
is
re S
I. qbJ nhMmZH$a AbJ-AbJ gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a CZHo$ AÝ` qbJ eãX
B
bl
{b{IE :
be T
b‹S>H$m, ~ÀMr, Xþ~bm, nVbm, W¡br, gm{h~m, ^mB©, _m±, S>m°ŠQ>a,
pu
K
n§{S>VmBZ
nw{ëb§J órqbJ
©
5.
6.
t
No
7.
8.
9.
10.
53
II. aoIm§{H$V eãX H$m dMZ nhMm{ZE Am¡a Cg eãX H$m AÝ` dMZ ê$n
{b{IE :
CXm : amO{H$emoa na Bg ~mV H$m ~‹S>m Aga hmoVm h¡& ~mV|
1. {\$a do Oo~ Q>Q>mobVo h¢&
2. A§Xa go AmdmµO AmVr h¡ &
d
3. EH$ b‹S>Ho$ H$s Q>m±J| _moQ>a Ho$ ZrMo Hw$Mbr JB© h¢&
he
4. ~g§V Am±I| ~§X H$a boVm h¡&
5. bmoJ AnZo-AnZo Ka bm¡Q> aho h¢&
is
re S
6. bmoJ Ka H$s Amoa bm¡Q> aho h¢&
B
bl
7. _OXÿam| H$s ~ñVr _| amO{H$emoa H$m _H$mZ h¡&
8. ~g§V Ho$ XmoZm| n¡a Hw$Mbo JE&
be T
pu
9. _oao nmg n¡go Zht h¢&
K
_ob "g_mg' H$hbmVm h¡& BZHo$ _ob go CËnÞ Z`m Am¡a gmW©H$ eãX
"gm_m{gH$ nX' AWdm "g_ñV nX' H$hbmVm h¡& eãXm| H$mo AbJ H$aHo$
t
54
"g_mg' _| Xmo nX hmoVo h¢&
1. nyd©nX - nhbm nX
2. CÎma nX - Xÿgam nX AWdm AmJodmbm nX
O¡go : nbH$ _maZm - nyd©nX-nbH$, CÎma nX-_maZm,
{dJ«h dmŠ`- nbH$ H$mo _maZm
d
III.[aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:
he
g_ñV nX {dJ«h dmŠ` g_mg H$m ^oX
CXm: ~ohmoe hmoe {Og_| Z hmo Aì``r^md g_mg
is
re S
1. gw{dYmZwgma
B
VËnwéf g_mg
bl
2. Xþ~bm-nVbm
be T
pu
3. Zrbo a§Jdmbm naXm
K
4. n§Ðh {_ZQ>
©
nmR> go AmJo -
• "~g§V H$s gÀMmB©' EH$m§H$s H$m _§MZ AnZr H$jm _| H$s{OE&
• ào_M§X H$s H$moB© EH$ H$hmZr n{‹T>E Am¡a H$jm _| gwZmBE&
to
55
7. Vwbgr Ho$ Xmoho
- Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg
BZ Xmohm| Ho$ X²dmam N>mÌ AÀN>o H$_© H$aZo Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm go OrdZ {~VmZo H$s
grI àmßV H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
d
1. _w{I`m _wI gm| Mm{hE, ImZ nmZ H$mo EH$ &
he
nmb¡ nmog¡ gH$b A§J, Vwbgr g{hV {ddoH$ &&
is
2. O‹S> MoVZ, JwU-Xmof_`, {dñd H$sÝh H$aVma &
re S
g§V-h§g JwU Jhqh n`, n[ah[a dm[a {dH$ma &&
B
bl
3. X`m Y_© H$m _yb h¡, nmn _yb A{^_mZ &
be T
pu
Vwbgr X`m Z N>m±{S>`o, O~ bJ KQ> _| àmU &&
K
*******
Xmohm| H$m Ame` :
t
56
H${d n[aM`:
Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg(gZ²1532-1623)
Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg {h§Xr gm{hË` Ho$ ^{ŠVH$mb H$s
am_^{ŠV emIm Ho$ à_wI H${d h¢Ÿ& VwbgrXmg H$m
OÝ_ gZ² 1532 _| CÎma àXoe Ho$ amOmnwa _| hþAm
d
WmŸ& CZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ AmË_mam_ Am¡a _mVm H$m
he
hþbgr WmŸ& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ O~ VwbgrXmg Or
H$m OÝ_ hþAm, V~ CÝhm|Zo am_ Zm_ H$m CÀMmaU
is
{H$`m WmŸ& Bg{bE CZHo$ ~MnZ H$m Zm_
re S
"am_~mobm' n‹S>mŸ& VwbgrXmg ^JdmZ am_ Ho$ AZÝ`
B
bl
^ŠV WoŸ&
be T
pu
CZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - am_M[aV _mZg, {dZ`-n{ÌH$m, JrVmdbr,
K
Xmohmdbr, H${dVmdbr Am{XŸ& gZ² 1623 H$mo H$mer _| CZH$m Xohm§V hþAmŸ&
©
eãXmW© :
_w{I`m-ZoVm, gH$b-g§nyU©, {dñd-g§gma, H$sÝh-{H$`m, H$aVma-g¥pîQ>H$Vm©,
n`-XÿY, n[ah[a-Ë`mJZm, dm[a-nmZr, KQ>-eara, {dn{Îm-g§H$Q>, gwH¥${V-AÀN>o
H$m`©, Orh-Or^, Mmhgr-Mmam| Amoa&
to
^mdmW© :
1. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg _wI AWm©V² _w±h Am¡a _w{I`m XmoZm| Ho$ ñd^md
t
H$s g_mZVm Xem©Vo hþE {bIVo h¢ {H$ _w{I`m H$mo _w±h Ho$ g_mZ hmoZm
No
Mm{hE& _w±h ImZo-nrZo H$m H$m_ AHo$bm H$aVm h¡, bo{H$Z dh Omo ImVm-
nrVm h¡ Cggo eara Ho$ gmao A§Jm| H$m nmbZ-nmofU H$aVm h¡& Vwbgr
H$s am` _| _w{I`m H$mo ^r Eogo hr {ddoH$dmZ hmoZm Mm{hE {H$ dh H$m_
AnZr Vah go H$a| bo{H$Z CgH$m \$b g^r _| ~m±Q>o&
57
2. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg h§g njr Ho$ gmW g§V H$s VwbZm H$aVo hþE
CgHo$ ñd^md H$m n[aM` XoVo h¢ - g¥pîQ>H$Vm© Zo Bg g§gma H$mo
O‹S>-MoVZ Am¡a JwU-Xmof {_bmH$a ~Zm`m h¡& AWm©V², Bg g§gma _| AÀN>o-
~wao (gma-{Zñgma), g_P-Zmg_P Ho$ ê$n _| AZoH$ JwU-Xmof ^ao hþE
h¢, bo{H$Z h§g ê$nr gmYw bmoJ {dH$mam| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÀN>o JwUm| H$mo
AnZmVo h¢ &
d
he
3. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg Zo ñnîQ>V… ~Vm`m h¡ {H$ X`m Y_© H$m _yb
h¡ Am¡a A{^_mZ nmn H$m & Bg{bE H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ O~ VH$ eara
is
re S
_| àmU h¢, V~ VH$ _mZd H$mo AnZm A{^_mZ N>mo‹S>H$a X`mbw ~Zo ahZm
B
bl
Mm{hE&
be T
4. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg Or H$h aho h¢ {H$ _Zwî` na O~ {dn{Îm n‹S>Vr
pu
h¡ V~ {dX²`m, {dZ` VWm {ddoH$ hr CgH$m gmW {Z^mVo h¢& Omo am_
K
5. àñVwV Xmoho Ho$ X²dmam VwbgrXmg Or H$hVo h¢ {H$ {Og Vah Xohar na
{X`m aIZo go Ka Ho$ ^rVa VWm Am±JZ _| àH$me \¡$bVm h¡, Cgr Vah
am_-Zm_ OnZo go _mZd H$s Am§V[aH$ Am¡a ~mh²` ew{Õ hmoVr h¡&
Aä`mg
to
d
10. VwbgrXmg Ho$ AZwgma {dn{Îm Ho$ gmWr H$m¡Z h¢?
he
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. _w{I`m H$mo _wI Ho$ g_mZ hmoZm Mm{hE& H¡$go?
is
re S
2. _Zwî` H$mo h§g H$s Vah Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?
B
bl
be T
3. _Zwî` Ho$ OrdZ _| àH$me H$~ \¡$bVm h¡?
pu
K
III. AZwê$nVm:
©
IV.
59
VI. Omo‹S> H$a {b{IE :
A ~
1. {díd H$sÝh {dH$ma
2. n[ah[a dm[a H$aVma
3. O~ bJ KQ> am_ ^amogmo EH$
d
4. gwgË`d«V _| àmU
he
VII. nyU© H$s{OE:
is
1. re S_w{I`m _wI gm| Mm{hE, &
2. nmb¡ nmog¡ gH$b A§J, &
B
3.
bl
am_ Zm_ _{Z Xrn Yé, &
be T
pu
4. Vwbgr ^rVa ~m{ham¡, &
K
©
Xmoho go AmJo -
No
• ahr_ Ho$ Xmoho n‹T>H$a CZ_| {Z{hV Zr{V VËd H$s H$jm _| MMm©
H$s{OE&
• {~hmar Ho$ Xg Xmohm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE &
60
8. B§Q>aZoQ>-H«$m§{V
-g§H${bV
AmO Ho$ g§X^© _| B§Q>aZoQ>-H«$m§{V go hmoZodmbo bm^ VWm hm{Z Ho$ ~mao _| N>mÌ
OmZH$mar àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a gMoV ah gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
AmO H$m `wJ B§Q>aZoQ> `wJ h¡Ÿ& ~‹S>o ~y‹T>m| go boH$a N>moQ>o ~ÀMm| VH$ g~
na Bg B§Q>aZoQ-H«$m§{V H$m Aga n‹S>m h¡Ÿ& EH$ {XZ amohZ ñHy$b go bm¡Q>Vo hr
B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ g§~§Y _| AnZo XmoñVm| Ho$ ~rM hþB© MMm© Ho$ ~mao _| AnZo ~m~yOr
go H$hZo bJmŸ& V~ CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ Cn`moJ go BZgmZr gmoM H$m
to
Xm`am ~‹T> J`m h¡Ÿ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ~Xbr VH$ZrH$ Ho$ H$maU qµOXJr Ho$
~Xbo ZµO[a`o H$mo ^r Cgo g_Pm`mŸ& bo{H$Z amohZ BVZo go g§Vwï> Zht hþAmŸ&
t
dh B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ ~mao _| {dñV¥V OmZH$mar nmZm MmhVm WmŸ& ~m~yOr BVZm hr
No
OmZVo Wo {H$ B§Q>aZoQ> EH$ Vah go {dídì`mnr H§$ß`yQ>am| H$m A§VOm©b (ZoQ>dH©$)
h¡, {OgH$s dOh go nyao {díd H$m {dñVma EH$ Jm±d H$m-gm N>moQ>m hmo J`m
h¡& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo amohZ H$mo gwPmd {X`m {H$ dh AnZo H§$ß`yQ>a {ejH$ go
nyN>-VmN> H$aoŸ&
61
Xygao {XZ amohZ AnZo H§$ß`yQ>a {ejH$ go BgHo$ ~mao _| Šbmg _| àíZ
nyN>Vm h¡Ÿ&
amohZ : ga! B§Q>aZoQ> H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡? Bggo {H$g àH$ma H$s H«$m§{V
hþB© h¡?
{ejH$ : ~‹S>m AÀN>m gdmb h¡ ! gwZmo, B§Q>aZoQ> AZ{JZV H§$ß`yQ>am| Ho$ H$B©
d
A§VOm©bm| H$m EH$ Xygao go g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m Omb h¡Ÿ&
he
AmO BZgmZ Ho$ {bE ImZ-nmZ {OVZm µOê$ar h¡, B§Q>aZoQ> ^r
CVZm hr Amdí`H$ hmo J`m h¡Ÿ&
is
A{OV :
re S
dh H¡$go ga ?
B
bl
be T
pu
K
t to©
No
{ejH$ : Hw$N> gmb nhbo Xya ahVo [aíVoXma `m XmoñVm| H$mo H$moB© I~a XoZr
n‹S>Vr Vmo h_| {MQ²>R>r {bIZr n‹S>Vr Wr `m Xya^mf H$m Cn`moJ
H$aZm n‹S>Vm WmŸ& Bggo g_` Am¡a n¡go XmoZm| H$m A{YH$ ì``
hmoVm WmŸ& bo{H$Z B§Q>aZoQ> X²dmam nb ^a _|, {~Zm Á`mXm IM©
62
{H$E H$moB© ^r {dMma hmo, pñWa {MÌ hmo, dr{S>`mo {MÌ hmo, Xw{Z`m
Ho$ {H$gr ^r H$moZo _| ^oOZm _w_{H$Z hmo J`m h¡Ÿ& Vw_ Mmhmo
Vmo nyao EH$ nwñVH$mb` H$s {H$Vm~m| Ho$ {df` H$mo H$_ g_` _|
H$ht ^r ^oO gH$Vo hmoŸ& B§Q>aZoQ> AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡br H$m
_hËdnyU© A§J ~Z J`m h¡Ÿ& em`X BgHo$ {~Zm g§Mma d gyMZm
XmoZm| hr joÌ R>n n‹S> OmVo h¢Ÿ&
d
he
Zohm : ga, B§Q>aZoQ> X²dmam Am¡a H$m¡Z-gr _XX {_bVr h¡ ?
{ejH$ : B§Q>aZoQ> X²>dmam Ka ~¡R>o-~¡R>o IarXmar H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& H$moB© ^r {~b
is
re S
^a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& Bggo XyH$mZ OmZo Am¡a bmBZ _| K§Q>m| I‹S>o ahZo
B
bl
H$m g_` ~M gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& B§Q>aZoQ>-~¢qH$J X²dmam Xw{Z`m H$s {H$gr
be T
^r OJh na Mmho {OVZr ^r aH$_ ^oOr Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ&
pu
K
AO` : Am¡a ?
t to©
No
63
{ejH$ : Am¡a "dr{S>`mo H$mÝ\$aoÝg' Ûmam EH$ OJh ~¡R>H$a Xw{Z`m Ho$ H$B©
Xoem| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y`m| Ho$ gmW 8-10 XÿaXe©Z Ho$ naXo na MMm©
H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& EH$ hr H$_ao _| ~¡R>H$a {d{^Þ Xoem| _| ahZodmbo
bmoJm| Ho$ gmW {dMma-{d{Z_` H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
A§Obr : ga, Š`m B§Q>aZoQ> H$s ghm`Vm go ~oamoµOJmar H$mo {_Q>m gH$Vo h¢?
d
{ejH$ : hm±, µOê$a ! ^maV _| AmB©.Q>r (BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr) Am¡a
he
AmB©.Q>r.B©.Eg (BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr EZo~ëS> g{d©gog) g§ñWmAm|
H$m àdoe B§Q>aZoQ> go g§^d hþAm h¡Ÿ& BZgo AZ{JZV bmoJm| H$mo
is
amo‹>OJma {_bm h¡ Am¡a {g\©$ h_mao Xoe _| hr Zht, H$B© Xoem|
re S
H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V _| ^r gwYma hþAm h¡Ÿ&
B
Am_moX :
bl
ga, _¢Zo "gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J' (Social Networking) eãX H$ht
be T
pu
n‹T>m WmŸ& BgH$m AW© Š`m h¡ ?
K
Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo EH$ OJh na bm I‹S>m H$a {X`m h¡Ÿ& gmoeb
ZoQ>d{Hª$J Ho$ H$B© gmBQ²>g h¢, O¡go - \o$g~wH$, AmaHw$Q>, {Q²>dQ²>Q>a,
qbH$S>BZ Am{XŸ& BZ gmBQ>m| Ho$ H$maU Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ bmoJm| H$s
ahZ-ghZ, doe-^yfm, ImZ-nmZ Ho$ Abmdm g§ñH¥${V, H$bm Am{X
H$m à^md erK«m{VerK« h_mao g_mO na n‹S> ahm h¡Ÿ&
to
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
{ejH$ : B§Q>aZoQ> gM_wM EH$ daXmZ h¡Ÿ& CgZo OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ _| AnZm
©
{ejH$ : hm± hm±, h¡Ÿ& B§Q>aZoQ> EH$ Amoa daXmZ h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa dh
A{^emn ^r h¡Ÿ& B§Q>aZoQ> H$s dOh go n¡agr, ~¢qH$J \«$m°S>, h¡qH$J
t
(gyMZm/I~am| H$s Mmoar) Am{X ~‹T> ahr h¢Ÿ& _wŠV do~ gmBQ>,
No
d
d¡km{ZH$ Am{dîH$mam| Zo _mZd-OrdZ H$mo gw{dYmOZH$ ~Zm`m h¡& B§Q>aZoQ>
he
go _mZd H$s OrdZe¡br Am¡a CgH$s gmoM _| H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z hþAm h¡&
AmO B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ {~Zm g§Mma d gyMZm XmoZm| joÌ H$_Omoa hmo OmVo h¢&
is
re S
B§Q>aZoQ> Zo nyar Xþ{Z`m H$mo EH$ OJh bm I‹S>m H$a {X`m h¡& OrdZ Ho$
B
bl
ha joÌ _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m `moJXmZ h¡& B§Q>aZoQ> daXmZ h¡ Vmo
be T
pu
A{^emn ^r h¡ &
K
eãXmW© :
©
{Q>ßnUr :
No
d
_| lram_ VWm bú_U H$mo \±$gm`m WmŸ, V~ lram_ Zo CgH$s ~m±hm|
he
H$mo H$mQ> {X`m WmŸ& àñVwV nmR> _| B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ ì`mnH$ à^md H$mo
{XImZo Ho$ {bE BZ eãXm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
is
re S
5. {XZ-à{V{XZ VH$ZrH$s-n[adV©Z hmoVm ahoJm& CgHo$ AZwê$n B§Q>aZoQ>
B
bl
joÌ _| ^r n[adV©Z hmoVo ah|Jo&
be T
pu
K
Aä`mg
©
3. àJ{Verb amï´> {H$gHo$ X²dmam ~Xbmd bmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho h¢?
4. g_mO Ho$ {H$Z joÌm| _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m `moJXmZ h¡ ?
t
No
67
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. B§Q>aZoQ> H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡?
2. ì`mnma Am¡a ~¢qH$J _| B§Q>aZoQ> go Š`m _XX {_bVr h¡?
3. B©-JdZ]g Š`m h¡?
d
III. Mma-N>… dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
he
1. g§Mma d gyMZm Ho$ joÌ _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m Š`m _hËd h¡?
2. "dr{S>`mo H$mÝ\$aoÝg' Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &
is
re S
3. "gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J' EH$ H«$m§{VH$mar ImoO h¡& H¡$go ?
B
bl
4. B§Q>aZoQ> go H$m¡Z-gr hm{Z`m± hmo gH$Vr h¢ ?
be T
pu
K
IV. AZwê$nVm :
©
V. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
t
d
3. gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J Ho$ H$B© h¢& (gmBS²>g, gmBQ²>g)
he
4. B©-JdZ]g go àemgZ ~Z gH$Vm h¡ & (nmaXeu,
AnmaXeu)
is
re S
5. B§Q>aZoQ> gM_wM EH$
B
h¡& (A^`XmZ, daXmZ)
bl
6. Xoe Ho$ H$s H$m`©dmhr _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m
be T
`moJXmZ h¡& (ajmXbm|, nw{bgXbm|)
pu
K
A{^emn)
VII. H$ÝZS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. B§Q>aZoQ> AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡br H$m _hËdnyU© A§J ~Z J`m h¡&
2. B§Q>aZoQ> X²dmam Ka ~¡R>o-~¡R>o IarXmar H$a gH$Vo h¢&
to
3. _w_{H$Z × 4. daXmZ ×
5. Xþén`moJ × 6. AZwn`wŠV ×
69
IX AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE : (CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma)
CXm : n¡gm - n¡go CXm : I~a - I~a|
1. naXm - 1. {H$Vm~ -
2. H$_am - 2. OJh -
d
3. Xm`am - 3. H$mo{ee -
he
CXm : `wJ - `wJ CXm : qµOXJr - qOX{J`m±
is
1. XmoñV -
re S 1. OmZH$mar -
B
bl
2. H§$ß`yQ>a - 2. {MQ²>R>r -
be T
3. [aíVoXma - 3. OrdZe¡br -
pu
K
XI. n[a`moOZm :
g§Mma d gyMZm Ho$ {d{^ÝZ _mÜ`_m| H$s {MÌg{hV gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a ha EH$
go hmoZdo mbo bm^ VWm hm{Z H$m Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| {ddaU {b{IE &
70
XII. eãXImoO : H$ÝZS>, qhXr Am¡a A§J«oµOr g_mMma-nÌm| Ho$ Zm_ ZrMo {XE
JE h¢& CZH$mo Ty>±‹T> H$a {b{IE :
Z S>o g§ am B§ à A gm Q>m
Om H$ ßVm d ŠH$ {S> B ÝZ _
d
a `w åg {d O ^m ` {h S>
he
H$ C a Z ŠV {h Z ñWm Am°
is
re SH$
B
\$ ho ` V Z E qh à
bl
dm Šg Xþ n B§ am Q>m Zm© dm
be T
pu
{S> B Ur O ào ñVm {Ì ^m Q>
K
Ur `m ëS> Z H$m g bm H$ åg
©
qhXr
CXm : 1. Zd^maV Q>mBåg
2.
to
3.
H$ÝZS>
t
1.
No
2.
A§J«oµOr>
1.
2.
71
^mfm kmZ
I. {ZX}emZwgma dmŠ`m| H$m H$mb n[adV©Z H$aHo$ {b{IE :
1. g~ na B§Q>aZoQ>-H«$m§{V H$m Aga n‹S>m h¡& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)
2. amohZ {dñV¥V OmZH$mar nmZm MmhVm Wm& (dV©_mZH$mb _|)
3. amohZ H§$ß`yQ>a {ejH$ go àíZ nyN>oJm& (^yVH$mb _|)
d
he
II . H$mb nhMmZH$a {b{IE :
1. BZgmZr gmoM H$m Xm`am ~‹T> ahm h¡&
is
re S
2. {nVmOr Zo amohZ H$mo g_Pm`m &
B
bl
3. B§Q>aZoQ> AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡br H$m _hËdnyU© A§J ~Z J`m h¡&
be T
pu
K
72
9. B©_mZXmam| Ho$ gå_obZ _|
- h[ae§H$a nagmB©
àñVwV ì`§½` aMZm _| EH$ gm_m{OH$ Ag§J{V H$s Amoa g§Ho$V {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
Bg_| hmñ` Am¡a ì`§½` H$m gw§Xa gpå_lU h¡Ÿ& Bg aMZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go nagmB©
Or Zo B©_mZXma H$hbmZodmbo bmoJm| H$s ~oB©_mZr H$m nXm©\$me {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
d
_¢Zo H$VB© Eogm Hw$N> Zht {H$`m, {Oggo B©_mZXma _mZm OmD±$Ÿ& Z OmZo
he
CÝh| H¡$go `h ^«_ hmo J`m {H$ _¢ B©_mZXma hÿ±Ÿ& _wPo nÌ {_bm, ""h_ bmoJ
Bg eha _| EH$ B©_mZXma gå_obZ H$a aho h¢Ÿ& Amn Xoe Ho$ à{gÕ B©_mZXma
is
re S
h¢Ÿ& h_mar àmW©Zm h¡ {H$ Amn Bg gå_obZ H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$a|Ÿ& h_ AmnH$mo
B
bl
AmZo-OmZo H$m nhbo XO} H$m {H$am`m X|Jo VWm Amdmg, ^moOZ Am{X H$s CÎm_
be T
ì`dñWm H$a|JoŸ& AmnHo$ AmJ_Z go B©_mZXmam| VWm CXr`_mZ B©_mZXmam| H$mo ~‹S>r
pu
àoaUm {_boJrŸ&'' _¢ J`mŸ& bo{H$Z hb{\$`m H$hVm hÿ± {H$ B©_mZXmar Ho$ {bE
K
Zht J`mŸ& B©_mZ go _wPo Hw$N> boZm-XoZm Zht h¡Ÿ& _¢ `h {hgm~ bJmH$a J`m
©
{H$ Xygao XO} _| OmD±$Jm Am¡a nhbo H$m {H$am`m by±JmŸ& Bg Vah EH$ gm¡ nMmg
én`o ~M|JoŸ& `h ~oB©_mZr H$hbm`oJrŸ& na CZ bmoJm| Zo _wPo amï´>r` ñVa H$m
B©_mZXma _mZm hr Š`m| ?
t to
No
73
ñQ>oeZ na _oam Iy~ ñdmJV hþAmŸ& bJ^J Xg ~‹S>r \y$b-_mbmE± nhZm`r
J`tŸ& gmoMm, Amg-nmg H$moB© _mbr hmoVm Vmo \y$b-_mbmE± ^r ~oM boVmŸ&
_wPo hmoQ>b Ho$ EH$ ~‹S>o H$_ao _| R>ham`m J`mŸ& _oao H$_ao Ho$ ~m`| Am¡a
gm_Zo Xmo hm°b Wo, {OZ_| bJ^J Vrg-n¢Vrg à{V{Z{Y R>hao WoŸ& _oao Xmo
B©_mZXma gmWr ^r _oao hr H$_ao _| Am J`oŸ& _¢Zo gmoMm Vmbm bJm`m Om`oJm,
d
Vmo BÝh| VH$br\$ hmoJrŸ& _¢Zo Vmbm Zht bJm`mŸ& CX²>KmQ>Z emZXma hþAmŸ& _¢Zo
bJ^J EH$ K§Q>o VH$ ^mfU {X`mŸ&
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
bmoJ Om MwHo$ WoŸ& _¢ Wm _w»` A{V{WŸ& _wPgo bmoJ ~mV| H$a aho WoŸ&
_¢ MbZo bJm, Vmo Mßnb nhZZo J`mŸ& XoIm, _oar Mßnb| Jm`~ WtŸ& Z`r
to
Am¡a AÀN>r Mßnb| WtŸ& A~ dhm± EH$ Omo‹S>r \$Q>r-nwamZr Mßnb| ~Mr Wt& _¢Zo
CÝh| hr nhZ {b`mŸ& `h ~mV \¡$b J`r {H$ _oar Z`r Mßnb| H$moB© nhZ
t
J`mŸ&
No
EH$ B©_mZXma S>obrJoQ> _oao H$_ao _| Am`oŸ& H$hZo bJo, ""Š`m AmnH$s
Mßnb| H$moB© nhZ J`m ?''
_¢Zo H$hm, ""hm±, BVZo ~‹S>o Obgo _| Mßnbm| H$s AXbm-~Xbr hmo hr
OmVr h¡Ÿ&'' {\$a _¢Zo Ü`mZ go XoIm, CZHo$ nm±dm| _| _oar hr Mßnb| WtŸ& dh
^r _oar Mßnb| XoI aho WoŸ& do ~hþV H$aHo$ CZH$s hr WtŸ&
74
na dh ~o{hMH$ _wPo g_PmZo bJo, ""Xo{IE, Mßnb| EH$ OJh Zht
CVmaZr Mm{hEŸ& EH$ Mßnb `hm± CVm[a`o, Vmo Xygar Xg \$sQ> XyaŸ& V~ Mßnb|
Mmoar Zht hmoVtŸ& EH$ hr OJh Omo‹S>r hmoJr, Vmo H$moB© ^r nhZ boJmŸ& _¢Zo
Eogm hr {H$`m WmŸ&''
_¢ XoI ahm Wm {H$ dh _oar hr Mßnb| nhZo h¢ Am¡a _wPo g_Pm
aho h¢Ÿ&
d
_¢Zo H$hm, ""H$moB© ~mV ZhtŸ& gw~h Xygar IarX by±JmŸ& AmnH$s Mßnb|
he
Zht J`t, `h JZr_V h¡Ÿ&''
{\$a _¢Zo XoIm {H$ EH$ {~ñVa H$s MmXa Jm`~ h¡Ÿ& _¢Zo Am`moOZH$Vm©Am|
is
re S
go H$hm, Vmo CÝhm|Zo Odm~ {X`m, ""hmoQ>bdmbo Zo YwbmZo H$mo ^oO Xr hmoJrŸ&
B
bl
Xygar Am Om`oJrŸ&'' na Xygar Am`r ZhtŸ&
be T
Xygao {XZ Jmo{ð>`m± ewê$ hmo J`tŸ& amV H$mo Jmo{ð>`m| go bm¡Q>mŸ& XoIm {H$
pu
K
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
_¢Zo H$hm, ""amV H$mo Š`m Mm±XZr _| Yyn H$m Mí_m bJm`m OmVm h¡?
_¢Zo H$_ao H$s Q>o~wb na aI {X`m WmŸ&''
dh ~mobo, ""H$moB© CR>m bo J`m hmoJm&''
_¢ CÝh| XoI ahm Wm Am¡a dh _oam Mí_m bJm`o BV_rZmZ go ~¡R>o WoŸ&
Vrgao {XZ amV H$mo bm¡Q>m, Vmo Hw$N> hamaV Wr Wmo‹S>r R>ÊS> ^r WrŸ& _¢Zo
to
_§Ìr H$m`©H$Vm©Am| H$mo S>m±Q>Zo bJo, ""Vw_ bmoJ Š`m H$aVo hmo ? Vwåhmar S²>`yQ>r
`hm± h¡Ÿ& Vwåhmao ahVo Mmo[a`m± hmo ahr h¢Ÿ& `h B©_mZXma gå_obZ h¡Ÿ& ~mha
`h Mmoar H$s ~mV \¡$br, Vmo {H$VZr ~XZm_r hmoJr ?''
H$m`©H$Vm©Am| Zo H$hm, ""h_ Š`m H$a| ? AJa gå_mZZr` S>obrJoQ> `hm±-
dhm± Om`|, Vmo Š`m h_ CÝh| amoH$ gH$Vo h¢ ?''
76
_§Ìr Zo Jwñgo go H$hm, ""_¢ nw{bg H$mo ~wbmH$a `hm± g~H$s Vbmer
H$admVm hÿ±Ÿ&''
_¢Zo g_Pm`m, ""Eogm ha{JµO _V H$[a`oŸ& B©_mZXmam| Ho$ gå_obZ _| nw{bg
B©_mZXmam| H$s Vbmer b§o, `h ~‹S>r Aemo^Zr` ~mV hmoJrŸ& {\$a BVZo ~‹S>o
gå_obZ _| Wmo‹S>r J‹S>~‹S>r hmoJr hrŸ&''
EH$ H$m`©H$Vm© Zo H$hm, ""Vbmer {H$ZH$s H$adm`|Jo, AmYo Ho$ bJ^J
d
S>obrJoQ> Vmo {H$am`m boH$a Xmonha H$mo hr dmng Mbo J`oŸ&''
he
amV H$mo nhZZo Ho$ H$n‹S>o {gahmZo X~mH$a gmo`mŸ& Z`r Mßnb| Am¡a eoqdJ
H$m {S>ã~m {~ñVa Ho$ ZrMo X~m`mŸ&
is
re S
gw~h _wPo bm¡Q>Zm WmŸ& _wPo CZ bmoJm| Zo AÀN>m n¡gm {X`mŸ& _¢Zo gm_mZ
B
bl
~m±YmŸ&
_§Ìr Zo H$hm, ""nagmB© Or, Jm‹S>r AmZo _| Xoa h¡Ÿ& M{b`o, ñdmJV g{_{V
be T
pu
Ho$ gmW AÀN>o hmoQ>b _| ^moOZ hmo Om`oŸ& A~ Vmbm bJm XoVo h¢Ÿ&''
K
na Vmbm ^r Jm`~ WmŸ& Vmbm VH$ Mwam {b`mŸ& JO~ hmo J`mŸ&
©
Bg OJV² _| AÀN>mB©-~wamB© XmoZm| {XImB© XoVr h¢& h§g-jra Ý`m` H$s Vah
BZ_| h_| {g\©$ AÀN>mB© H$mo AnZmH$a ~wamB© H$mo N>mo‹S> XoZm Mm{hE& ~oB©_mZr
^r EH$ AdJwU h¡& ~oB©_mZm| na ì`§½` H$aVo hþE àñVwV aMZm Ûmam boIH$
Zo gMoV {H$`m h¡ {H$ h_ ~oB©_mZr go Xÿa ah| &
77
boIH$ n[aM` :
H$b_ H$mo boIH$ H$s Vbdma _mZZodmbo lr h[ae§H$a
nagmB© {hÝXr gm{hË` OJV² H$s EH$ ~oOmo‹S> {Z{Y h¢&
BZH$m OÝ_ _Ü`àXoe Ho$ O_mZr Jm±d _| 22 AJñV 1924
H$mo hþAm WmŸ& BZH$s Hw$N> à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - h±gVo h¢
amoVo h¢, ^yV Ho$ nm±d nrN>o, gXmMma H$m VmdrµO, d¡îUd
d
H$m {\$gbZ Am{XŸ& {hÝXr Ho$ ì`§½` gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg
he
_| BZH$m `moJXmZ A{X²dVr` h¡Ÿ&
eãXmW© :
is
re S
nXm©\$me-AZmdaU, H$VB©-ha{J‹O, H$^r ^r; hb{\$`m-H$g_ go,
B
bl
VH$br\$-H$ï>, emZXma-d¡^d`wV, S>obrJoQ>-Delegate, à{V{Z{Y; Obgm-
g_mamoh, CËgd; {hMH$-g§H$moM, JZr_V-Iwer H$s ~mV, Mí_m-EoZH$,
be T
pu
H$mJ‹OmV-H$mJO-nÌ, hëbm-emoa, BV_rZmZ-^amogm, {dídmg; hamaV-hëH$m
K
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. àñVwV H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¢ ?
2. boIH$ Xygao XO} _| Š`m| g\$a H$aZm MmhVo Wo ?
to
d
1. boIH$ H$mo ^oOo J`o {Z_§ÌU nÌ _| Š`m {bIm J`m Wm?
he
2. \y$b _mbmE± {_bZo na boIH$ Š`m gmoMZo bJo?
is
3. boIH$ Zo _§Ìr H$mo Š`m g_Pm`m?
re S
4. Mßnbm| H$s Mmoar hmoZo na B©_mZXma S>obrJoQ> Zo Š`m gwPmd {X`m?
B
bl
5. boIH$ Zo H$_am N>mo‹S>H$a OmZo H$m {ZU©` Š`m| {b`m?
be T
pu
K
IV. AZwê$nVm:
t
79
V. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :
1. h_ bmoJ Bg eha _| EH$ gå_obZ H$a aho h¢ &
2. _oar Mßnb| Wt&
3. dh _oam Mí_m bJm`o go ~¡R>o Wo&
d
4. {\$a BVZo ~‹S>o gå_obZ _| Wmo‹S>r hmoJr hr &
he
VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
is
re S
1. AmJ_Z
B
×
2. amV
bl ×
be T
pu
K
3. Odm~ ×
©
4. ~oMZm ×
5. gÁOZ ×
1. H$n‹S>m -
2. MmXa -
t
No
3. ~mV -
4. {S>ã~m -
5. MrµO -
80
VIII. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE :
1. R>haZm
2. YmoZm
3. XoIZm
d
4. bm¡Q>Zm
he
5. CVaZm
is
6. nhZZm
re S B
bl
IX. g§{Y-{dÀN>oX H$aHo$ g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE :
be T
pu
1. ñdmJV
K
2. ghmZw^{y V
©
3. gÁOZ
4. namonH$ma
5. {ZpíM¨V
to
6. gX¡d
X. H$ÝZS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
t
81
XI. B©_mZ JwU Ho$ gm_Zo ghr {M• (√) Am¡a ~oB©_mZ JwU Ho$ gm_Zo JbV
{M• (×) bJmBE :
1. Xÿgao bmoJm| H$s dñVwAm| H$mo dm{ng nhþ±MmZm &
2. Mmoar H$aZm &
3. amñVo _| {_br dñVwAm| H$mo nw{bg ñQ>oeZ nhþ±MmZm &
d
4. H$m_Mmoar H$aZm &
he
5. ~Jb _| Nw>ar _w±h _| am_-am_ H$aZm &
6. PyR> ~mobZm &
is
re S
7. ZoH$ _mJ© na MbZm &
B
bl
8. OmZ~yPH$a JbVr H$aZm &
be T
pu
9. ~hmZm ~ZmZm &
K
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
t ©
to
No
83
^mfm kmZ
I. {XE JE {ZX}emZwgma dmŠ` ~X{bE :
1. _oao nmg Mßnb Zht Wr& (dV©_mZH$mb _|)
d
he
3. Cg_| n¡go Vmo Zhr§ Wo& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)
is
re S
4. H$moB© CR>m bo J`m hmoJm& (dV©_mZH$mb _|)
B
bl
be T
pu
5. dh Yyn H$m Mí_m bJm`o Wo& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)
K
©
84
III. BZ H$hmdVm| H$m AW© g_PH$a dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
O¡go : H$hmdV - Ohm± Mmh dhm± amh&
AW© - BÀN>m hmoZo na Cgo nmZo H$m _mJ© ñd`§ {_b OmVm h¡&
dmŠ` - `{X _Zwî` Mmho Vmo H${R>Z go H${R>Z H$m`© H$mo ^r nyam
H$a gH$Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Ohm± Mmh dhm± amh&
d
1. Jwé Jw‹S> hr aho, Mobo eŠH$a hmo J`o&
he
2. O¡gm Xoe, d¡gm ^og&
3. {Z~©b Ho$ ~b am_&
is
re S
4. ~§Xa Š`m OmZo AXaH$ H$m ñdmX&
B
bl
5. hmWr Ho$ Xm±V ImZo Ho$ Am¡a, {XImZo Ho$ Am¡a&
be T
pu
K
nmR> go AmJo -
©
85
10. Xþ{Z`m _| nhbm _H$mZ
- S>m°. {dO`m Jwám
_mZd H$mo gVV à`ËZerb hmoZm Mm{hE& Xÿgam| H$s ghm`Vm go dh ZdrZ
dñVwAm| H$mo ~ZmZm ^r grI gH$Vm h¡& Z Ho$db bmoJm| go A{nVw àm{U`m|o go
^r h_| grI {_bVr h¡&
d
nydm}Îma ^maV _| ~gZodmbo qgJ\$mo Am{Xdm{g`m| _| Omo H$hmZr H$hr OmVr
he
h¡, CgHo$ AZwgma g~go nhbo AmX_r H$mo _H$mZ ~ZmZm ~hþV-go newAm| Zo
{gIm`m&
is
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
to
CZ {XZm| AmX_r Jw\$mAm| _| Am¡a no‹S>m| Ho$ ZrMo ahVm Wm& Cg g_` {H$ÝÐÿ
bm{b_ Am¡a qH$Mm bmbrXm_ Zm_H$ Xmo XmoñVm| Zo V` {H$`m {H$ do _H$mZ
t
~ZmE±Jo& _wpíH$b `h Wr {H$ do Zht OmZVo Wo {H$ _H$mZ H¡$go ~ZmE OmVo
No
h¢, Bg{bE do newAm| go nyN>-VmN> H$aZo Ho$ {bE O§Jb H$s Amoa Mb n‹S>o&
CZH$s _wbmH$mV g~go nhbo hmWr go hþB©& XmoZm| XmoñVm| Zo hmWr H$mo
Z_ñH$ma {H$`m, {\$a H$hm, ""hmWr ^mB©, h_ bmoJ _H$mZ ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢&
Amn ~Vm gH$Vo h¢ {H$ _H$mZ H¡$go ~ZmE OmVo h¢?''
86
hmWr ~mobm, ""Bg_| Š`m H${R>ZmB© h¡? no‹S>m| go bH$‹S>r Ho$ BVZo _moQ>o Am¡a
_O~yV Jmobo H$mQ> bmo, {OVZo _oao n¡a h¢&''
XmoZm| XmoñVm| Zo AmJo nyN>m, ""BgHo$ ~mX Š`m H$aZm n‹S>oJm?''
hmWr Zo CÎma {X`m, ""AmJo H$s ~mV Vmo _¢ Zht OmZVm& _wPo aÎmr-^a
^r nVm Zht&''
XmoZm| XmoñV AmJo ~‹T>o& amñVo _| CÝh| gm±n {_bm& XmoñVm| Zo gm±n H$mo amoH$m&
d
Cgo Z_ñH$ma {H$`m& ~mobo, ""gm±n ^mB©, h_ bmoJ Ka ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢& Amn
he
~Vm gH$Vo h¢ {H$ H¡$go ~Zm`m OmE? hmWr Zo h_go H$hm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ n¡a
O¡go _O~yV Am¡a _moQ>o bH$‹S>r Ho$ Jmobo no‹S> go H$mQ> bmo& Cgo ~g BVZm hr
is
re S
_mby_ h¡& AmJo H$s ~mV dh Zht OmZVm&''
B
bl
gm±n Zo H$hm, ""Eogm H$amo {H$ bH$‹S>r Eogr nVbr Am¡a b§~r H$mQ>mo, O¡gm
be T
_¢ h±ÿ&''
pu
XmoZm| XmoñVm| Zo nyN>m, ""BgHo$ ~mX {\$a Š`m H$aZm n‹S>oJm?''
K
gm±n Zo H$hm, ""AmJo H$s ~mV _¢ Zht OmZVm& _wPo aÎmr-^a nVm Zht&
©
XmoZm| XmoñV Am¡a AmJo ~‹T>o& amñVo _| g‹S>H$-{H$Zmao CÝh| EH$ ^¢g I‹S>r
{_br& ^¢g H$m ^¢gm _a J`m Wm& ^¢go H$m _m§g Xÿgao OmZda Im JE Wo&
Imbr n§Oa n‹S>m Wm& ^¢g CgrHo$ nmg I‹S>r Xþ…I _Zm ahr Wr& XmoZm| XmoñV
^¢g Ho$ gm_Zo nh±þMo& Cgo Z_ñH$ma {H$`m Am¡a ~mobo, ""^¢g ~hZ, h_ bmoJ
_H$mZ ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢& Amn ~Vm gH$Vr h¢ {H$ H¡$go ~Zm`m OmE? hmWr
to
Zo ~Vm`m {H$ BVZo _moQ>o Am¡a _O~yV Jmobo no‹S>m| go H$mQ> bmo {OVZo CgHo$ n¡a
h¢& gm±n Zo H$hm {H$ Eogr b§~r Am¡a nVbr bH${‹S>`m± H$mQ> bmo, O¡gm dh IwX
t
h¡& BgHo$ AmJo H$s ~mV Z hmWr ~Vm nm`m, Z gm±n& ~oMmao XmoZm| H$mo aÎmr-
No
^a nVm Zht&''
^¢g Zo XmoZm| XmoñVm| H$mo AnZo ^¢go H$m n§Oa {XIm`m& ~mobr, ""O¡go Bg
n§Oa _| Mma n¡am| na h{È>`m± n‹S>r h¢, Cgr Vah Mma _moQ>o Jmobo µO_rZ _|
Jm‹S>H$a CZ na nVbr Am¡a b§~r bH${‹S>`m| go N>ßna H$m n§Oa ~Zm bmo&''
87
XmoZm| Zo nyN>m, ""BgHo$ ~mX Š`m H$aZm hmoJm?''
^¢g Zo CÎma {X`m, ""AmJo H$s ~mV _¢ Zht OmZVr& _wPo aÎmr-^a nVm
Zht&''
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
V~ XmoZm| XmoñV AmJo ~‹T>o& amñVo _| EH$ Vmbm~ {_bm& Vmbm~ _| EH$
~hþV ~‹S>r _N>br V¡a ahr Wr& XmoZm| XmoñV dht R>ha JE& {\$a XmoZm| Zo _N>br
Ho$ nmg OmH$a Z_ñH$ma {H$`m Am¡a ~mobo, ""h_ bmoJ _H$mZ ~ZmZm MmhVo
h¢& hmWr H$hVm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ n¡am| O¡go _moQ>o Am¡a _O~yV bH$‹S>r Ho$ Jmobo no‹S>m|
to
go H$mQ> bmo& gm±n Zo ~Vm`m {H$ O¡gm dh h¡, d¡gr nVbr Am¡a b§~r bH${‹S>`m±
H$mQ> bmo& ^¢g Zo `h {XIbm {X`m {H$ BZ XmoZm| {H$ñ_ H$s bH${‹S>`m| H$mo H¡$go
t
O_m`m OmE& BgHo$ AmJo H$s ~mV CZ bmoJm| _| go {H$gr H$mo nVm Zht& H$moB©
No
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
to
h¡ Vmo _wJu Zo Cgo gw~h OëXr CR>Zo H$s grI Xr h¡& Bgr àH$ma {d{^Þ
new-n{j`m| H$s Üd{Z`m| H$m AZwH$aU H$aVo-H$aVo CgZo AnZr ^mfm H$mo
g_¥Õ ~Zm`m h¡& àñVwV H$hmZr _| `hr {XIm`m J`m h¡ {H$ BÝgmZ Zo _H$mZ
~ZmZm ^r new-àm{U`m| go grIm& CgH$m gab {Zê$nU Bg H$hmZr _| {H$`m
J`m h¡&
89
bo{IH$m n[aM` : S>m°. {dO`m Jwám
S>m.° {dO`m Jwám Or H$m OÝ_ 21 {Xg§~a gZ² 1946 H$mo hþAm& AmnZo bmB~«ao r
gmB§g _| ñZmVH$moÎma VWm nrEM.S>r H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s h¡& Hw$éjoÌ
{díd{dX²`mb` _| qhXr àmÜ`mnH$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Jm§Yr ZoeZb
å`y{g`_ VWm {Xëbr {díd{dX²`mb` _| bmB~«[o a`Z H$m H$m_ {H$`m h¡& godm go
{Zd¥Îm hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Amn boIZ H$m`© _| ì`ñV h¢&
d
AmnH$s àH$m{eV nwñVH|$ h¢ - h_mao ~hmXþa ~ÀMo (gyMZm Am¡a àgmaU _§Ìmb`),
he
XmoñVr {H$Vm~m| go (Children's Literature and Reading Habbit), ~mb H$hmZr g§Jh« ,
Xþ{Z`m _| nhbm _H$mZ, Q>obr\$moZ H$s _aå_V, \$sg H$s {Oå_oXmar, ~w{X²Y_mZ
is
re S
Ý`m`mYre Am{X&
B
bl
eãXmW© :
be T
_H$mZ - Ka, J¥h ; aÎmr - WmoS‹ >m , IwX - ñd`§ , hÈ>r - ªÀÄƼÉ, Bone;
pu
_wpíH$b - H$ï> , V` H$aZm - {ZíM` H$aZm , _O~yV - Ñ‹T> , Jm‹S>Zm -
K
JS²>‹T>m ImoXH$a Cg_| H$moB© dñVw aIH$a {_Å>r go T>H$Zm , nVbr - Xþ~br, Omo
©
_moQ>m Z hmo ; Vmbm~ - gamoda , {H$ñ_ - àH$ma, ^m±{V, T>J§ , VO©; VarH$m
- ar{V, T>J§ ; Jmobo - d¥Îm, JmobmH¥${V&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
to
90
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. bm{b_ Am¡a qH$Mm bmbrXm_ O§Jb H$s Amoa Š`m| Mb n‹S>o?
2. XmoñVm| Zo hmWr Ho$ gmW {H$gH$s MMm© H$s?
3. hmWr Zo XmoñVm| H$mo Š`m CÎma {X`m?
4. XmoñVm| Zo {H$Z-{H$Z OmZdam| go _wbmH$mV H$s?
d
he
III. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. gm±n Zo XmoñVm| H$mo Š`m gwPmd {X`m?
is
re S
2. ^¢g Ho$ n§Oa go XmoñVm| H$mo Š`m OmZH$mar {_br?
B
bl
3. _N>br Zo XmoñVm| Ho$ àíZ H$m Š`m Odm~ {X`m?
be T
pu
IV. AZwê$nVm:
K
2. Jw\$m - 7. bH$‹S>r -
No
91
VI. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE:
1. AmX_r - 4. eoa -
2. hmWr - 5. _moa -
3. ^¢g - 6. ~hZ -
d
VII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
he
1. ~hþV × 6. _O~yV ×
is
re S
2. {XZ
B
× 7. b§~r ×
3. ZrMo
bl × 8. nmg ×
be T
pu
K
4. _wpíH$b × 9. XmoñV ×
©
1. Vmbm~ n¡a
2. hmWr _N>br
t
No
3. ^¢g Am{Xdmgr
4. nhbm h{È>`m±
5. qgJ\$mo _H$mZ
92
IX. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:
d
he
4. ^¢g ~hZ, h_ bmoJ ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢&
is
re S B
bl
1. _H$mZ 2. no‹S> 3. XmoñV 4. ^|Q>
be T
pu
XI. àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE:
K
1. ~ZZm - 4. grIZm -
©
2. {JaZm - 5. H$aZm -
3. bJZm - 6. R>haZm -
XII. ghr eãX MwZH$a {b{IE :
to
1. hmWr 3. ^¢g
No
2. gm±n 4. _N>br
5. njr 6. ~¡bJm‹S>r
93
XIII. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:
1. ^¢g Zo XmoñVm| H$mo n§Oa {XIm`m&
2. gm±n Zo H$hm, "AmJo H$s ~mV _¢ Zht OmZVm&'
3. hmWr ~mobm, "Bg_| Š`m H${R>ZmB© h¡?'
d
4. Vmbm~ _| EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>r _N>br V¡a ahr Wr&
he
nmR> go AmJo -
is
I. nmbVy Am¡a O§Jbr OmZdmam| H$s gyMr V¡`ma H$s{OE:
re S B
bl
nmbVy OmZda O§Jbr OmZda
be T
pu
1. 1.
K
©
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
to
5. 5.
t
6. 6.
No
7. 7.
8. 8.
94
II. ZrMo {bIo eãXm| Ho$ AmYma na {b{IE {H$ H$m¡Z Š`m H$m_ H$aVm
h¡? -
CXm : ~‹T>B© bH$‹S>r H$m H$m_
1. Hw$åhma
d
2. bwhma
he
3. gwZma
is
4.
re S Owbmhm
B
bl
5. XyH$mZXma
be T
6. hbdmB©
pu
K
7. S>m°ŠQ>a
©
8. AÜ`mnH$
9. g¡{ZH$
10. {H$gmZ
t to
No
95
11. g_` H$s nhMmZ
-{g`mam_eaU Jwá
g_` ~hþV AZ_mob h¡& CgH$m _hËd YZ go ^r Á`mXm h¡& Bg H${dVm Ûmam
N>mÌ g_` H$s _hÎmm g_P|Jo&
d
g_` Zï> H$a H$ht gm¡»` H$moB© ^r nmVm&
he
Ambg hr `h H$am ahm h¡ g^r ~hmZo,
is
re S
Omo H$aZm h¡, H$amo A^r, H$b hmo Š`m OmZo?
B
bl
nm gH$Vo {\$a Zht H$^r Vw_ BgH$mo ImoHo$
be T
pu
Mmhmo Vw_ Š`m| Zht MH«$dVu ^r hmoHo$&
K
d
H${d n[aM`:
he
H${d {g`mam_eaU Jwá H$m OÝ_ 4 {gV§~a 1895 H$mo
_Ü`àXoe Ho$ Pm±gr Ho$ {MaJm±d _| hþAm Wm& {nVm H$m Zm_
is
re S
goR> am_MaU H$ZH$Zo Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ H$m¡eë`m ~mB© Wm&
B
bl
`o qhXr Ho$ amï´>H${d _¡{WbreaU Jwá Ho$ AZwO Wo& àma§{^H$
be T
pu
{ejm Ho$ ~mX Ka na hr CÝhm|Zo JwOamVr, A§J«oµOr VWm CXÿ©
K
^mfm grIr& 1929 _| _hË_m Jm§YrOr Ho$ g§nH©$ _| AmH$a dYm© _| aho& CZH$s
©
eãXmW© :
CX²`moJr - n[al_r, _ohZVr; gm¡»`-gwI , Ambg - Ambñ`, H$m_Mmoar ;
t
No
~hmZm - ~mV Q>mbZm, Zm_ _mÌ H$m H$maU ; Ðì`-YZ, nXmW©, gm_J«r;
AZwn_ - AZmoIm, ~oOmo‹S>, Cn_m{dhrZ ; VwÀN>-N>moQ>m, jwÐ, {Zñgma, Aën;
nb-jU, {MÎm-_Z, Ü`mZ, A§V…H$aU ; {dídmg-^amogm, `H$sZ; gwg_` -
AÀN>m g_`, CÎm_ Adga; ImoZm - J±dmZm, gd©Wm - gXm, h_oem&
97
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. H${d Ho$ AZwgma _Zwî` H$mo gwI H$~ Zht {_bVm?
2. ~hmZo ~ZmZo H$m à_wI H$maU Š`m h¡?
3. g_` {H$gH$m {X`m hþAm AZwn_ YZ h¡?
d
4. H${d {H$g na {dídmg H$aZo H$mo H$hVo h¢?
he
5. g_` Ho$ ImoZo go Š`m hmoVm h¡?
is
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
re S
1. _Zwî` H$o$ {bE gwI H$s àm[á H$~ g§^d h¡?
B
bl
2. g_` H$m gXþn`moJ H¡$go H$aZm Mm{hE?
be T
pu
3. H${dVm H$s A§{V_ Mma n§{ŠV`m| _| H${d Š`m H$hZm MmhVo h¢?
K
III. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| _| go ghr eãX MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V©
©
H$s{OE :
(gd©Wm, MH«$dVu, H$amo A^r, ew^)
1. Omo H$aZm h¡, , H$b hmo Š`m OmZo?
2. Mmhmo Vw_ Š`m| Zhr§ ^r hmoHo$&
to
AZwê$nVm :
No
IV.
1. Ambg : n[al_ :: Zï> :
2. OmZmo : _mZmo :: bJm Xmo :
3. YZ : {ZY©Z :: {X`m :
4. OrdZ : _aU :: ImoZm :
98
V. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
1. CX²`moJr gwI
2. Ambg AZwn_ YZ
3. OrdZ g_Vm
4. g_` ~hmZm
d
5. Ðì` nb-nb
he
gwg_`
is
VI. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE :
re S B
bl
CXm : OmVm - nmVm
be T
1. ~hmZo -
pu
K
2. g_Vm -
©
3. YZ -
4. bJm Xmo -
5. OmZmo -
6. nmAmoJo -
to
1. MH$adaVr -
No
2. MtVm -
3. ZíQ> -
4. Abmg -
99
5. gadWm -
6. g`_ -
d
1. nwÌ -
he
2. \$b -
is
3. _Z
re S -
B
bl
4. `mo½` -
be T
5. `e -
pu
K
6. ZmX -
©
7. _{V -
IX. g_` Ho$ _hËd go g§~§{YV {ZåZ{b{IV Xmohm Am¡a H${dVmAm| H$mo n{‹T>E
Am¡a {b{IE& H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE :
1. H$mb H$a¡ gmo AmO H$a, AmO H$a¡ gmo A~,
to
100
3. Omo AmO H$aZm gmo A~ H$a bo&
4. O~ {M{‹S>`m MwJ J`r IoV,
V~ nN>Vm`o Š`m hmoVm h¡&
X. AnZo AÜ`mnH$ H$s ghm`Vm go Bgo nyU© H$s{OE :
d
EH$ nha = K§Q>o
he
EH$ {XZ = K§Q>o
EH$ gámh = {XZ
is
re S
EH$ nj
B
= {XZ
bl
EH$ _mg = {XZ
be T
pu
K
XI. Vm{bH$m _| _hrZm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE Am¡a 30 {XZ AmZodmbo _hrZm| _| ham
a§J, 31 AmZodmbo _hrZm| _| nrbm a§J, 28/29 AmZodmbo _hrZo _| bmb a§J
^[aE :
t to
No
nmR> go AmJo -
"g_` H$m _hËd' {df` na Xg dmŠ`m| H$m EH$ {Z~§Y {b{IE&
101
12. amo~moQ>
-S>m°. àXrn _wImonmÜ`m` "AmbmoH$'
N>mÌm| H$mo Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam g_Pm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ _erZ H$^r ^r _Zwî` H$m
ñWmZ Zht bo gH$Vm Am¡a _Zwî` H$m _hËd H$^r H$_ Zht hmo gH$Vm&
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
dfm] go gŠgoZm n[adma _| H$m_ H$a ahm Wm gmYmoam_& AMmZH$ EH$ {XZ
MbVr ~g go {JaH$a Cgo IVaZmH$ MmoQ> Am JB©& Cgo AñnVmb _| ^Vu H$amZm
n‹S>m& gŠgoZm n[adma ~‹S>m Wm& ~oQ>o-~o{Q>`m|, ZmVr-nmoVm| go Ka _| h_oem am¡ZH$
Am¡a Mhb-nhb ~Zr ahVr& gmYmoam_ Ho$ AñnVmb nhþ±M OmZo go g^r H$s
VH$br\|$ ~‹T> JBª& YraO gŠgoZm go n[admadmbm| H$m `h Xþ…I Zht XoIm J`m&
to
V^r n[adma Ho$ _w{I`m Ho$ ZmVo CÝhm|Zo H$moB© \¡$gbm {H$`m& Bg \¡$gbo Ho$ VhV
AJbo amoµO do "amo~moQ>mo{ZŠg H$m°anmoaoeZ' Ho$ H$m`m©b` Om nhþ±Mo&
t
No
df© 2030 Ho$ Zd§~a H$m _hrZm Wm& XâVa A^r Iwbm hr Wm& EH$ amo~moQ>
d¡Š`y_ ŠbrZa go XâVa Ho$ \$e© H$mo gm\$ H$a ahm Wm& H§$ß`yQ>a{dX² H¥${Ì_
~w{Õ (Am{Q>©\$s{e`b B§Q>¡brO|g) H$m g_mdoe amo~moQ> _| H$aZo _| g\$b hmo JE
Wo& Hw$N> amo~moQ>m| _| Vmo _mZdr` g§doXZm Ho$ JwU n¡Xm H$aZo _| ^r H§$ß`yQ>a{dXm|
Ed§ amo~mo{Q>H$s d¡km{ZH$m| H$mo g\$bVm {_br Wr&
102
H$mC§Q>a na ~¡R>o EH$ amo~moQ> Zo hr YraO gŠgoZm H$m ñdmJV {H$`m, "Or
lr_mZ²! _¢ AmnHo$ {bE Š`m H$a gH$Vm h±ÿ?' Odm~ _| YraO gŠgoZm ~mobo,
"_wPo Kaoby H$m_H$mO H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ ~w{Õ_mZ amo~moQ> H$s µOê$aV h¡&' `h
gwZH$a H$mC§Q>a na ~¡R>m amo~moQ> ~mobm, "bo{H$Z Kaoby H$m_H$mO Ho$ {bE ~w{Õ_mZ
amo~moQ> Š`m|? Amn gmYmaU amo~moQ> go ^r H$m_ Mbm gH$Vo h¢&'
"XaAgb _wPo ~w{Õ_mZ amo~moQ> Mm{hE& _oao ZmVr-nmoVm| H$m hmo_dH©$ H$amZo
d
Ho$ {bE Ed§ dS>© àmogoga na _oam H$m_ g±^mbZo Ho$ {bE ^r...&'
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
"R>rH$ h¡, O¡gr AmnH$s _Ou& O~ Amn µÁ`mXm H$s_V MwH$mH$a ~w{Õ_mZ
amo~moQ> H$s godmE± boZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hr h¢ Vmo h_| ^bm Š`m EVamO hmo
gH$Vm h¡&''
to
Cg {XZ Xmonha H$mo hr H§$nZr H$m EH$ H$m{_©H$, Omo EH$ amo~moQ> hr Wm,
gŠgoZm n[adma _| H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE amo~mo{Zb H$mo N>mo‹S> J`m& {Og amo~moQ>
H$m Am°S>©a YraO gŠgoZm Zo {X`m Wm CgrH$m Zm_ amo~mo{Zb Wm&
amo~mo{Zb Ho$ Ka _| Am OmZo go g^r Zo amhV H$s gm±g br& gw~h ZmíVm
H$amZo, _oh_mZm| Ho$ ñdmJV _| Ûma ImobZo, Ka Ho$ N>moQ>o ~ÀMm| H$mo H$hm{Z`m±
103
gwZmZo, ~ÀMm| H$mo hmo_dH©$ _| _XX H$aZo VWm YraO gŠgoZm Ho$ dS>© àmogoga
na H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ Abmdm em_ H$mo dh n[adma Ho$ nmbVy Hw$Îmo eoê$ H$mo Kw_mZo
H$m H$m_ ^r nyar _wñV¡Xr Ho$ gmW H$aZo bJm Wm&
amo~mo{Zb amoµO em_ H$mo eoê$ H$mo Q>hbmZo Ho$ {bE bo OmVm Wm& Eogo _|
EH$ {XZ CgH$s _wbmH$mV amo~moXrn go hmo JB©& amo~moXrn Cgr _mohëbo _| ahZo
dmbo e_m© n[adma Ho$ Hw$Îmo P~ê$ H$mo Kw_mZo Am`m H$aVm Wm& XmoZm| amo~moQ>m|
d
Ho$ ~rM XmoñVr hþB© Vmo eoê$ Am¡a P~ê$ ^r Amng _| {hb-{_b JE&
he
amo~mo{Zb H$s Vah amo~moXrn ^r EH$ ~w{Õ_mZ amo~moQ> Wm& ~mVm|-~mVm| _|
EH$ {XZ amo~moXrn Zo amo~mo{Zb H$mo ~Vm`m, "OmZVo hmo amo~mo{Zb, Vwåhmao AmZo
is
re S
go nhbo gŠgoZm n[adma _| H$m¡Z H$m_ H$aVm Wm?'
B
bl
be T
pu
K
t ©
to
amo~mo{Zb H$mo Bg ~mao _| Hw$N> nVm Zht Wm& dh ~mobm, "Zht Vmo, _wPo
No
d
gwZH$a amo~mo{Zb Mm¢H$ J`m& ~mobm, "Š`m H$hm Vw_Zo! do bmoJ gmYmoam_
he
H$s Nw>Å>r H$aZodmbo h¢! na Š`m|?'
"Bg{bE {H$ Vw_ CÝh| ~hþV ^m JE hmo& ~y‹T>o gmYmoam_ H$mo Wmo‹S>m _wAmdµOm
is
re S
XoH$a do CgH$mo$ Jm±d {^Odm X|Jo&'
B
bl
"_Ja amo~moXrn, `h Vmo amo~mo{Q>H$s Ho$ {Z`_ Ho$ {déÕ h¡& H$moB© amo~moQ>
be T
pu
{H$gr B§gmZ H$mo H¡$go ZwH$gmZ nhþ±Mm gH$Vm h¡! `h Vmo gmYmoam_ Ho$ noQ> na
K
amo~mo{Zb H$s ~mV gwZH$a amo~moXrn ~mobm, "d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ {dkmZ boIH$
AmBµOH$ Am{g_mod Ho$ amo~mo{Q>H$s Ho$ {Z`_ Ho$ {Ibm\$ Vmo `h h¡ hr {H$ H$moB©
amo~moQ> {H$gr B§gmZ Ho$ ZwH$gmZ H$m H$maU ~Zo, gmW-gmW _mZdr` ZµO[a`o go
^r `h JbV h¡ {H$ h_mao H$maU {H$gr ^r B§gmZ H$s Zm¡H$ar H$mo IVam nhþM± &o '
to
XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM Hw$N> Jwá _§ÌUm hþB©& {\$a XmoZm| AnZo-AnZo nmbVy Hw$Îmm|
Ho$ gmW AnZo _m{bH$m| Ho$ Ka bm¡Q> JE&
t
hm{µOa hþE& H§$nZr Ho$ _m{bH$ amo~moOrV go CÝhm|Zo ^|Q> H$s& gmar ~mV| {dñVma
go g_PmBª& gwZH$a amo~moOrV ~mobm, "_Ja _¢ Š`m H$ê±$! _¢ Vmo AZw~§Y H$s
eVm] go ~±Ym h±ÿ& ì`mnma _| AJa _¢ {Z`_ H$mo XoIZo bJ±y Vmo H$a {b`m _¢Zo
Y§Ym& _¢ Vw_ bm|Jm| H$s H$moB© _XX Zht H$a gH$Vm&'
105
amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn Zo ~hþV g_PmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s& amo~moOrV Q>g
go _g Zht hþAm& Cgo Am{g_mod Ho$ {Z`_m| go ~‹T>H$a Y§Yo H$s qMVm Wr&
{Zame hmoH$a XmoZm| dmng bm¡Q> AmE&
Hw$N> {XZ Am¡a JwµOa JE& gŠgoZm n[adma amo~mo{Zb H$mo nmH$a \y$bm Zht
g_m ahm Wm& na amo~mo{Zb gmYmoam_ Ho$ H$maU ~hþV qM{VV Wm& CgHo$ H$maU
gmYmoam_ H$s Zm¡H$ar H$mo Am±M AmE, `h Cgo {H$gr ^r gyaV _| _§Oya Zht
d
Wm& amo~mo{Zb gmoMVm {H$ B§gmZ AnZo ñdmW© Am¡a bmbM Ho$ VhV {Z`_ Am¡a
he
H$mZyZm| H$mo A±JyR>m {XIm XoVm h¡, na bJVm h¡, amo~moQ>m| _| ^r A~ dhr H$_r
n¡Xm hmo JB© h¡&
is
re S
Cgr amV amo~mo{Zb H$mo YraO gŠgoZm Zo EH$ {dkmZ H$Wm dS>© àmogoga
B
bl
na Q>mBn H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xr& H$Wm g§jon _| Bg àH$ma Wr- EH$ Ka _| Zm¡H$a
be T
H$mo, Omo {H$gr OmZbodm ~r_mar go nr{‹S>V Wm, {ZH$mbH$a CgH$s OJh na
pu
K
EH$ amo~moQ> H$mo aI {X`m OmVm h¡& {H$gr Vah amo~moQ> H$mo Bg ~mV H$s
OmZH$mar {_b OmVr h¡ Vmo dh "amo~mo{Q>H$ g§K' go g§nH©$ gmYH$a g§K H$mo
©
gmar ~mVm| go AdJV H$amVm h¡& g§K amo~moQ>m| H$s h‹S>Vmb H$s KmofUm H$a XoVm
h¡& A§VV… g_Pm¡Vm Bg ~mV na hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cg Zm¡H$a H$mo Ka _| {\$a
go aI {b`m OmEJm&
H$hmZr Q>mBn H$aHo$ amo~mo{Zb H$s YmpËdH$ Am¡a Vmam| ^ao n[an§Wdmbr
to
~mV| gwZH$a AÜ`j Zo g§K H$s H$m`©H$m[aUr H$s AmnmVH$mbrZ ~¡R>H$ ~wbmB©&
No
~¡R>H$ _| V` hþAm {H$ g^r amo~mo{Q>H$ H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ H$m_ H$aZodmbo amo~moQ>m| H$s
h‹S>Vmb H$m Amh²dmZ H$a {X`m OmE&
amo~mo{Q>H$ H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ _m{bH$m| Ho$ ~rM Bg Amh²dmZ go hbMb _M JB©&
CÝhm|Zo amo~moOrV na gŠgoZm n[adma Ho$ gmW hþE AZw~§Y H$mo Vwa§V aX²X H$a
106
XoZo H$m X~md S>mbm& amo~moOrV AHo$bm n‹S> J`m& _O~yaZ Cgo YraO gŠgoZm
Ho$ gmW AnZo AZw~§Y H$mo Vwa§V aX²X H$aHo$ amo~mo{Zb H$mo dmng ~wbmZo H$s
~mV _mZZr n‹S>r&
YraO gŠgoZm H$mo O~ `h g~ nVm Mbm Vmo CZHo$ hmWm| Ho$ VmoVo C‹S>
JE& `h gM Wm {H$ CÝhm|Zo gmYmoam_ H$mo Zm¡H$ar go {ZH$mbZo H$m \¡$gbm
H$a {b`m Wm, na ~Xbo hþE hmbmV _| CÝh| _O~ya hmoH$a "amo~mo{Q>H$ g§K'
d
Ho$ AÜ`j Ho$ nmg OmH$a `h JwOm[ae H$aZr n‹S>r {H$ O~ VH$ gmYmoam_ nyar
he
Vah go R>rH$ Zht hmo OmVm h¡, V~ VH$ amo~mo{Zb CgHo$ nmg H$m_ H$aVm
ahoJm& gmYmoam_ Ho$ R>rH$ hmoVo hr dh Cgo Xmo~mam H$m_ na aI b|Jo& g§K
H$mo `h ~mV _mZZo _| H$moB© Amn{Îm Zht Wr&
is
re S
em_ H$mo amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn {_bo& amo~moXrn ~mobm, "_wPo Iwer h¡
B
bl
{H$ h_mao H$maU {H$gr B§gmZ H$mo ZwH$gmZ Zht PobZm hmoJm&'
be T
pu
*******
K
Iwe hmoVm h¡ {H$ CZgo B§gmZm| H$mo H$moB© ZwH$gmZ Zht PobZm hmoJm&
eãXmW© :
t
g§~§Y go, VhV - A§VJ©V , d¡Š`y_ ŠbrZa - g\$mB© H$aZo H$m EH$ _erZ,
g_mdoe - em{_b H$aZm, EVamµO - Amn{Îm, Xmof {ZH$mbZm; ZãµO - Zm‹S>r,
nma§JV-{ZnwU , H$m{_©H$ - H$_©Mmar, _wñV¡Xr - VËnaVm, _wAmdµOm - hµOm©Zm,
{H$gr H$m`© `m hm{Z Ho$ ~Xbo _| {X`m J`m YZ; ZµO[a`m - gmoMZo H$m VarH$m,
107
_§ÌUm - {dMma-{d_e©, gbmh ; AZw~§Y - {b{IV g_Pm¡Vm, Contract; gyaV
- eŠb, Moham; _§Oya - ñdrH$ma , g§nH©$ - _ob, g§`moJ ; AdJV - OmZm
hþAm, YmpËdH$ - YmVw go ~Zm, YmVw g§~§Yr; n[an§W-dh Omo amñVm amoHo$ hþE
hmo, `H$m`H$ - AMmZH$, EH$mEH$; AmnmVH$mbrZ - g§H$Q> H$mb H$m, Amh²dmZ
- nwH$maZm, ~wbmZm&
Aä`mg
d
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
he
1. dfm] go gŠgoZm Ho$ n[adma _| H$m¡Z H$m_ H$a ahm Wm?
is
2. YraO gŠgoZm {H$g H$m`m©b` _| Om nhþ±Mo?
re S
3. EH$ amo~moQ> d¡Š`y_ ŠbrZa go Š`m gm\$ H$a ahm Wm?
B
bl
4. amo~mo{Zb H$s _wbmH$mV {H$ggo hþB©?
be T
pu
5. e_m© n[adma Ho$ Hw$Îmo H$m Zm_ {b{IE&
K
108
3. {dkmZ H$Wm H$m gma {b{IE&
4. amo~mo{Q>H$ H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ _m{bH$m| Ho$ ~rM hbMb Š`m| _M JB©?
IV. {ZåZ{b{IV H$maH$m| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE :
(H$m, Ho$, _|, go, H$s)
1. df© 2030 Zd§~a H$m _hrZm Wm&
d
2. Amn gmYmaU amo~moQ> ^r H$m_ Mbm gH$Vo h¢&
he
3. amo~mo{Zb Ka _| Am OmZo go g^r Zo amhV H$s gm±g br&
4. amo~moQ>m| h‹S>Vmb H$s KmofUm hþB© &
is
re S
5. g§K H$mo `h ~mV _mZZo
B
H$moB© Amn{Îm Zht Wr&
V.
bl
Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
be T
pu
A ~
K
amo~mo{Zb H$mo
VI. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :
t
No
1. ~oQ>m - 5. ~o{Q>`m± -
2. ZmVr - 6. nmoVm -
3. Hw$Îmm - 7. H§$n{Z`m± -
4. Nw>Å>r - 8. Zm¡H$[a`m± -
109
VII. AZwê$nVm :
1. eoê$ H$mo Q>hbmZm : amo~mo{Zb :: P~ê$ H$mo$ Kw_mZm :
2. _w{I`m : YraO gŠgoZm :: godH$ :
3. Q>g go _g Z hmoZm : AQ>b ahZm :: \y$bo Z g_mZm :
^mfm kmZ
d
he
_whmdao:
Omo dmŠ`m§e AnZo gm_mÝ` AW© H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {H$gr {deof AW© H$mo àH$Q>
is
H$aVm h¡, dh _whmdam H$hbmVm h¡&
re S
CXmhaU : Am±Io§ MwamZm - AnZo Amn H$mo {N>nmZm
B
bl Am±I§o {XImZm - Y_H$mZm, S>amZm, Jwñgm H$aZm
be T
pu
AŠb H$m A§Ym - _yI©
K
110
II. _whmdam| H$m AW© {bIH$a dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
1. Am±I IwbZm -
2. B©X H$m Mm±X hmoZm -
3. H$mZ I‹S>o hmoZm -
d
4. hdm go ~mV| H$aZm -
he
5. ~mV H$m YZr -
is
III. _whmdam| H$mo ghr AW© Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
re S B
bl
1. amhV H$s gm±g boZm - {dM{bV Z hmoZm
be T
2. noQ> na bmV _maZm - M¡Z H$s gm±g boZm/Vgëbr H$aZm
pu
K
(gm±g amoHo$ hþE, Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmo OmZm, Jwñgm hdm hmo OmZm, qMJm[a`m±
gwbJZm, Xm±Vm| Vbo C±Jbr X~mZm, ^yMmb Am OmZm)
1. _mñQ>a gmh~ H$s Am±Im| _| ahr Wt&
111
2. _m{bH$ H$mo XoIH$a S´>mBda H$m hmo J`m&
3. AnZo gm_Zo eoa H$mo XoI _¢ H$m\$s Xoa VH$ I‹S>m ahm&
4. AÜ`m{nH$m H$s AZwnpñW{V _| ~ÀMm| Zo H$jm _| BVZm emoa _Mm aIm
Wm, Eogm bJ ahm Wm, _mZmo H$jm _| hmo&
5. EH$ ì`{ŠV H$mo AnZo _w±h go Q´>H$ ItMVo XoI h_ X~mH$a
d
ah JE&
he
6. {~ëbr H$mo gm_Zo go AmVm XoI Myhm hmo J`m&
is
re S
nmR>> go AmJo -
B
bl
amo~moQ> EH$ _erZ h¡, na Cg_| _mZdVm H$m ^md ^am hþAm h¡&
be T
_mZd ^r Bg àH$ma H$s _mZdVm H$m ^md H$hm± Am¡a H¡$go àH$Q> H$a
pu
gH$Vm h¡ - BgHo$ ~mao _| MMm© H$s{OE&
K
t ©
to
No
112
13. _{hbm H$s gmhgJmWm
-g§H${bV
Bg boI X²dmam N>mÌ `h OmZH$mar àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢ {H$ _{hbmE± ^r gmhg àXe©Z
_| nwéfm| go Hw$N> H$_ Zht h¢& {~N>Ð| r nmb Bg {dMma H$m EH$ {ZXe©Z h¡& Eogr
_hrbmAm| go àoaUm nmH$a N>mÌ gmhgr ^md AnZm gH$Vo h¢&
d
nhbr _{hbm EdaoñQ> {dOoVm {~N>|Ðr nmb H$mo
he
EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na M‹T>Zodmbr nhbr ^maVr`
_{hbm hmoZo H$m Jm¡ad àmá h¡& {~N>|Ðr H$m OÝ_
is
re S
EH$ gmYmaU ^maVr` n[adma _| hþAm Wm& {nVm
B
bl
{H$eZnmb qgh Am¡a _m± h§gmXoB© ZoJr H$s nm±M
g§VmZm| _| `h Vrgar g§VmZ h¢& {~N>|Ðr Ho$ ~‹S>o
be T
pu
^mB© H$mo nhm‹S>mo§ na OmZm AÀN>m bJVm Wm& ^mB©
K
Wm& ~mX _| nd©VmamohU-à{ejU Ho$ Xm¡amZ CZH$m H$R>moa n[al_ ~hþV H$m_
Am`m& {gbmB© H$m H$m_ grI {b`m Am¡a {gbmB© H$aHo$ n‹T>mB© H$m IM© OwQ>mZo
t
bJr§& Bg Vah CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V _| E_.E VWm ~r.ES> VH$ H$s {ejm àmá H$s&
No
n‹T>mB© Ho$ gmW-gmW {~N>|Ðr Zo nhm‹S> na M‹T>Zo Ho$ AnZo bú` H$mo ^r h_oem
AnZo gm_Zo aIm& Bgr Xm¡amZ CÝhmo§Zo Zo "H$mbmZmJ' nd©V H$s M‹T>mB© H$s& gZ²
1982 _| CÝhm|Zo "J§JmoÌr ½bo{e`a'(6672 _r) VWm "ê$S> Joamo'
(5819 _r) H$s M‹T>mB© H$s {Oggo CZ_| AmË_{dídmg Am¡a ~‹T>m&
113
AJñV 1983 _| O~ {Xëbr _| {h_mb` nd©Vmamo{h`m| H$m gå_obZ hþAm V~
do nhbr ~ma VoZqOJ ZmoJ} (EdaoñQ> na M‹T>Zodmbo nhbo nwéf) VWm Ow§Ho$ Vm~r
(EdaoñQ> na M‹T>Zodmbr nhbr _{hbm) go {_br§& V~ CÝhm|Zo g§H$ën {b`m {H$
do ^r CZH$s Vah EdaoñQ> na nhþ±Mo§Jr Am¡a dh {XZ ^r Am`m, O~ 23 _B©
1984 H$mo EdaoñQ> nhþ±MH$a ^maV H$m P§S>m \$ham {X`m& Cg g_` CZHo$ gmW
nd©Vmamohr A§J XmoaOr ^r Wo&
d
^maV H$s Bg _{hbm X²dmam {b{IV `h B{Vd¥Îmm§V ~hþV àoaUmXm`H$ VWm
he
amoMH$ h¡& Bg_| CÝhm|Zo Bg ~mV H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ {H$ do EdaoñQ> Ho$ {eIa
na H¡$go nhþ±Mr§ -
is
H$Z©b Iwëba Zo gmCW H$mob VH$ H$s M‹T>mB© Ho$ {bE VrZ {eIa Xbm|
re S
Ho$ Xmo g_yh ~Zm {XE& _¢ gw~h Mma ~Oo CR> JB©, ~\©$ {nKbmB© Am¡a Mm`
B
bl
~ZmB©& Hw$N> {~ñHw$Q> Am¡a AmYr Mm°H$boQ> H$m hëH$m ZmíVm H$aZo Ho$ níMmV²
be T
_¢ bJ^J gm‹T>o nm±M ~Oo AnZo V§~y go {ZH$b n‹S>r& A§J XmoaOr Zo _wPgo
pu
nyN>m Š`m _¢ CZHo$ gmW MbZm Mmh°±yJr& _wPo CZ na {dídmg Wm& gmW hr
K
gmW _¢ AnZr AmamohU j_Vm Am¡a H$_©R>Vm Ho$ ~mao _| ^r AmídñV Wr&
©
gw~h 6.20 na O~ A§J XmoaOr Am¡a _¢ gmCW H$mob go ~mha {ZH$bo Vmo
{XZ D$na M‹T> Am`m Wm& hëH$s-hëH$s hdm Mb ahr Wr Am¡a R>§S> ~hþV A{YH$
Wr& h_Zo ~J¡a añgr Ho$ hr M‹T>mB© H$s& A§J XmoaOr EH$ {ZpíMV J{V go
D$na M‹T>Vo JE& _wPo ^r CZHo$ gmW MbZo _| H$moB© H${R>ZmB© Zht hþB©& O_r
hþB© ~\©$ H$s grYr d T>bmD$ MQ²>Q>mZ| BVZr g»V Am¡a ^wa^war Wr§, _mZmo ereo
to
H$s MmXa {~N>r hmo& h_| ~\©$ H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE \$md‹S>o H$m BñVo_mb H$aZm n‹S>m&
Xmo K§Q>o go H$_ g_` _| hr h_ {eIa H¢$n na nhþ±M JE& A§J XmoaOr
t
Zo nrN>o _w‹S>H$a nyN>m, ""Š`m Vw_ WH$ JB© hmo?'' _¢Zo Odm~ {X`m, ""Zhr§''
No
`h gwZH$a do ~hþV A{YH$ AmíM`©M{H$V Am¡a AmZ§{XV hþE& Wmo‹S>r Mm` nrZo
Ho$ ~mX h_Zo nwZ… M‹T>mB© ewê$ H$a Xr& ëhmQy> EH$ Zm`bm°Z H$s añgr bm`m
Wm Bg{bE A§J XmoaOr Am¡a _¢ añgr Ho$ ghmao M‹T>o, O~{H$ ëhmQy> EH$ hmW
go añgr nH$‹S>o hþE ~rM _| Mbm& V^r ëhmQy> Zo Jm¡a {H$`m {H$ _¢ BZ D±$MmB©`m|
Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ Mma brQ>a Am°ŠgrOZ H$s Anojm bJ^J T>mB© brQ>a
114
Am°ŠgrOZ à{V {_ZQ> H$s Xa go boH$a M‹T>
ahr Wr& _oao aoJwboQ>a na O¡go hr CgZo
Am°ŠgrOZ H$s Amny{V© ~‹T>mB© _wPo H${R>Z M‹T>mB©
AmgmZ bJZo bJr&
X{jUr {eIa Ho$ D$na hdm H$s J{V ~‹T>
d
JB© Wr& Cg D±$MmB© na VoµO hdm Ho$ Pm|Ho$
^wa^wao ~\©$ Ho$ H$Um| H$mo Mmam| Va\$ C‹S>m aho
he
Wo {Oggo Hw$N> {XImB© Zht Xo ahm Wm& _¢Zo
is
XoIm {H$ Wmo‹S>r Xÿa VH$ H$moB© D±$Mr M‹T>mB© Zht
re S
h¡& T>bmZ EH$X_ grYr ZrMr Mbr JB© h¡&
B
bl
_oar gm±g _mZmo EH$X_ éH$ JB© Wr& _wPo bJm
be T
pu
{H$ g\$bVm ~hþV ZµOXrH$ h¡& 23 _B©, 1984
K
gwa{jV ê$n go pñWa {H$`m& BgHo$ ~mX _¢ AnZo KwQ>Zm| Ho$ ~b ~¡R>r& ~\©$ na
AnZo _mWo H$mo bJmH$a _¢Zo gmJa_mWo Ho$ VmO H$m Mw§~Z {H$`m& {~Zm CR>o hr
t
_¢Zo AnZo W¡bo go hZw_mZ Mmbrgm Am¡a XþJm© _m± H$m {MÌ {ZH$mbm& _¢Zo BÝh|
No
AnZo gmW bmE bmb H$n‹S>o _| bnoQ>m Am¡a N>moQ>r-gr nyOm H$aHo$ BZH$mo ~\©$ _|
X~m {X`m& CR>H$a _¢ AnZo aÁOw ZoVm A§J XmoaOr Ho$ à{V AmXa ^md go PwH$s&
CÝhm|Zo _wPo Jbo bJm`m& Hw$N> Xoa ~mX gmoZ_ nwbOa nhþ±Mo Am¡a CÝhm|Zo \$moQ>mo
{bE&
115
Bg g_` VH$ ëhmQy> Zo h_mao ZoVm H$mo EdaoñQ> na nh±þMZo H$s gyMZm Xo
Xr Wr& V~ _oao hmW _o§ dm°H$s-Q>m°H$s {X`m J`m& H$Z©b Iwëba Zo _wPo ~YmB©
Xr Am¡a ~mobo, ""Xoe H$mo Vw_ na Jd© h¡&'' h_Zo {eIa na 43 {_ZQ> ì`VrV
{H$E Am¡a AnZr dmngr `mÌm 1 ~OH$a 55 {_ZQ> na Ama§^ H$s& A§J XmoaOr
Am¡a _¢ gmCW H$mob na gm`§ nm±M ~Oo VH$ nhþ±M JE& g~Zo gmCW H$mob
go {eIa VH$ Am¡a dmng gmCW H$mob VH$ H$s `mÌm (MmoQ>r na éH$Zo g{hV)
d
nyao 10 K§Q>o 40 {_ZQ> Ho$ A§Xa nyar H$aZo na ~YmB© Xr& _¢ O~ V§~y _| Kwg
he
ahr Wr, _¢Zo _oOa Hw$_ma H$mo H$Z©b Iwëba go dm`ab¡g na ~mV H$aVo gwZm,
""Amn {dídmg H$a| `m Z H$a| lr_mZ, {~N>|Ðr nmb Ho$db VrZ K§Q>o _| hr
is
re S
dm{ng Am JB© h¡ Am¡a dh CVZr hr MwñV {XI ahr h¡ {OVZr dh AmO
B
bl
gw~h M‹T>mB© ewê$ H$aZo go nhbo Wr&''
be T
pu
_wPo nd©VmamohU _| loð>Vm Ho$ {bE ^maVr` nd©VmamohU g§K H$m à{V{ð>V
K
ñdU©-nXH$ VWm AÝ` AZoH$ gå_mZ Am¡a nwañH$ma àXmZ {H$E JE& nX²_lr
©
Am¡a à{V{ð>V AOw©Z nwañH$ma H$s KmofUm H$s JB©& g~Ho$ AmH$f©U Am¡a gå_mZ
H$m H|o$Ð hmoZm _wPo ~hþV AÀN>m bJm&
Bg Vah {~N>|Ðr H$mo EdaoñQ> na nh±þMZodmbr nhbr ^maVr` _{hbm hmoZo
H$m Jm¡ad àmá hþAm&
({~N>|Ðr nmb X²dmam {b{IV "EdaoñQ>-_oar {eIa `mÌm' na AmYm[aV>)
to
*******
t
116
eãXmW© :
MmoQ>r - {eIa, OµÁ~m - hm¡gbm, Xm¡amZ - Cg g_`, P§S>m - nVmH$m,
ÜdO; V§~y - em{_`mZm, AmamohU - M‹T>Zm, H$_©R>Vm - H$m_ H$aZo H$s e{ŠV
H$m ^md, ~J¡a - {~Zm, \$md‹S>m - IwXmB© H$m gmYZ, BñVo_mb - Cn`moJ,
ZµOXrH$ - nmg, aÁOw - añgr&
d
Aä`mg
he
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. {~N>|Ðr nmb H$mo H$m¡Z-gm Jm¡ad àmá hþAm h¡?
is
re S
2. {~N>|Ðr Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m¡Z Wo?
B
bl
3. {~N>|Ðr Zo Š`m {ZíM` {H$`m?
4. {~N>|Ðr Zo {H$g ½bo{e`a na M‹T>mB© H$s?
be T
pu
5. gZ² 1983 _| {Xëbr _| H$m¡Z-gm gå_obZ hþAm Wm?
K
6. EdaoñQ> na ^maV H$m P§S>m \$hamVo g_` nmb Ho$ gmW H$m¡Z Wo?
©
117
III. Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. {~N>|Ðr Zo nhm‹S> na M‹T>Zo H$s V¡`mar {H$g àH$ma H$s?
2. X{jUr {eIa na M‹T>Vo g_` {~N>|Ðr Ho$ AZw^d Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&
3. àñVwV nmR> go Š`m g§Xoe {_bVm h¡?
d
he
IV. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
A ~
is
re S
1. J§JmoÌr ½bo{e`a H$s M‹T>mB©
B
gZ² 1984
bl
2. nd©Vmamo{h`m| H$m gå_obZ gZ² 1985
be T
pu
K
gZ² 1983
118
VI. órqbJ eãX {b{IE :
nw{ëb§J órqbJ
1. ~mn -
2. nwéf -
3. ^mB© -
d
4. ~oQ>m -
he
5. lr_mZ -
is
VII.
re S
CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE :
B
bl
1. n‹T> + AmB© = n‹T>mB©
be T
pu
2. M‹T> + AmB© =
K
3. H${R>Z + AmB© =
©
4. D±$Mm + AmB© =
5. ~‹S> + AmB© =
1. MQ²>Q>mZ -
t
2. añgr -
No
3. erem -
4. MmoQ>r -
5. MmXa -
119
IX. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
1. AmamohU x
2. M‹T>Zm x
3. R>S§ >m x
d
4. n[al_ x
he
5. gm_Zo x
is
X. g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :
re S B
bl
CXm: nhm‹S> = {J[a nd©V
be T
MmoQ>r = ,
pu
K
gw~h = ,
©
_{hbm = ,
ZµOXrH = ,
XI. {ZåZ eãXm| _| {deofU VWm g§km eãXm| H$mo AbJ-AbJ H$s{OE :
eãX g§km {deofU
to
2. H$H©$e AmdmµO - ,
3. ~‹S>m gmYw - ,
4. R>§S>r hdm - ,
5. Zm`bm°Z añgr - ,
120
XII. AZoH$ eãX Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {X`o J`o h¢, T>±y‹T>H$a {b{IE :
CXm : Omo n‹T>m {bIm Z hmo - AZn‹T>
1. Ohm± nhþ±Mm Z Om gHo$ - _m{gH$
2. _mg _| EH$ ~ma AmZodmbm - gÀM[aÌ
3. Omo H$^r Z _ao - Ajå`
A_a
d
4. AÀN>o M[aÌdmbm - dZMa
he
5. Omo Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo hmo - nmíMmË`
6. Omo pñWa aho - àË`j
ñWmB©
is
re S
7. {Ogo j_m Z {H$`m Om gHo$ -
B
XþJ©_
bl
8. Omo dZ _| Ky_Vm hmo - H¥$Vk
be T
9. {OgH$m g§~§Y npíM_ go hmo -
pu
K
n[a`moOZm : gmhgr$ _{hbmAm| Ho$ Zm_ VWm joÌ H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&
nmR>> go AmJo -
AnZo {H$gr XmoñV H$s AWdm AnZr hr H$moB© gmhg JmWm H$jm _| gwZmBE&
121
14. gya-í`m_
- gyaXmg
àñVwV nX _| H${d gyaXmg Zo H¥$îU H$s ~mb-brbm H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE CgHo$
ñd^md, ^mobonZ Ed§ _mVm `emoXm Ho$ dmËgë` H$m gw§Xa {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
_mohZ H$mo _wI [ag g_oV b{I, Ogw_{V gw{Z gw{Z arP¡Ÿ&&
gwZhþ H$mÝh ~b^Ð M~mB©, OZ_V hr H$mo YyVŸ&
"gya' ñ`m_ _mo{h§ JmoYZ H$s gm¢, hm¢ _mVm Vy nyVŸ&&
*******
122
nX H$m Ame` :
~ÀMo ñd^md go ^mobo hmoVo h¢& do h_oem AnZo _mVm-{nVm go AnZo
^mB©, ~hZ Am¡a {_Ìm| H$s Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N> {eH$m`V H$aVo ahVo h¢& CZH$m
~mb ghO ñd^md XoIH$a ~‹S>m| H$mo h±gr AmVr h¡ Am¡a CÝh|o nwMH$maH$a
gm§ËdZm XoVo h¢& _m± Am¡a ~oQ>o Ho$ Eogo ghO g§~§Y H$s H$ënZm H$a gyaXmg
Or Zo AnZo Bg nX _| CgH$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡&
d
he
H${d n[aM` :
gyaXmg (gZ² 1540-1642)
is
^ŠV H${d gyaXmg {h§Xr gm{hË`mH$me Ho$
re S
gy`© _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& BÝh| ^{ŠVH$mb H$s gJwU
B
bl
^{ŠVYmam H$s H¥$îU^{ŠV-emIm Ho$ àdV©H$ _mZm
be T
pu
OmVm h¡Ÿ& BZH$m OÝ_ CÎma àXoe Ho$ éZH$Vm Jm±d
K
OÝ_ {X`m, [ag- H«$moY, Ho$ _mao-Ho$ H$maU, Vw_amo-Vwåhmao, VmV-{nVm, H$V- Š`m|,
No
123
^mdmW© :
àñVwV n§pŠV`m| _| ^mB© ~bam_ Ho$ à{V H¥$îU H$s {eH$m`V H$m _mohH$
dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& H¥$îU AnZr _m± `emoXm go {eH$m`V H$aVm h¡ {H$ ^mB©
_wPo ~hþV {M‹T>mVm h¡& dh _wPgo H$hVm h¡ {H$ Vwåh| `emoXm _m± Zo OÝ_ Zht
{X`m h¡ ~pëH$ _mob {b`m h¡& Bgr Jwñgo Ho$ H$maU CgHo$ gmW _¢ IobZo Zht
OmVm& dh _wPgo ~ma-~ma nyN>Vm h¡ {H$ Vwåhmao _mVm-{nVm H$m¡Z h¢? dh
d
`h ^r H$hVm h¡ {H$ Z§X Am¡a `emoXm Vmo Jmoao h¢, bo{H$Z Vwåhmam eara Š`m|
he
H$mbm h¡? CgH$s Eogr h±gr-_µOmH$ gwZH$a _oao g~ ½dmb {_Ì MwQ>H$s ~Om-
~OmH$a h±gVo h¢& CÝh| ~bam_ Zo hr Eogm H$aZm {gIm`m h¡& _m±, Vw_Zo Ho$db
is
_wPo hr _maZm grIm h¡ Am¡a ^mB© na H$^r Jwñgm Zht H$aVr& (AnZo ^mB©
re S
Ho$ à{V H«$mo{YV Am¡a gImAm| Ûmam An_m{ZV) H¥$îU Ho$ H«$moY`wV _wI H$mo
B
bl
XoIH$a Am¡a CgH$s ~mVm| H$mo gwZH$a `emoXm Iwe hmo OmVr h¡& dh H$hVr
be T
h¡ - ho H¥$îU! gwZmo & ~bam_ OÝ_ go hr MwJbImoa h¡& _¢ JmoYZ H$s H$g_
pu
K
ImH$a H$hVr hÿ±, _¢ hr Voar _mVm hÿ± Am¡a Vw_ _oao nwÌ hmo&
Bg nX _| gyaXmg Zo ~mbH¥$îU Ho$ ^mobonZ Am¡a `emoXm Ho$ dmËgë` H$m
©
d
4. ~mbH¥$îU AnZr _mVm go Š`m-Š`m {eH$m`V| H$aVm h¡?
he
5. `emoXm H¥$îU Ho$ H«$moY H$mo H¡$go em§V H$aVr h¡?
is
III.
re S
Mma-N>… dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
B
bl
1. nX H$m ^mdmW© AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE &
be T
pu
IV. nÚ^mJ nyU© H$s{OE :
K
~b~ra &&
2. gwZhþ H$mÝh &
Vy nyV &&
to
V. AZwê$nVm :
1. ~b^Ð : ~bam_ :: H$mÝh :
t
No
125
VI. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
A ~
1. gyaXmg H$m OÝ_ H¥$îU ^{ŠV emIm
2. gJwU ^{ŠVYmam H$s gZ² 1540 H$mo hþAm
3. CÎma àXoe H$m éZH$Vm gZ² 1642 H$mo hþB©
d
he
4. gyaXmg Or H$s _¥Ë`w gya H$m OÝ_ñWmZ
VII. ghr eãX MwZH$a {b{IE:
is
re S
(MwJbImoa, Jmoar, í`m_, MwQ>H$s, ~mb-brbm)
B
bl
1. OgmoXm
be T
pu
2. H¥$îU
K
3. ½dmb {_Ì
©
4. ~bam_
5. H¥$îU H$s
VIII. AmYw{ZH$ ê$n {b{IE:
to
2. _mogm| 7. YyV
3. [ag 8. H$mÝh
4. gara 9. nyV
5. {gI¡ 10. OZ_V
126
nX go AmJo -
• ^ŠV H$d{`Ìr _ram~mB© H$m n[aM` nmBE Am¡a H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE&
• H$ÝZS> Ho$ H${d nwa§XaXmg Am¡a H$ZH$Xmg H$s OmZH$mar àmßV H$s{OE&
• {MÌ XoIH$a EH$ H$hmZr a{ME Am¡a CgHo$ {bE EH$ C{MV erf©H$ Xr{OE&
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
t ©
to
No
127
15. H$Zm©Q>H$-g§nXm
- g§H${bV
àñVwV {Z~§Y X²dmam N>mÌ H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AVrV d¡^d, dV©_mZ àm¡Úmo{JH$s-{dH$mg
VWm àH¥${V-g§nXm Ho$ gmW-gmW Bg amÁ` Ho$ _hmZ² ì`{ŠV`m| H$s gmYZm H$m
n[aM` àmá H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
d
H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` ^maV Xoe H$m àJ{Verb amÁ` h¡Ÿ& `hm± H$s Am~mXr
he
bJ^J N>… H$amo‹S> go D$na h¡& àH¥${V_mVm Zo H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` H$mo AnZo hmWm|
go g±dmaH$a gw§Xa Am¡a g_¥X²Y ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ& H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s àmH¥${VH$ gwf_m Z`Z
is
re S
_Zmoha h¡Ÿ& npíM_ _| {demb Aa~r g_wÐ bhamVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr àm§V _| X{jU
B
bl
go CÎma Ho$ N>moa VH$ \¡$br b§~r nd©V_mbmAm| H$mo npíM_r KmQ> H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
be T
BÝht KmQ>m| H$m Hw$N> ^mJ gh²`m{Ð H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& X{jU _| Zrb{J[a H$s
pu
nd©Vmd{b`m± emo^m`_mZ h¢Ÿ&
K
H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$ÞS> ^mfm ~mobr OmVr h¡Ÿ Am¡a BgH$s amOYmZr ~|Jbyé h¡Ÿ&
©
`hm± Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ bmoJ AmH$a ~g J`o h¢Ÿ& ~|Jbyé {ejm H$m hr Zht, ~{ëH$
~‹S>o-~‹S>o CX²`moJ-Y§Ym| H$m ^r H|$Ð h¡Ÿ& `hm± à{gÕ ^maVr` {dkmZ g§ñWmZ,
EM.E.Eb, EM.E_.Q>r, AmB.Q>r.AmB, ~r.EM.B©.Eb, ~r.B©.Eb O¡gr ~¥hV²
g§ñWmE± h¢Ÿ& Bgo "{g{bH$m°Z {gQ>r' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
to
_hÎma CnbpãY`m| go H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo {díd nQ>b na A§{H$V {H$`m h¡Ÿ& gZ² 2013
No
_| S>m°. gr.EZ.Ama. amd H$mo gdm}ÀM nwañH$ma "^maV aËZ' àmßV hþAm h¡ &
`hm± gmoZm, Vm±~m, bmohm Am{X H$B© àH$ma H$s Cn`moJr YmVwE± {_bVr
h¢Ÿ& ^ÐmdVr _| H$mJµO, bmoho Am¡a BñnmV Ho$ ~‹S>o H$maImZo h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm
H$Zm©Q>H$ _| MrZr, {g_|Q>, aoe_ Am¡a H$mJµO CËnmXZ Ho$ AZoH$ H$maImZo h¢Ÿ&
128
H$Zm©Q>H$ _| M§XZ Ho$ no‹S> {dnwb _mÌm _| h¢& Bg{bE H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo "M§XZ H$m
AmJma' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `hm± M§XZ H$m Vob, gm~wZ VWm H$bmH¥${V`m± ^r ~Zm`r
OmVr h¢Ÿ&
H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$mdoar, H¥$îUm, Vw§J-
^Ðm Am{X AZoH$ Z{X`m± ~hVr h¢Ÿ& BZ
Z{X`m| na ~m±Y ~Zm`o J`o h¢Ÿ& BZgo
d
hµOmam| EH$‹S> µO_rZ gtMr OmVr h¡Ÿ&
he
BgHo$ Abmdm BZ Z{X`m| Ho$ Obme`m|
H$s ghm`Vm go D$Om©-CËnmXZ H|$Ð ^r
ñWm{nV {H$`o J`o h¢Ÿ& OmoJ, Aã~r,
is
re S
JmoH$mH$, {edZg_wÐ Am{X ObànmV
B
JmobJw§~µO
bl
_Z_mohH$ h¢Ÿ&
be T
H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` H$s {eënH$bm AZmoIr h¡Ÿ& ~mXm_r, Eohmob,o nQ²>Q>XH$ëbw _|
pu
Omo _§{Xa h¢, CZH$s {eënH$bm Am¡a dmñVwH$bm AX²^Vw h¡Ÿ& ~obay , hbo~rSw>,
K
gmo_ZmWnwa Ho$ _§{Xam| _| nËWa H$s Omo _y{V©`m± h¢, do gOrd bJVr h¢Ÿ& `o gwX§ a
©
_y{V©`m± h_| am_m`U, _hm^maV, nwamUm| H$s H$hm{Z`m± gwZmVr h¢Ÿ& ldU~obJmobm
_| 57 \w$Q> D±$Mr Jmo_Q>ío da H$s EH${ebm à{V_m h¡, Omo Xw{Z`m H$mo Ë`mJ Am¡a
em§{V H$m g§Xe o Xo ahr h¡Ÿ& {dO`nwam Ho$ JmobJw~§ O
µ H$s pìhñn[a¨J J¡bar dmñVwH$bm
H$m A{ÛVr` Ñï>mV§ h¡Ÿ& _¡géy H$m amO_hb H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ d¡^d H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ&
àmMrZ g|Q> {\$bmo{_Zm MM©, OJZ_mohZ amO_hb (AmQ>© J¡bar) H$m nwamVËd dñVw
to
d
Aëb_à^w, gd©©k O¡go AZoH$ g§Vm| Zo AnZo AZ_mob "dMZm|' X²dmam ào_, X`m
he
Am¡a Y_© H$s grI Xr h¡Ÿ& nwa§XaXmg, H$ZH$Xmg Am{X ^ŠV H${d`m| Zo ^{ŠV,
Zr{V, gXmMma Ho$ JrV Jm`o h¢Ÿ& n§nm, aÞm, nmoÞm, Hw$_maì`mg, h[aha,
is
re S
amKdm§H$ Am{X Zo _hmZ² H$mì`m| H$s aMZm H$a H$ÞS> gm{hË` H$mo g_¥Õ ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ&
B
bl
be T
pu
K
t ©
to
No
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma Hw$doånw, X.am. ~|Ðo, {edam_ H$ma§V, _mpñV
d|H$Q>oe Aæ`§Jma, {d.H¥$. JmoH$mH$, `y.Ama. AZ§V_y{V©, {Jare H$mZm©S> Am¡a
M§ÐeoIa H§$~ma kmZnrR> nwañH$ma go Ab§H¥$V h¢Ÿ& `h H$ÞS> ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V
VWm H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {bE Jm¡ad H$m {df` h¡Ÿ&
*******
130
nmR> H$m Ame` :
"OZZr OÝ_ ^y{_íM ñdJm©X{n Jar`{g'& àË`oH$ ì`pŠV H$m AnZr
OÝ_^y{_ go AZwamJ Am¡a Cg na A{^_mZ H$aZm ghO h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ h_mar
OÝ_^y{_ h¡& `hm± H$s àmH¥${VH$ gwf_m, gm{hpË`H$ d¡^d Am¡a kmZ-{dkmZ
joÌ H$s àJ{V Anma h¡& Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ bmoJ `hm± H$s VH$ZrH$s Ho$ {dH$mg
d
H$s _wŠVH§$R> go àe§gm H$aVo h¢& Bg g§X^© _| àñVwV nmR> AË`§V àmg§{JH$
he
Ed§ gmW©H$ h¡&>
{Q>ßnUr :
is
re S
pìhñn[a¨J J¡bar
B
bl
`h {dO`nwam Ho$ {díd {d»`mV JmobJw§~µO _| h¡& BgH$s dmñVwH$bm AZmoIr
be T
pu
h¡& Bg Jw§~µO Ho$ EH$ N>moa go Yr_r AmdmµO _| ~mV| H$a| Vmo dh {déÕ N>moa
K
_| ñnîQ> gwZmB© XoVr h¡& Bg Jw§~µO H$s EH$ Am¡a {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ `hm±
©
d
~r.EM.B©.Eb - ^maV hodr Bbo{ŠQ´>H$ëg {b{_Q>oS>
he
Aä`mg
is
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
re S
1. npíM_r KmQ> {H$go H$hVo h¢?
B
bl
2. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go ObànmV h¢?
be T
pu
3. ldU~obJmobm H$s Jmo_Q>oída _y{V© H$s D±$MmB© {H$VZr h¡?
K
d
he
IV. H$moîR>H$ _| {XE JE eãXm| _| go C{MV eãX MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :
(J§J, Ë`mJ, nwamU, d¡^d, H$s{V©, gm~wZ, M§XZ, em§{V)
is
re S
1. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo
B
H$m AmJma H$hVo h¢ &
bl
2. Jmo_Q>oída H$s à{V_m Xþ{Z`m H$mo Ë`mJ Am¡a H$m g§Xoe
be T
pu
Xo ahr h¡ &
K
133
VI. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma BZ eãXm| Ho$ n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :
CXm : nd©V A{Ð nhm‹S> {J[a
1. gmJa
2. AmJma
3. Ob
d
4. AmH$me
he
VII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
is
re S
1. gw§Xa
B ×
bl
2. {dXoe ×
be T
3. Am{X ×
pu
K
4. gOrd ×
©
5. gXmMma ×
6. Am`mV ×
1. _y{V© -
2. CnbpãY -
t
No
3. H¥${V -
4. Zr{V -
5. g§ñH¥${V -
6. nX²Y{V -
134
IX. {dÀN>oX H$a g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE :
1. {X½JO 5. OJZ_mohZ
2. nd©Vmdbr 6. gXmMma
3. g§J«hmb` 7. AË`§V
4. Obme`
d
X. {dJ«h H$s{OE Am¡a g_mg H$m Zm_ {b{IE :
he
1. Xoe-{dXoe
2. ObànmV
is
re S
3. amOd§e
B
bl
4. amO_hb
be T
pu
XI. n[a`moOZm :
K
d
A) JmoqdX n¡ Am) Hw$d|nw
he
B) Or.Eg. {edéÐßnm B©) Vr.Z§.lr
is
XIII.
re S
AW© g_{PE Am¡a dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
B
bl
1. VH$ - WH$
be T
pu
2. Mmoa - N>moa
K
3. ~mV - ^mV
©
4. H$mb - Imb
XIV. AZwê$nVm :
1. X{jU go CÎma Ho$ N>moa H$s nd©V_mbm : npíM_r KmQ> :: X{jU H$s
to
nd©Vmd{b`m± :
2. H$Zm©Q>H$ : M§XZ H$m AmJma :: ~|oJbyé :
t
No
d
10. n§nm : àmMrZ H${d :: H§$~ma :
he
nmR> go AmJo
is
I. {XE-JE ghr H$maH$ {Mh²Z [aŠV ñWmZ _| ^[aE Am¡a Bg AZwÀN>oX
re S B
bl
Ho$ {bE C{MV erf©H$ Xr{OE :
be T
pu
(Zo, H$mo, go, H$m, H$s, Ho$, Ho$ {bE, _|, na)
K
137
II. dJ© nhobr :
1 2 7 7 3 7 7 7 4
7 7 7 5 7 7 7 7 7
6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 8 9 7 7 7 7
10 7 7 7 7 11 12
d
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
he
13 7 7 7 7 14
7 7 7 7 15 7 7 7 7
is
re S 16 17 7 7 7 7 7 7 18
7 7 7 19 20 7 7 7 7 7
B
bl
21 7 7 7 7 7 22
be T
pu
~mE± go XmE± -
K
1. am`Myé {Obo go {d^ŠV hmoH$a C{XV Z`m {Obm - Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡& (3)
©
8. Vw_Hy$é {Obo Ho$ {gX²YJ§Jm Ho$ gmW Bg Jm±d H$m Zm_ OwS‹ >m ahVm h¡& (4)
10. `h Ho$bXr g§ñWmZ H$s amOYmZr h¡ & (3)
t
No
d
- Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡& (3)
he
22. ho_mdVr ZXr na `hm± ~m±Y ~Zm`m J`m h¡ & (3)
is
D$na go ZrMo -
re S B
bl
2. _yH$m§{~H$m _§{Xa `hm± h¡ & (3)
be T
3. _{S>Ho$ar Ho$ nmg H$m {d»`mV ObànmV & (2)
pu
K
139
CÎma. ~mE± go XmE± D$na go ZrMo
1. H$moßnbm 2. H$moëbyé
4. H$mobma 3. Apã~
5. Jwpã~ 4. H$moS>Jw
6. _¡gyé 8. {ed_mo½Jm
d
he
7. Jwë~Jm© 9. Joégmoßnm
8. {edJ§Jo 10. BbH$b
is
re S
10. BŠHo$[a
B
12. qgJXÿé
bl
11. {ga{g 17. ~mJyé
be T
pu
13. OmdJb 18. ~obyé
K
15. {MÌXþJ©
16. {H$Îmyé
18. AmJw§~o
to
19. OmoJ
21. ~mXm_r
t
No
22. Jmoê$é
140
16. ~mb-e{ŠV
- OJVam_ Am`©
~ÀMm| _| AÀN>o Am¡a ~wao XmoZm| JwU hmoVo h¢& AÀN>r AmXVm| Ho$ Ûmam CZH$mo
JwUr ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg bKw Zm{Q>H$m _| ~ÀMm| H$s g§J{R>V e{ŠV H$mo
COmJa {H$`m J`m h¡ Omo ~hþV hr àoaUmXm`H$ h¡&
nmÌ-n[aM`
d
am_y, í`m_y, _mohZ, g§O`, {H$emoa, _ZmoO - ñHy$b Ho$ N>mÌ
he
JwéOr - ñHy$b Ho$ AÜ`mnH$
H$boŠQ>a gmh~
is
re S
EH$ ~wµOwJ©
B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
to
nhbm Ñí`
(am_y Am¡a í`m_y H§$Mo IobZo _| ì`ñV h¢)
t
d
í`m_y : `h _oao H§$Mo Zht XoVm& Iob _| ~oB©_mZr H$aVm h¡&
he
am_y : `h PyR> ~mob ahm h¡&
_mohZ : XoImo, A~ Vmo ñHy$b H$m g_` hmo ahm h¡& K§Q>r ~OZodmbr h¡& `h
is
re S
\¡$gbm ~mX _| H$a boZm&
B
bl
í`m_y : AÀN>m, A~ Vmo N>mo‹S>Vm h±y, na em_ H$mo Xo XoZm&
be T
pu
am_y : Mb Mb, AnZm amñVm nH$‹S>& ~‹S>m Am`m H§$Mo boZodmbm&
K
am_y : Vw_ OmAmo ñHy$b, _¢ Zht OmD±$Jm& EH$ {XZ ñHy$b Zht OmZo go
Š`m hmoVm h¡?
í`m_y : _mohZ ^¡`m, `h Vmo H$B© {XZ ñHy$b Zht OmVm& {Og {XZ ^r J¥h-
H$m`© Zht H$aVm, Cg {XZ ñHy$b go Nw>Q²>Q>r H$a boVm h¡& AmO J{UV
H$m H$m_ {XImZm h¡ Z?
to
_mohZ : XoImo am_y, `h R>rH$ Zht& EH$ PyR> H$mo {N>nmZo Ho$ {bE H$B© PyR>
~mobZo n‹S>Vo h¢&
í`m_y : Mbmo _mohZ ^¡`m, Bgo ahZo Xmo& ñHy$b MbZo _| Xoa hmo ahr h¡,
Mbmo& (XmoZm| Mbo OmVo h¢& am_y H§$Mo IobZo bJVm h¡&)
142
Xÿgam Ñí`
(ñHy$b _| ^moOZmdH$me H$m dŠV h¡& nm±M ~mbH$ ñHy$b Ho$ EH$ H$moZo _| EH$Ì
hmoH$a ~mVo§ H$a aho h¢&)
í`m_y : XoImo Z _mohZ ^¡`m, AmO am_y Zo Iob _| {\$a go _oao gmW
~oB©_mZr H$s&
d
g§O` : dh Vmo ~mV-~mV _| PyR> ~mobZo bJm h¡&
he
_Zmo O : _¢Zo gwZm h¡ {H$ ~mah gmb go ZrMo H$s C_« Ho$ ~ÀMm| H$mo Vmo H$moB©
is
nmn Zht bJVm& Mmho dh PyR> ~mobZm hr Š`m| Z hmo&
re S
í`m_y : Aao _yI©, `hr Vmo C_« h¡ AÀN>r AmXV| S>mbZo H$s, A~ Omo AmXV
B
bl
n‹S> OmEJr, dh gXm gmW ahoJr - hm±&
be T
pu
{H$emoa : JwéOr ^r `hr H$hm H$aVo h¢&
K
_mohZ : hm±, h_| A^r go AÀN>r AmXV| S>mbZr Mm{hE& BgHo$ {bE h_o§
©
_mohZ : Bg Q>mobr _| h_ am_y H$mo ^r em{_b H$a|Jo Am¡a CgH$s J§Xr AmXV|
Nw>‹S>dmE±Jo&
t
_mohZ : Mbmo, A~ H$jmAm| _| Mb|& em_ H$mo g~ `ht {_bZm& hm±, am_y
H$mo H$m¡Z bmEJm?
g§O` : Cgo _¢ ~wbm bmD±$Jm& dh _oar ~mV _mZVm h¡&
143
Vrgam Ñí`
d
is he
re S
(_mohZ, g§O`, {H$emoa, í`m_y, _ZmoO Am¡a am_y ~¡R>o ~mV| H$a aho h¢&)
B
bl
_mohZ : AmO go h_ EH$ N>moQ>r-gr Q>mobr Ama§^ H$a aho h¢& Cg Q>mobr H$m
be T
pu
Zm_ hmoJm "~mb-e{ŠV'&
K
g§O` : g~go nhbo Vmo h_ AnZo CZ gm{W`m| na Ü`mZ X|Jo Omo {Z`{_V
ê$n go ñHy$b Zht OmVo VWm n‹T>mB© go Or MwamVo h¢&
{H$emoa : R>rH$ H$hm& Xÿgam H$m_ hmoJm ñHy$b Ho$ n[aga H$mo ñdÀN> aIZm&
Vrgam H$m`© hmoJm Jm±d H$s J§XJr H$mo Xÿa H$aZm& h_ amoµO EH$ K§Q>m
Jm±°d H$s g\$mB© _| bJmE±Jo&
to
d
g~ ~ÀMo: h_| _§Oya h¡&
he
Mm¡Wm Ñí`
is
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
(EH$ gmb ~mX - Jm±d _| {demb g^m H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m h¡&
to
{Obo Ho$ H$boŠQ>a, {dYm`H$ VWm gan§M AmE hþE h¢& Jm±d Ho$ g~ bmoJ
CnpñWV h¢&)
t
No
H$boŠQ>a : Bg Jm±d H$mo gm\$-gwWam XoIH$a _wPo hm{X©H$ àgÞVm hþB© h¡&
Jm±d H$mo EH$ Z`m OrdZ àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& BZ ~ÀMm| H$s {OVZr ~‹S>mB©
H$s OmE CVZr hr Wmo‹S>r h¡& BZ g~Zo {_bH$a Jm±d H$mo ñdÀN> dmVmdaU
{X`m h¡& ~mb-e{ŠV Ho$ H$maU AmnH$m Jm±d EH$ AmXe© Jm±d ~Z J`m h¡&
(CnpñWV bmoJ Vm{b`m± ~OmVo h¢)
145
H$boŠQ>a : gaH$ma H$s Va\$ go "~mb-e{ŠV' Q>mobr H$mo nm±M hµOma én`o {XE
JE h¢& Bg Q>mobr H$m _w{I`m AmH$a `h am{e ñdrH$ma H$ao&
(_mohZ OmVm h¡& H$boŠQ>a gmh~ _mohZ H$mo nm±M hµOma én`o H$m {bµ\$mµ\$m XoVo
h¢&)
_mohZ : `o én`o h_ àmYmZmÜ`mnH$ Or H$mo Xo X|Jo& ñHy$b Ho$ nwñVH$mb` _|
d
Jar~ ~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE h_ nwñVH$m| H$m à~§Y H$a|Jo&
he
EH$ ~wµOwJ© : `o Jm±d Ho$ gÀMo gnyV h¢&
g^r bmoJ ~mobVo h¢ - ~mb-e{ŠV H$s O`!
is
re S B
*******
bl
nmR> H$m Ame` :
be T
Bg nmR> _| nm±M-N>… b‹S>Ho$ g§J{R>V hmoH$a AnZr ~mb-e{ŠV H$mo
pu
K
àH$Q> H$a aho h¢& Hw$N> b‹S>Ho$ EH$ gmW ahH$a AÀN>r AmXVm| H$mo AnZmZo
H$m à`ËZ H$aVo h¢& BVZm hr Zht g~ ~ÀMo {_bH$a AnZo Jm±d H$mo EH$
©
Z`m OrdZ àXmZ H$aVo h¢& Bg nmR> X²dmam ~mb-e{ŠV H$m _hËd ~Vm`m
Om ahm h¡&
boIH$ n[aM` :
to
OJVam_ Am`© (gZ² 1910-gZ² 1993) : OJVam_ Am`© Or H$m OÝ_ D$Zm,
{h_mMbàXoe _| 16 {Xg§~a gZ² 1910 H$mo hþAm& AmnH$s n‹T>mB© {ZH$Q> Jm±d
Ho$ S>r.E.dr. ñHy$b _| hþB©& ñHy$b Ho$ d[að> AÜ`mnH$ n§.Vwbgram_ Or H$s XoIaoI
t
No
_| {ejm nmB©& Amn A_a ehrX ^JVqgh Ho$ gmW H$B© H«$m§{VH$mar KQ>ZmAm| go
Ow‹S>o aho& Amn ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ Ho$ g_` ^mB© na_mZ§X Ho$ gmW ^r aho Omo
~hþV ~‹S>o Xoe^ŠV Wo Am¡a CZHo$ gmW H$B©-H$B© {XZ AkmVdmg ^r {H$`m& 4
AJñV, gZ² 1993 H$mo OJVam_ Am`© Or H$m Xohm§V hþAm&
146
eãXmW© :
H$§Mm - UÉÆð, Glass Marble; {ZemZm - bú`, ~oB©_mZr - Aàm_m{UH$Vm,
YmoIm; \¡$gbm-{ZU©`, J¥h-H$m`©- Ka _| H$aZo Ho$ {bE {X`m OmZodmbm Aä`mg,
Home Work ; C_«-Am`w, AdñWm; AmXV - Aä`mg, ñd^md ; Q>mobr-_§S>br,
g_yh, Group; em{_b H$aZm - {_bmZm, J§XJr - _¡bmnZ, JS²>‹T>m - YaVr _|
Jham ñWmZ, ºÀ¼Àî, Pit ; T>m±nZm - T>m±H$Zm, {N>nmZm; Hy$‹S>m - Kmg-\y$g Am{X J§Xr
d
MrµO|, \$bXma - \$b XoZodmbm, Cn`moJr ; ZoH$ - AÀN>m, Am`moOZ - à~§Y,
he
B§VO
µ m_ ; {dYm`H$ - ì`dñWm H$aZodmbm, {ZU©` H$aZodmbm, {dYmZg^m Ho$ gXñ` ;
gan§M - Jm±d H$m _w{I`m, ~‹S>mB© - àe§gm, {bµ\$mµ\$m - nÌ Am{X ^aH$a ^oOZo H$s
is
re S
W¡br, gnyV - AÀN>m ~oQ>m, AÀN>m b‹S>H$m&
B
bl
Aä`mg
be T
pu
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
K
d
3. BZm_ Ho$ én`o ~wµOwJ©
he
4. Q>mobr H$m _w{I`m am_y
5. `o Jm±d Ho$ gnyV h¢ ~mb-e{ŠV
is
IV.
re S
Imbr OJh ^[aE :
B
bl
1. am_y Am¡a í`m_y Iob aho Wo&
be T
2. H$s H$m°nr Ka na ^yb Am`m h±ÿ&
pu
3. A^r go AÀN>r S>mbZr Mm{hE&
K
2. Jm±d$ J
3. Q>mobr$ J
4. \$bXma$ J
5. BZm_$ J
148
VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
CXm : AnZm x nam`m
1. amV x 6. hm{Z x
3. Am`mV x 8. Wmo‹S>m x
d
4. Am` 9. CVma
he
x x
5. CëQ>m x
is
re S
VII."~oB©_mZr'
B
B©_mZr H$m {dbmo_ eãX h¡& "B©_mZr' eãX go nhbo "~o' CngJ©
bl
Omo‹S>Zo go `h eãX ~Zm h¡& Bgr Vah An, AZ, Hw$, ~X CngJm] (àË``)
H$mo Omo‹S>H$a nm±M-nm±M eãX ~ZmBE&
be T
pu
K
VIII.
O
_
©
Z
to
"Z' H$mo A§{V_ Aja Ho$ ê$n _| à`moJ H$a eãX a{ME:
t
Z_yZm: OZ _Z
No
149
IX. AW©nyU© dmŠ` ~ZmBE:
í`m_y XoVo h¢&
H$boŠQ>a gmh~ BZm_ ~ZVr h¡&
_mohZ Q>mobr IobVo h¢&
~mbH$m| H$s H§$Mm ~ZmVo h¢&
d
he
~mbH$ boVm h¡&
IobVm h¡&
is
re S
O¡go : í`m_y H§$Mm IobVm h¡&
B
bl
be T
^mfm kmZ
pu
K
150
II. Bg Zm{Q>H$m _| _ma, N>mo‹S>, nH$‹S>, ~mob, S>mb, Xo, bJm, _mZ O¡go
AZoH$ YmVwAm| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& ZrMo {X`o J`o eãXm| H$mo C{MV
YmVwAm| Ho$ gmW {b{IE:
1. H$_rµO - 5. Jwñgm -
2. no‹S> - 6. gM -
d
3. én`o - 7. ~mV -
he
4. H§$Mm - 8. Hy$‹S>m -
{deof gyMZm : "{H«$`m' H$m _yb ê$n "YmVw' h¡&
is
III.
re S
Bg Zm{Q>H$m _| "g§`wŠV {H«$`m'Am| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡ O¡go-IobZo
B
bl
bJm, ~Z J`m BË`m{X& Bg Vah Ho$ {H«$`m-`w½_m| H$mo Ty>±‹T>H$a gyMr
be T
~ZmBE&
pu
K
nmR> go AmJo -
* gmo{ME, AJa AmnH$m H$moB© gmWr am_y O¡go hmoVm Vmo Cgo gwYmaZo
Ho$ {bE Amn Š`m `moOZm ~ZmVo?
* AnZm Jm±d, AnZm {Obm, AnZm n[aga - g~ Hw$N> AnZm h¡&
BÝh| gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE AmnZo Š`m {H$`m h¡? Š`m H$aZm MmhVo h¢?
to
151
17. H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zht hmoVr
- gmohZbmb {X²ddoXr
Bg H${dVm _| H${d Zo `h g§Xoe {X`m h¡ {H$ gVV à`ËZerb ì`{ŠV
H$s {ZpíMV ê$n go OrV hmoVr h¡& g_ñ`mAm| go _±wh Z _m‹oS>H$a AmJo ~‹T>Zm
d
Mm{hE&
he
bham| go S>aH$a Zm¡H$m nma Zht hmoVr,
is
re S
H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zhr§ hmoVr&
B
bl
ZÝht MtQ>r O~ XmZm boH$a MbVr h¡,
be T
pu
M‹T>Vr Xrdmam| na gm¡ ~ma {\$gbVr h¡&
K
152
Ag\$bVm EH$ MwZm¡Vr h¡, Bgo ñdrH$ma H$amo,
Š`m H$_r ah JB©, XoImo Am¡a gwYma H$amo&
O~ VH$ Z g\$b hmo, ZtX M¡Z H$mo Ë`mJmo Vw_,
g§Kf© H$m _¡XmZ N>mo‹S>H$a _V ^mJmo Vw_&
Hw$N> {H$E {~Zm hr O`-O`H$ma Zht hmoVr,
d
H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zht hmoVr&
he
*******
H${dVm H$m Ame` :
is
Bg H${dVm _| H$mo{ee H$aZo go g\$bVm àmá H$aZo H$m g§Xoe {_bVm
re S
h¡& H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ OrdZ H$s à{V`mo{JVm _| Ag\$bVm go {d_wI Z
B
bl
hmoVo hþE AnZr H${_`m| H$mo IwX nhMmZH$a ñdà`ËZ go bJmVma AmJo ~‹T>Zo
be T
go hma H$^r Zht hmoVr h¡&
pu
K
H${d n[aM` :
©
H$m H$m_ H$aVo aho& gZ² 1938 go gZ² 1942 VH$ Amn amï´>r` nÌ "X¡{ZH$
A{YH$ma' Ho$ g§nmXH$ Wo& Hw$N> dfm] VH$ AmnZo Ad¡V{ZH$ ({~Zm doVZ Ho$)
t
d
Y¡`©, {hå_V, hm¡gbm (Courage); AIaZm-~wam bJZm, _ohZV-n[al_,
he
~oH$ma-ì`W©, {ZaW©H$; qgYw-gmJa, g_wÐ, A§~w{Y; JmoVmImoa-V¡amH$, h¡amZ
hmoZm-AmíM`©M{H$V hmoZm, MwZm¡Vr-Xmdm, bbH$ma; H$_r-A^md, Ý`yZVm; M¡Z-
is
re S
Amam_, gwI; g§Kf©-Q>H$amd&
B
bl Aä`mg
be T
pu
K
d
III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
he
1. bha - Sw>~{H$`m±
2. MtQ>r - MwZm¡Vr
is
re S
3. JmoVmImoa
B
- gwYma
bl
4. Ag\$bVm - XmZm
be T
pu
5. H$_r - Zm¡H$m
K
ghO
©
155
V. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE :
CXm : nma - hma
1. MbVr -
2. ^aVm -
3. bJmVm -
d
4. ~ma -
he
5. ñdrH$ma -
is
VI. re S
gmW©H$ n[al_, AmË_{dídmg, Amam_ go gmoZm, gVV Aä`mg, h¡amZ
B
bl
hmoZm, ~oH$ma H$m H$m_ H$aZm, namO` H$m ñdrH$ma, gmW©H$ H$m_ H$aZm,
be T
pu
Hw$N> H$aHo$ XoIZm, {ejm àm{á, ^Q>H$Zm, ^mJ OmZm, ^bm H$aZm&
K
VII {XE JE g§Ho$V q~XþAm| Ho$ AmYma na "n[al_' na bKw boI V¡`ma
©
H$s{OE:
H$mo{ee
_ohZV
CËgmh
gmhg
to
{JaZm-M‹T>Zm
ghOVm
t
Imbr hmW
No
MwZm¡Vr
g§Kf©
ZtX-M¡Z
156
VIII. H${dVm H$s A§[V_ n§{ŠV`m| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$aHo$ {b{IE:
Ag\$bVm
d
he
hma Zhr§ hmoVr&
is
IX.
re S
AZwê$nVm :
B
bl
1. _ohZV : n[al_ :: H$mo{ee :
be T
pu
2. M‹T>Zm : CVaZm :: hmaZm :
K
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
* g\$bVm, AÀN>o H$m_, CËgmh ~‹T>mZodmbr àoaH$ gy{ŠV`m| H$m g§J«h
K
H$aHo$ {b{IE:
O¡go : h_mar g~go ~‹S>r emZ H$^r {JaZo _| Zhr§ h¡, A{nVw O~ h_
©
158
n[a{eï>
(A) nyaH$ dmMZ
(1) e{Z … g~go gw§Xa J«h
(2) gË` H$s _{h_m
(3) ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`
d
he
(Am) {Z~§Y-boIZ
(1) {Z~§Y H$m Z_yZm
is
re S B • OZg§»`m H$s g_ñ`m
bl
• Zmar Vw_ Ho$db lÕm hmo
(2) {Z~§Ym| H$s ê$naoIm
be T
pu
(B) nÌ-boIZ
K
(1) ì`{º$JV/Kaoby nÌ
©
(2) ì`mdhm[aH$ nÌ
(B©) ì`mH$aU
1. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m 7. {dam_ {Mh²Z
2. g§{Y 8. H$mb
to
3. g_mg 9. qbJ
4. AZoH$ eãXm| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX 10. H$maH$
t
No
159
nyaH$ dmMZ
1. e{Z … g~go gw§Xa J«h
- JwUmH$a _wbo
d
is he
re S B
bl
gm¡a-_§S>b Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o J«h ~¥hñn{V Ho$ ~mX e{Z J«h H$s H$jm h¡Ÿ&
be T
e{Z gm¡a-_§S>b H$m Xygam ~‹S>m J«h h¡Ÿ& `h h_mar n¥Ïdr go H$ar~ 750 JwZm
pu
~‹S>m h¡Ÿ& e{Z Ho$ Jmobo H$m ì`mg 116 hµOma {H$bmo_rQ>a h¡ ; AWm©V², n¥Ïdr
K
Ho$ ì`mg go H$ar~ Zm¡ JwZm A{YH$Ÿ& h_mar n¥Ïdr gy`© go H$ar~Ÿ 15 H$amo‹S>
©
{H$bmo_rQ>a H$s Xÿar na h¡Ÿ& VwbZm _| e{Z J«h Xg JwZm A{YH$ Xya h¡Ÿ& Bgo
Xya~rZ Ho$ {~Zm H$moar Am±Im| go ^r AmH$me _| nhMmZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
h_mar nm¡am{UH$ H$WmAm| Ho$ AZwgma e{Z _hmamO gy`© Ho$ nwÌ h¢Ÿ&
e{Z H$mo "eZ¡íMa' ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& AmH$me Ho$ Jmob na `h J«h ~hþV
Yr_r J{V go MbVm {XImB© XoVm h¡ & Bgr{bE àmMrZ H$mb Ho$ bmoJm| Zo Bgo
to
"eZ¡…Ma' Zm_ {X`m WmŸ& "eZ¡…Ma' H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ - Yr_r J{V go
MbZodmbmŸ&
bo{H$Z ~mX Ho$ bmoJm| Zo Bg eZ¡íMa H$mo "gZrMa' ~Zm S>mbm ! gZrMa
t
No
H$m Zm_ boVo hr A§Y{dídm{g`m| H$s ê$h H$m±nZo bJVr h¡ ! EH$ ~ma `{X
`h J«h {H$gr H$s am{e _| nhþ±M Om`o, Vmo {\$a gm‹T>o gmV gmb VH$ CgH$s
I¡a Zht!
e{Z H$mo `{X Xya~rZ go XoIm Om`o, Vmo Bg J«h Ho$ Mhþ± Amoa db` (Jmob)
{XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ& àH¥${V Zo Bg J«h Ho$ Jbo _| Iy~gyaV hma S>mb {X`o h¢Ÿ&
160
e{Z Ho$ BZ db`m| `m H§$H$Um| Zo Bg J«h H$mo gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go
gw§Xa Ed§ _Zmoha J«h ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ& dñVwV… e{Z gm¡a-_§S>b H$m gdm©{YH$ gw§Xa
J«h h¡Ÿ&
Vm‹>Or OmZH$mar Ho$ AZwgma ~¥hñn{V, `waoZg Am¡a ZonÀ`yZ Ho$ BX©-{JX©
^r db` h¢, na§Vw e{Z Ho$ db` Á`mXm {dñV¥V Am¡a ñnï> h¢Ÿ& e{Z Ho$ AX²^wV
db`m| Am¡a BgH$s AÝ` AZoH$ {deofVmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| {dñV¥V OmZH$mar h_|
d
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| hr {_br h¡Ÿ&
he
e{Z J«h AË`§V _§X J{V go H$ar~ Vrg dfm] _| gy`© H$m EH$ MŠH$a
is
bJmVm h¡ & Bg{bE gmb-^a Ho$ A§Va Ho$ ~mX ^r AmH$me _| e{Z H$s pñW{V
re S
_| H$moB© {deof n[adV©Z Zht {XImB© XoVmŸ& `h EH$ am{e _| H$ar~ T>mB© gmb
B
bl
VH$ ahVm h¡Ÿ&
be T
pu
e{Z J«h gy`© go n¥Ïdr H$s Anojm H$ar~ Xg JwZm A{YH$ Xya h¡, Bg{bE
K
~hþV H$_ gy`©Vmn Cg J«h VH$ nhþ±MVm h¡ - n¥Ïdr H$m _mÌ gm¡dm± {hñgmŸ&
©
Bg{bE e{Z Ho$ dm`w_§S>b H$m Vmn_mZ eyÝ` Ho$ ZrMo 1500 g|Q>rJ«oS> Ho$ Amgnmg
ahVm h¡Ÿ& e{Z EH$ AË`ÝV R>§S>m J«h h¡Ÿ&
~¥hñn{V H$s Vah e{Z H$m dm`w_§S>b ^r hmBS´>moOZ, hr{b`_, _rWoZ
VWm E_mo{Z`m J¡gm| go ~Zm h¡Ÿ& e{Z H$s gVh Ho$ ~mao _| h_| H$moB© OmZH$mar
Zht h¡Ÿ& h_ Ho$db BgHo$ M_H$sbo ~mhar dm`w_§S>b H$mo hr XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
to
e{Z Ho$ Ho$§Ð^mJ _| R>mog JwR>br hmoZr Mm{hEŸ& bo{H$Z M§Ð_m, _§Jb `m ewH«$
H$s Vah e{Z H$s gVh na CVa nmZm AmX_r Ho$ {bE g§^d Zht hmoJmŸ&
t
A^r Xmo XeH$ nhbo VH$ e{Z Ho$ Xg CnJ«h ImoOo Wo& bo{H$Z A~
No
e{Z Ho$ CnJ«hm| H$s g§»`m 17 na nhþ±M JB© h¡Ÿ& YaVr go ^oOo J`o ñdMm{bV
A§V[aj`mZ nm`mo{Z`a VWm dm`Oa e{Z Ho$ ZµOXrH$ nhþ±Mo Am¡a BÝhtHo$ µO[aE
Bg J«h Ho$ gmV ZE CnJ«h ImoOo J`oŸ& e{Z Ho$ Am¡a ^r Hw$N> M§Ð hmo
gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
161
e{Z H$m g~go ~‹S>m M§Ð Q>mBQ>Z gm¡a-_§S>b H$m gdm©{YH$ _hËdnyU© Am¡a
{XbMñn CnJ«h h¡Ÿ& Q>mBQ>Z h_mao M§Ð go ^r H$m\$s ~‹S>m h¡Ÿ& BgH$m ì`mg
5150 {H$bmo_rQ>a h¡Ÿ& A^r Hw$N> gmb nhbo VH$ Q>mBQ>Z H$mo hr gm¡a-_§S>b
H$m g~go ~‹S>m CnJ«h g_Pm OmVm Wm, na§Vw dm`Oa `mZ H$s ImoO~rZ go
nVm Mbm h¡ {H$ ~¥hñn{V H$m J¡Zr_rS> CnJ«h gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go ~‹S>m CnJ«h
h¡Ÿ& e{Z H$s gVh na A§V[aj`mZ H$mo CVmaZm Vmo g§^d Zht h¡, na§Vw Q>mBQ>Z
d
H$s gVh na A§V[aj`mZ H$mo CVmam Om gH$Vm h¡&
he
e{Z h_mao gm¡a-_§S>b H$m EH$ AX²>^wV Am¡a gw§Xa J«h h¡Ÿ& {H$gr ^r J«h
H$mo ew^ `m Aew^ g_PZo H$m H$moB© ^m¡{VH$ H$maU Zht h¡Ÿ& e{Z Vmo h_mao
is
re S
gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go Iy~gyaV J«h h¡Ÿ&
B
bl *******
be T
pu
CÎma {b{IE :
K
6. gy`© H$m EH$ MŠH$a bJmZo _| e{Z H$mo {H$VZm g_` bJVm h¡ ?
7. e{Z EH$ am{e _| {H$VZo gmbm| VH$ ahVm h¡ ?
t
162
2. gË` H$s _{h_m
- g§H${bV
gË` ! ~hþV ^mobm-^mbm, ~hþV hr grYm-gmXm ! Omo Hw$N> ^r AnZr
Am±Im| go XoIm, {~Zm Z_H$-{_M© bJmE ~mob {X`m - `hr Vmo gË` h¡Ÿ&
{H$VZm gab ! gË` Ñ{ï> H$m à{Vq~~ h¡, kmZ H$s à{V{b{n h¡, AmË_m
d
H$s dmUr h¡Ÿ&
he
gË`dm{XVm Ho$ {bE gm\$-gwWam _Z Mm{hEŸ& EH$ PyR> gm{~V H$aZo Ho$
{bE hµOmam| PyR> ~mobZo n‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ& Am¡a, H$ht nmob Iwbr, Vmo _w±h H$mbm H$aZm
is
re S
n‹S>Vm h¡, An_m{ZV hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& {H$gr H$mo naoemZ H$aZo, XwIr H$aZo Ho$
CX²Xoí` go gË` ~mobZm Zht Mm{hEŸ& H$mZo H$mo "H$mZm' H$hH$a nwH$maZm `m
B
bl
b§J‹S>o H$mo Cg O¡gr ZH$b H$a {XImZm gM ~mobZm Zht hmoVmŸ& `h Vmo {g\©$
be T
pu
N>o‹S>Zm hþAmŸ& Bg ~mV H$mo emñÌ _| `m| g_Pm`m J`m h¡ -
K
Zo gË` dMZ {Z^mZo Ho$ {bE AnZo àmU Ë`mJ {XEŸ& _hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo gË`
H$s e{ŠV go hr {dXoer emgZ H$mo PH$Pmoa {X`mŸ&
t
No
CZH$m H$WZ h¡ - ""gË` EH$ {demb d¥j h¡Ÿ& CgH$m {OVZm AmXa
{H$`m OmVm h¡, CVZo hr \$b Cg_| bJVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$m A§V Zht hmoVmŸ&'' gË`
~mobZo H$s AmXV ~MnZ go hr S>mbZr Mm{hEŸ& H$^r-H$^r PyR> ~mob XoZo
go Hw$N> j{UH$ bm^ Adí` hmoVm h¡, na Cggo A{YH$ hm{Z hr hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
j{UH$ bm^ {dH$mg Ho$ _mJ© Ho$ {bE ~mYm ~Z OmVm h¡Ÿ& ì`{ŠVËd Hw§${R>V
163
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& PyR> ~mobZodmbm| go bmoJm| H$m {dídmg CR> OmVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$s CÞ{V
Ho$ X²dma ~§X hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ&
gË` H$s _{h_m Anma h¡Ÿ& gË` _hmZ² Am¡a na_ e{ŠVembr h¡Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V
H$s gy{ŠV h¡ - "gË`_od O`Vo, ZmZ¥V_²>' AWm©V², "gË` H$s hr {dO` hmoVr
h¡, AgË` H$s Zht'& Om°Z _oÝg\$sëS> H$s YmaUm h¡ {H$ gË` H$s Zmd go hr
h_ ^dgmJa H$m g§VaU H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& gË` dh {MZJmar h¡ {Oggo AgË`
d
nb ^a _| ^ñ_ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& AV… h_| ha pñW{V _| gË` ~mobZo Am¡a nmbZ
he
H$aZo H$m Aä`mg H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&
is
re S B *******
bl
{ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :
be T
pu
1. "gË`' Š`m hmoVm h¡ ? CgH$m ê$n H¡$go hmoVm h¡ ?
K
164
3. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`
J_r© H$s Nw>{Å>`m±& qhXr {e[jH$m _rZm _¡S>_ Zo g_wXm` ^dZ _| 15 {Xdgr`
EH$ H$m`©{e{~a Am`mo{OV {H$`m h¡& H${dVm-dmMZ, H${dVm-aMZm,
ZmQ>H$-àXe©Z, g§^mfU-H$m¡eb, Q>oamH$moQ>m Jw{‹S>`m ~ZmZm BË`m{X H$m`©H«$_ `hm±
Am`mo{OV h¢&
d
ewH«$dma H$m {XZ& AmO H$m g§^mfU-"H$m¡eb {dH$gZ' h¡& Bg_| ^mJ boZo
he
Ho$ {bE N>mÌ ~‹S>r VËnaVm go _rZm _¡S>_ H$s àVrjm _| ~¡R>o h¢&
_rZm _¡S>_ AmH$a ~moS>© na {bIVr h¢- g§^mfU H$m {df` : "ZmJ[aH$m|
is
re S
Ho$ _yb H$V©ì`'&
B
bl
g^r N>mÌ-N>mÌm EH$ gmW hmW CR>mVo h¢ Am¡a H$hVo h¢ - "_¢ ~moby±Jm,
be T
pu
_¢ ~moby±Jr&'
K
AHw$b : _¡S>_, EH$ ZmJ[aH$ H$s h¡{g`V go h_| AnZo Xoe Ho$ amï´>ÜdO,
amï´>JmZ, amï´>r` Ë`mohma Am{X H$m AmXa H$aZm Mm{hE&
_rZm : ghr H$hm, gb_m A~ Vw_ ~VmAmo&
gb_m : àH¥${V h_mar _mVm h¡& Bg{bE h_| àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$m Anì``
to
Zr{b_m : _¡S>_, Xoe Ho$ à{V Jm¡ad H$m ^md aIZm Ed§ Xoe H$s EH$Vm Am¡a
AI§S>Vm H$mo H$m`_ aIZm h_mam H$V©ì` h¡&
_rZm : Vwåhmam {dMma {~bHw$b ghr h¡& AÝda, Vw_ Hw$N> H$hZo H$mo CVmdbo
{XI aho hmo&
165
AÝda : hm± _¡S>_, _¢ H$hZm MmhVm h±ÿ {H$ g_ñV Xoedm{g`m| Ho$ à{V ^mB©-
Mmao H$m ^md aIZm Am¡a Om{V, Y_©, ^mfm, àXoe, dJ© na
AmYm[aV g^r ^oX-^mdm| go Xÿa ahZm Mm{hE&
_rZm : gm¡ \$sgXr ghr ~mV AÝda& H$moB© Am¡a Hw$N> H$hZm MmhVm h¡?
OmO© : d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU Am¡a gwYma H$s ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg H$aZm ^r
ZmJ[aH$ H$m H$V©ì` hmoVm h¡ Z _¡S>_?
d
_rZm : hm± OmO©, BVZm hr Zht, Xoe H$s ajm Ho$ {bE H${Q>~Õ ahZm,
he
gmd©O{ZH$ g§n{Îm H$mo gwa{jV aIZm, ì`{ŠVJV Am¡a gm_y{hH$ Ñ{ï>
go Xoe Ho$ CËH$f© Ho$ {bE gVV à`ËZerb ahZm BË`m{X ^r h_mao
is
re S
H$V©ì` h¢&
B
bl
ñQ>obm : h_| AnZr g§ñH¥${V Am¡a Jm¡adembr na§nam H$m gå_mZ H$aZm h¡,
g§{dYmZ Ho$ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ ^r H$aZm Mm{hE&
be T
pu
q~Xþ : YÝ`dmX Q>rMa, AmnZo h_| BVZm Hw$N> g_Pm`m&
K
_rZm : AmO Ho$ ~ÀMo H$b Ho$ ZmJ[aH$ h¢& {dX²`m{W©`mo! AmO go, Zht
©
1. _rZm _¡S>_ Zo {H$VZo {XZm| Ho$ H$m`©{e{~a H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m Wm?
2. g§^mfU H$m {df` Š`m Wm?
3. AHw$b Zo _rZm _¡S>_ go Š`m H$hm?
t
No
166
{Z~§Y-1
OZg§»`m H$s g_ñ`m
{df` àdoe - OZg§»`m H$s g_ñ`m gm_mÝ` ê$n go {díd H$s g_ñ`m h¡Ÿ&
à{V VrZ goH$§S> _| Xmo ~mbH$ OÝ_ boVo h¢Ÿ& na§Vw ^maV _| `h g_ñ`m {deof
d
ê$n go {dH$Q> ~Z JB© h¡Ÿ& ^maV joÌ\$b H$s Ñ{ï> go {díd H$m gmVdm± Xoe
h¡, na§Vw OZg§»`m H$s Ñ{ï> go Xygao ñWmZ na h¡Ÿ& `h Ho$db MrZ go nrN>o
he
h¡Ÿ& Bg g_` ^maV H$s OZg§»`m 125 H$amo‹S> go A{YH$ h¡Ÿ& OZg§»`m d¥{Õ
H$s dV©_mZ J{V go AZw_mZ h¡ {H$ gZ² 2020 B©. VH$ ^maV H$s OZg§»`m 125
is
re S
H$amo‹S> go H$B© JwZm A{YH$ hmoJr&
B
bl
OZg§»`m _| d¥{Õ Ho$ H$maU -
be T
pu
OZg§»`m _| d¥{Õ Ho$ H$B© H$maU h¢; `Wm -
K
1. {dkmZ H$s CÞ{V Ho$ gmW {M{H$Ëgm Ed§ ñdmñÏ` H$s gw{dYmAm| _| CÞ{V
©
hþB© h¡Ÿ& \$bV… OÝ_ boZodmbo {eewAm| H$s _¥Ë`w Xa _| H$_r hþB© h¡ VWm
Am¡gV Am`w _| d¥{Õ hþB© h¡, `mZr AmOH$b EH$ ^maVdmgr nhbo H$s
Anojm A{YH$ g_` VH$ Or{dV ahVm h¡Ÿ&
2. àmMrZ _mÝ`VmAm| Ho$ AZwgma ~ÀMo ^JdmZ H$s XoZ h¢Ÿ& AVEd n[adma
to
{Z`moOZ O¡go Cnm`m| H$mo gm_mÝ`V… AÀN>r ZµOa go Zht XoIm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
3. `h ^r EH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU h¡ {H$ A{YH$ ~ÀMo hmoZo go H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE
t
No
VWm n[adma H$s ajm H$aZo Ho$ {bE A{YH$ hmW CnbãY hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
CËnmXZ H$s d¥{Õ _| OZe{ŠV Ho$ _hËd H$mo H$m¡Z ZH$ma gH$Vm h¡ ?
4. OZg§»`m d¥{Õ H$mo amoH$Zo _| g~go A{YH$ ~mYH$ VÎd h¡ - A{ejmŸ&
A{e{jV bmoJm| H$mo Bg ~mV H$m kmZ Zht h¡ {H$ N>moQ>o n[adma Ho$ Š`m
\$m`Xo h¢Ÿ& Xygam H$maU h¡ - AÝY{dídmg VWm ê${‹T>dm{XVmŸ& BgHo$
167
A{V[aº$ ^maVr` bmoJ gÝVmZ H$mo B©ídar` XoZ g_PVo h¢ VWm g§VmZ
H$mo ^m½` Ho$ gmW Omo‹S> XoVo h¢Ÿ&
5. OZg§»`m H$mo {Z`§[ÌV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gaH$ma X²dmam {H$`o OmZodmbo Cnm`m|
Ho$ Ag\$b hmoZo H$m H$maU hr `h h¡ {H$ n[adma {Z`moOZ AnZmZo dmbm
dh dJ© h¡, {OgHo$ H$_ ~ÀMo hmoVo h¢Ÿ& {OZHo$ A{YH$ ~ÀMo hmoVo h¢,
do n[adma-{Z`moOZ H$mo AnZmVo Zht h¢Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$
d
^maV Ho$ bmoJ gm_mÝ`V… n[adma-{Z`moOZ gÑe CnMmam| H$mo AnZmZo
he
Ho$ à{V {deof CËgmh Zht {XImVo h¢Ÿ&
is
n[aUm_ - OZg§»`m {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ Xwîn[aUm_ H$B© ê$nm| _| {XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ&
re S
OZg§»`m Ho$ {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ H$maU Xoe H$s àJ{V Hw§${R>V hmoVr h¡Ÿ& {H$VZo hr
B
bl
_hËdmH$m§jr H$m`©H«$_ ~ZmE OmE±, do Ano{jV n[aUm_ Zht Xo nmVo h¢Ÿ& {nN>br
be T
pu
~mah n§Mdfu` `moOZmE± ^r A{YH$ OZg§»`m Ho$ H$maU ~m¡Zr gm{~V hþB© h¢Ÿ&
K
BVZr A{YH$ hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ `moOZm H$m gw\$b C^a H$a Zht Am nmVm h¡Ÿ&
OZg§»`m {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ H$maU ~oH$mar H$s g_ñ`m _| ^r d¥{Õ hþB© h¡Ÿ,
Š`m|{H$ {Og J{V go OZg§»`m ~‹T>r h¡ Cg J{V go amoµOJma Ho$ gmYZm| _|
d¥{Õ Zht hþB© h¡Ÿ& Zm¡H$[a`m| H$s g§»`m gr{_V ahVr h¡Ÿ& AV… h_mao AZoH$
to
H$s g_ñ`m CËnÞ hmo JB© h¡Ÿ& n`m©daU àXyfU Ho$ \$bñdê$n ~r_m[a`m± \¡$bVr
h¢ Am¡a g_mO H$mo ñdñW aIZo H$s g_ñ`m CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& dñVwAm| H$s
_yë` d¥{Õ H$m EH$ à_wI H$maU ^r ~‹T>Vr hþB© OZg§»`m h¡Ÿ& CËnmXZ H$s
VwbZm _| O~ {H$gr dñVw H$s _m±J A{YH$ hmo Vmo Cg dñVw Ho$ _yë` _| d¥{Õ
hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& OZg§»`m d¥{Õ Ho$ H$maU {XZ-à{V {XZ _h±JmB© ~‹T> ahr h¡Ÿ&
168
CnMma - h_ g~H$m `h H$Îm©ì` h¡ {H$ Bg g_ñ`m Ho$ {ZamH$aU _| nyam
`moJXmZ X||Ÿ& ì`{ŠVJV ê$n _| n[adma H$mo N>moQ>o go N>moQ>m aIZo H$m à`mg H$a|Ÿ&
h_| `h g_P boZm Mm{hE {H$ A{YH$ ~ÀMm| H$m nmbZ-nmofU ~hþV H${R>Z
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ~ÀMm| H$s g§»`m {OVZr H$_ hmoJr, CZH$s XoI^mb A{YH$ AÀN>r
Vah go H$a gH|$JoŸ&
h_mar gaH$ma VWm gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmAm| H$mo Mm{hE {H$ g^mAm|, Jmo{ð>`m|,
d
g§Mma-_mÜ`_m| Ûmam N>moQ>o n[adma go hmoZodmbo \$m`Xm| H$m àMma-àgma H$a|Ÿ&
he
H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ n[adma H$mo gr{_V aIZo H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H$m
àMma ha ñVa na {H$`m OmE, {Oggo OZg§»`m-{Z`§ÌU H$mo OrdZ H$m EH$
is
re S
Amdí`H$ A§J _mZ {b`m Om`oŸ&
B
bl
Cng§hma - h_mao Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg _| OZg§»`m H$s d¥{Õ EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>r ~mYm
be T
h¡Ÿ& `mVm`mV, {ejm, amoµOJma Am{X {d{dY joÌm| _| OZg§»`m H$s d¥{Õ {gaXX©
pu
K
~Z JB© h¡ & Bg g_ñ`m go Nw>Q>H$mam nmZo H$m EH$ hr Cnm` h¡Ÿ - Xoe H$m
àË`oH$ ZmJ[aH$ Bg g_ñ`m H$m hb H$aZo _| ghm`H$ hmoŸ& h_| {ZåZ n§{º$`m±
©
169
{Z~§Y-2
Zmar Vw_ Ho$db lÕm hmo
{df` àdoe - ^maV _| Zmar H$m ñWmZ nyOZr` h¡& Bg{bE àmMrZ
H$mb _| `hm± Zmar Ho$ à{V lÕm Ed§ ^pŠV H$s ^mdZm Wr& nwéf Ho$ OrdZ
d
_| dh _mVm Ho$ ê$n _|, ~hZ Ho$ ê$n _| VWm nËZr Ho$ ê$n _| AnZm `moJXmZ
he
XoVr h¡& Zmar Ho$ {~Zm nwéf H$m OrdZ AYyam _mZm OmVm h¡& H$hm J`m h¡
- ""`Ì Zm`©ñVw nyÁ`§Vo a_§Vo VÌ XodVm…'' AWm©V², ""Ohm± Zmar H$s nyOm hmoVr
is
re S
h¡ dhm± ^JdmZ H$m {Zdmg hmoVm h¡&'' doX-Cn{ZfX H$mb go Zmar Zo emñÌ,
B
bl
J{UV, IJmob {dkmZ Am{X joÌm| _| AnZr à{V^m Am¡a H$m¡eb H$mo à_m{UV
be T
{H$`m h¡&
pu
K
J§Jm, `_wZm, H$mdoar, Z_©Xm O¡go pñÌ`m| Ho$ Zm_ {XE JE h¢& _mV¥ àYmZ
n[adma H$s ñdrH¥${V Bg ~mV H$mo à_m{UV H$aVr h¡ {H$ gm_m{OH$ joÌ _|
^r Zmar H$mo _mZ-gå_mZ àmßV hþAm h¡& bo{H$Z H$mbm§Va _| AkmZ Am¡a
ê${‹T>J«ñV A§Y{dídmgm| Ho$ H$maU Zmar H$m AZmXa hmoZo bJm& gwajm Ho$ Zm_
na CgH$s ñdV§ÌVm H$m haU hþAm& Cgo _mÌ {dbmg H$s dñVw _mZm OmZo
to
bJm& ~MnZ _| Zmar H$mo {nVm Ho$ Aml` _|, CgHo$ ~mX n{V Ho$ AYrZ
VWm A§V _| AnZo ~ÀMm| Ho$ ghmao OrdZ {~VmZm n‹S>Vm Wm& bo{H$Z A~ g_`
t
No
~Xb J`m h¡& Zmar H$s pñW{V _| ~hþV ~Xbmd Am`o h¢& AmO H$s Zmar ñdV§Ì
ê$n go AmJo ~‹T>H$a nwéfm| Ho$ H§$Yo go H§$Ym {_bmH$a {ejm, {M{H$Ëgm, {dkmZ,
àm¡Úmo{JH$s, H$bm, gm{hË`, g§JrV Am¡a amOZr{V Am{X g^r joÌm| _| JUZr`
àJ{V H$a ahr h¡&
170
^maV H$mo ñdV§ÌVm {_bZo Ho$ ~mX gamo{OZr Zm`Sy> Zo àW_ _{hbm
amÁ`nmb ~ZH$a AnZr j_Vm H$m n[aM` {X`m& lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr Zo
àYmZ_§Ìr ~ZH$a ^maV Xoe H$mo àJ{V Ho$ nW na AJ«{gV {H$`m&
A§V[aj _| àdoe H$aZodmbr àW_ ^maVr` _{hbm H$ënZm Mmdbm Zo g§gma
H$mo `h {gÕ H$a {XIm`m h¡ {H$ ñÌr A§V[aj VH$ nhþ±M gH$Vr h¡& Bgr àH$ma
d
gw{ZVm {d{b`åg Zo ^r A§V[aj H$s `mÌm H$a AnZo gmhg H$m n[aM` {X`m
he
h¡& nr.Q>r. Cfm, ApídZr ZmMßnm, gm{Z`m {_Om©, gmBZm Zohdmb, _oar H$mo_,
Ádmbm JwQ²>Q>m Am{X Zo Iob-Hy$X Ho$ joÌ _| g§gma ^a _| ^maV H$m Zm_
is
re S
amoeZ {H$`m h¡&
B
bl
AZoH$ _{hbmE± _w»`_§Ìr, {ObmÜ`j Am¡a CÀM A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ ê$n _|
be T
pu
àemgZ H$m H$m`© g§^mb ahr h¢&
K
Cng§hma - AmO H|$Ð VWm amÁ` gaH$mam| Zo _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE AZoH$
©
`moOZmE± ~ZmB© h¢& CZHo$ {bE AmajU {X`m h¡& amÁ` gaH$ma Zo Xgdt H$jm
VH$ ~m{bH$mAm| H$mo {Z…ewëH$ {ejm H$s `moOZm ~ZmB© h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm AÝ`
H$B© gw{dYmE± ^r Xr Om ahr h¢& Amem H$a gH$Vo h¢ {H$ ^maVr` Zmar BZ
gw{dYmAm| go bm^mpÝdV hmoJr Am¡a AnZo Xoe Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg _| ghm`H$
to
{gÕ hmoJr&
t
No
171
{Z~§Ym| H$s ê$naoIm
1. n`©Q>Z H$m _hËd
1. {df` àdoe - n`©Q>Z H$m AW© 2. n`©Q>Z-EH$ CX²`moJ 3. {dH$mg H$m
gyÌYma 4. n`©Q>Z go bm^ 5. n`©Q>Z-EH$ em¡H$ 6. Cng§hmaŸ&
d
2. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`
he
1. {df` àdoe - "ZmJ[aH$' Ho$ {d{^Þ AW©, "ZmJ[aH$' H$m ê$‹T> AWdm
ì`mdhm[aH$ AW© 2. ZmJ[aH$ - g_mO Am¡a amï´> 3. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`
is
re S
AWdm ZmJ[aH$Vm Ho$ bjU 4. ZmJ[aH$ H$s nhMmZ 5. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$
B
bl
A{YH$ma 6. ZmJ[aH$ Am¡a gaH$ma 7. Cng§hmaŸ&
be T
pu
3. ~oamo>‹OJmar
K
nyU© (I) Am§{eH$ (J) {e{jV (K) A{e{jV dJ© 3. ~oamo‹OJmar Ho$
Xwîn[aUm_-AnamYm| H$s d¥{Õ, Xoe H$s à{V^m H$s AZwn`mo{JVm, amï´>r`
gmYZm| H$m Anì`` 4. ~oamo‹>OJmar Ho$ H$maU - (i) OZg§»`m _| d¥{Õ
(ii) XmofnyU© {ejm-nÕ{V (iii) CX²`moJ-Y§Ym| H$m A^md 5. ~oamo‹OJmar
to
4. _h±JmB©
No
d
1950 _| à{gÕ ñdV§ÌVm goZmZr Ed§ gm{hË`H$ma H$Ýh¡`mbmb _m{UH$bmb
he
_w§er X²dmam Ama§^, VXwnam§V {MßH$mo Am§XmobZ 7. Cng§hma&
is
re S B ******
bl
be T
pu
K
t ©
to
No
173
1. ì`pŠVJV nÌ
{nVm H$mo nÌ
{X : 12-11-2017
nyÁ` {nVmOr,
d
gmXa àUm_Ÿ&
he
_¢ `hm± AmnHo$ Amerdm©X go Hw$eb hÿ±Ÿ& AmnH$m nÌ {_bm, n‹T>H$a AË`§V
Iwer hþBŸ© & _oar n‹T>mB© R>rH$ Mb ahr h¡Ÿ& AmnH$s AmkmZwgma _Z bJmH$a {XZ-
is
re S
amV n‹T>mB© _| ì`ñV ahVm hÿ§°Ÿ& Iob-Hy$X `m Jnen _| Á`mXm g_` Jdm± Zht
B
bl
ahm hÿ§°Ÿ&
be T
h_mao ñHy$b H$s Amoa go AJbo _hrZo 10 go 13 VmarI VH$ e¡{jH$-
pu
K
`mÌm H$m Am`moOZ hþAm h¡Ÿ& Cg_| _oao gmao {_Ì Om aho h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ gmW _¢
^r OmZm MmhVm hÿ§°Ÿ& Bg{bE _wPo é. 2000 ^oOZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|Ÿ&
©
_mVmOr H$mo _oam àUm_, N>moQ>r ~hZ {à`m H$mo T>oa gmam ß`maŸ&
godm _|,
lr à^mH$a ~r. E_.,
t
174
2. ì`mdhm[aH$ nÌ
n«_mU nÌ Ho$ {bE nÌ
{XZm§H$ : 07-05-2017
àofH$,
d
g{MZ,
he
Zm¡dt H$jm, "~r' {d^mJ,
gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b,
is
re S
amOmOrZJa, ~|Jbyé-560 010.
B
godm _|,
bl
be T
pu
àmMm`m©,
K
gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b,
©
ñHy$b N>mo‹S>Zo H$m à_mU nÌ VWm M[aÌ à_mU nÌ XoZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|Ÿ&
gYÝ`dmX,
AmnH$m AmkmH$mar N>mÌ,
g{MZ
175
nÌ-boIZ Ho$ nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
nX g§~moYZ A{^dmXZ g_mnZ
~‹S>o VWm Jwé- lX²Yo`, _mZZr`, MaU ñne©, MaU AmnH$m AmkmH$mar,
OZ Ho$ {bE _mÝ`da, AmXaUr`, d§XZ, X§S>dV² àUm_, ñZoh-^mOZ,
d
nyÁ`, nyOZr`, H¥$nmH$m§jr, MaU godH$,{dZrV
he
nyÁ`nmX, nyÁ` MaU gmXa Z_ñH$ma
~am~admbm| {à`da, {à` ^mB©, gào_ Z_ñVo/ Vwåhmam {_Ì/
is
Ho$ {bE
re S B
{à` {_Ì, ~§Ywda Z_ñH$ma ñZohr, Vwåhmam hr,
bl
Vwåhmam gX¡d
be T
pu
N>moQ>m| Ho$ {à`, {Ma§Ord {Ma§Ord ahmo, Vwåhmam {hV¡fr,
K
176
ì`mH$aU
1. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m
{H«$`m H$m dh ê$n {Oggo H$Vm© ñd`§ H$m`© Z H$a, {H$gr Xygao H$mo
H$m`© H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aVm h¡, Cgo àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
d
1. _mohZ ImVm h¡Ÿ& ({H«$`m)
he
2 . _mohZ {IbmVm h¡Ÿ& (àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m)
is
àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m Ho$ Xmo ê$n {_bVo h¢Ÿ:
re S
1. àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n
B
bl
2. {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n
be T
pu
K
CXmhaU :
1. AmX_r CVamŸ& ({H«$`m)
©
d
CR> CR>Zm CR>mZm CR>dmZm
he
Mb MbZm MbmZm MbdmZm
is
re S
{bI
B
{bIZm {bImZm {bIdmZm
bl
Xm¡S‹ > Xm¡S‹ >Zm Xm¡S‹ >mZm Xm¡S‹ >dmZm
be T
pu
K
2. YmVw Ho$ Ama§^ _| XrK© ñda hmo Vmo Cgo õñd _| ~XbH$a àoaUmW©H$ ê$n
~Zm gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
YmVw {H«$`m àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n
to
178
2. g§{Y
* g§{Y eãX H$m AW© h¡ - _obŸ&
* Xmo dUm] `m Ajam| Ho$ _ob go hmoZodmbo {dH$ma H$mo g§{Y H$hVo h¡§Ÿ&
* O~ Xmo dU© Amng _| Ow‹S> Vo h¢ Vmo EH$ Z`m ê$n J«hU H$aVo h¢,
d
dU©-_ob H$s Bg à{H«$`m H$mo g§{Y H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
he
CXmhaU :
is
Y_© + A{YH$mar = Y_m©{YH$mar (A + A = Am)
re S
{ed + Amb` = {edmb` (A + Am = Am)
B
bl
* g§{Y Ho$ {ZåZ{b{IV VrZ ^oX h¢ :
be T
pu
1) ñda g§{Y
K
2) ì`§OZ g§{Y
©
3) {dgJ© g§{Y
1) ñda g§{Y : O~ Xmo ñda Amng _| {_bH$a EH$ Z`m ê$n YmaU H$aVo
h¢, V~ Cgo ñda g§{Y H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
to
* JwU g§{Y
No
* d¥{Õ g§{Y
* `U² g§{Y
* A`m{X g§{Y
179
* XrK© g§{Y : Xmo gdU§© ñda {_bH$a XrK© hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& `{X A, Am,
B, B©, C, D$ Am¡a F$ Ho$ ~mX do hr õñd `m XrK© ñda Am`|, Vmo XmoZm|
{_bH$a H«$_e… Am, B©, D$ Am¡a F$ hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
d
he
H$) A + A = Am g_mZ + A{YH$ma = g_mZm{YH$ma
A + Am = Am Y_© + AmË_m = Y_m©Ë_m
is
re S
Am + A = Am
B
{dX²`m + AWu = {dX²`mWu
bl
Am + Am = Am {dX²`m + Amb` = {dX²`mb`
be T
pu
K
D$ + D$ = D$ ^y + D$Om© = ^yOm©
180
* JwU g§{Y : `{X A `m Am Ho$ ~mX B `m B©, C `m D$ Am¡a F$
Am`o Vmo XmoZm| {_bH$a H«$_e… E, Amo Am¡a Aa hmo OmVo h¢&
CXmhaU :
(H$) A + B = E JO + B§Ð = JO|Ð
A + B© = E na_ + B©ída = na_oída
d
Am + B = E _hm + B§Ð = _h|Ð
he
Am + B© = E a_m + B©e = a_oe
is
(I) A + C = Amo
re S dm{f©H$ + CËgd = dm{f©H$moËgd
A + D$ = Amo Ob + D${_© = Obmo{_©
B
bl
Am + C = Amo _hm + CËgd = _hmoËgd
be T
pu
Am + D$ = Amo _hm + D${_© = _hmo{_©
K
CXmhaU :
t
A + Eo = Eo _V + EoŠ` = _V¡Š`
Am +E = Eo gXm + Ed = gX¡d
Am + Eo = Eo _hm + Eoíd`© = _h¡íd`©
181
I) A + Amo = Am¡ na_ + AmoO = na_m¡O
A + Am¡ = Am¡ dZ + Am¡fY = dZm¡fY
Am + Amo = Am¡ _hm + AmoOñdr = _hm¡Oñdr
Am + Am¡ = Am¡ _hm + Am¡f{Y = _hm¡f{Y
* `U²> g§{Y : `{X B, B©, C, D$ Am¡a F$ Ho$ ~mX H$moB© {^Þ ñda Am`o
d
he
Vmo B-B© H$m `², C-D$ H$m d² Am¡a F$ H$m a hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
is
B
re S
+ A=
B
` A{V + A{YH$ = AË`{YH$
bl
B + Am= `m B{V + Am{X = BË`m{X
be T
pu
B + C= `w à{V + CnH$ma = àË`wnH$ma
K
C + Am = d gw + AmJV = ñdmJV
F$ +A = a {nV¥ + AZw_{V = {nÌZw_{V
F$ + Am= a {nV¥ + Amkm = {nÌmkm
F$ + C = a {nV¥ + CnXoe = {nÌwnXoe
to
* A`m{X g§{Y : `{X E, Eo Am¡a Amo, Am¡ Ho$ ~mX H$moB© {^Þ ñda AmE
Vmo E H$m A`², Eo H$m Am`>, Amo H$m Ad² Am¡a Am¡ H$m Amd hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
t
No
d
he
CXmhaU :
1) {XH²$ + JO = {X½JO 4) fQ²> + Xe©Z = fS>²Xe©Z
is
2)
re S
gV² + dmUr = gX²>dmUr 5) dmH²$ + Omb = dm½Omb
B
bl
3) AM² + A§V = AO§V 6) VV² + ê$n = VÐÿn
be T
pu
(3) {dgJ© g§{Y : ñdam| AWdm ì`§OZm| Ho$ gmW {dgJ© (:) Ho$ _ob go
K
{dgJ© _| Omo n[adV©Z hmoVm h¡, Cgo {dgJ© g§{Y H$hVo h¢&
©
CXmhaU :
{Z: + M` = {ZíM`
{Z: + H$nQ> = {ZîH$nQ>
{Z: + ag = Zrag
to
183
3. g_mg
g_mg _| Xmo ñdV§Ì eãXm| H$m `moJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& H$_ go H$_ eãXm| Ho$
à`moJ go A{YH$ go A{YH$ AW© ~VmZo H$s g§{já {d{Y H$mo g_mg H$hVo
h¢Ÿ& Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ eãXm| Ho$ _ob go ~ZZodmbm eãX g_ñV nX H$hbmVm
h¡ & g_mg Ho$ {d{^Þ nXm| H$mo AbJ-AbJ H$aZo H$s à{H«$`m H$mo g_mg-
d
{dJ«h H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
he
g_mg N>… àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ…
1. Aì``r^md g_mg
is
re S
2. H$_©Yma` g_mg
B
bl
3. VËnwéf g_mg
be T
pu
4. {ÛJw g_mg
K
5. X²d§X²d g_mg
©
6. ~hþd«r{h g_mg
1. Aì``r^md g_mg :
Aì``r^md H$m empãXH$ AW© h¡ - Aì`` hmo OmZmŸ& {Og g_mg
_| nhbm nX Aì`` hmo VWm CgHo$ g_ñVnX ^r Aì``r ~Z Om`o,
to
O¡go :
{dJ«h gm_m{gH$ eãX nhbm nX Aì``
OÝ_ go boH$a AmOÝ_ Am
IQ>Ho$ Ho$ {~Zm ~oIQ>H$o ~o
184
noQ> ^a ^anoQ> ^a
O¡gm g§^d hmo `Wmg§^d `Wm
{~Zm OmZo AZOmZo AZ
2. H$_©Yma` g_mg :
Bg g_mg _| ~mX H$m eãX (CÎma nX) àYmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| {deofU-
d
{deoî` (EH$ eãX {deofU, Xygam {deoî`) `m Cn_o`-Cn_mZ H$m g§~Y§ hmoVm
he
h¡Ÿ& AWm©V², XmoZm| _| go EH$ eãX H$s Cn_m Xygao go Xr OmVr h¡ `m VwbZm
is
H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ&
re S
O¡go :
B
bl
H$) nhbm nX {deofU VWm Xygam nX {deoî`
be T
pu
CXmhaU :
K
CXmhaU :
H$ZH$ bVm H$ZH$bVm H$ZH$ Ho$ g_mZ bVm
t
d
O¡go :
he
OÝ_ H$s eVr-OÝ_eVr, `hm§° nagJ© "H$s' H$m bmon hmo J`m h¡ Am¡a
g_ñVnX ~Zm h¡-OÝ_eVrŸ&
is
re S
H$maH$m| H$s {d^{º$`m| Ho$ Zm_ Ho$ AZwgma VËnwéf g_mg Ho$ N>… ^oX
B
bl
{H$`o J`o h¢ :
be T
pu
H$) H$_© VËnwéf-H$_© H$maH$ H$s {d^{ŠV "H$mo' H$m bmon
K
O¡go :
©
I) H$aU VËnwéf - H$aU H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "go', "Ho$ Ûmam' H$m bmonŸ
O¡go:
AH$mb go nr{‹S> V - AH$mbnr{‹S> V
gya Ho$ X²>dmam H¥$V - gyaH¥$V
186
e{º$ go g§nÞ - e{º$g§nÞ
aoIm Ho$ X²>dmam A§{H$V- aoIm§{H$V
Alw go nyU© - AlwnU
y ©
J) g§àXmZ VËnwéf - g§àXmZ H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "Ho$ {bE' H$m bmon
d
O¡go :
he
gV Ho$ {bE AmJ«h - gË`mJ«h
amh Ho$ {bE IM© - amhIM©
is
re S
g^m Ho$ {bE ^dZ -
B
g^m^dZ
bl
Xoe Ho$ {bE ^{º$ - Xoe^{º$
be T
pu
Xoe Ho$ {bE ào_ - Xoen«_o
K
187
M) g§~§Y VËnwéf - g§~§Y H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "H$m, H$s, Ho$' H$m bmonŸ
O¡go :
ào_ H$m gmJa - ào_gmJa
^y H$m XmZ - ^yXmZ
Xoe H$m dmgr - Xoedmgr
d
amOm H$s g^m - amOg^m
he
Ob H$s Ymam - ObYmam
amOm Ho$ nwÌ - amOnwÌ
is
re S B
bl
N>) A{YH$aU VËnwéf - A{YH$aU H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "_|', "na' H$m bmonŸ
be T
O¡go :
pu
K
4. {X²>dJw g_mg :
Bg g_mg _| nhbm nX g§»`mdmMr hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h g_ñV eãX g_yhdmMr
t
No
^r hmoVm h¡&
O¡go :
gmV gm¡ (Xmohm|) H$m g_yh gVgB©
VrZ YmamE§° {ÌYmam
188
nm§°M dQ>m| H$m g_yh n§MdQ>r
VrZ do{U`m°§ {ÌdoUr
gm¡ df© eVmãXr
Mma amh| Mm¡amhm
~mah _mgm| H$m g_yh ~mah_mgm
d
he
5. X²>d§X²d g_mg :
{Og g_mg _| XmoZmo§ nX àYmZ hmoVo h¢, H$moB© Jm¡U nX Zht hmoVm, Cgo
is
re S
X²d§X²>d g_mg H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Bg_| Xmo eãXm| H$mo {_bmZodmbo g_wÀM`~moYH$m|
B
bl
(Am¡a, VWm, `m, AWdm, Ed§) H$m bmon hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
be T
pu
O¡go :
K
{dJ«h g_ñVnX
©
189
6. ~hþd«r{h g_mg :
{Og g_mg _| g_ñVnX _| H$moB© ^r nX àYmZ Z hmoH$a AÝ` H$moB©
nX àYmZ hmo, Cgo ~hþdr« {h g_mg Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ~hþdr« {h g_mg
_| {dJ«h H$aZo na A§V _| {OgH$m, {OgHo$, {OgH$s `m dmbm, dmbo, dmbr
AmVo h¢&
d
O¡go :
he
KZ Ho$ g_mZ í`m_ h¡ Omo (H¥$îU) - KZí`m_
is
ídoV A§~a (dñÌm|) dmbr (gañdVr)
re S - ídoVm§~ar
B
bl
b§~m h¡ CXa {OgH$m (JUoe) - b§~moXa
be T
MH«$ h¡ nm{U (hmW) _| {OgHo$ ({dîUw) - MH«$nm{U
pu
K
190
4. EH$b eãX - AZoH$ eãXm| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX
EH$ dmŠ` `m dmŠ`m§e Ho$ ñWmZ na EH$ Cn`wŠV eãX aIm Om gH$Vm
h¡& `o g§{jßV eãX g§nyU© dmŠ` `m dmŠ`m§e H$mo AnZo _| g_oQ>o ahVo h¢&
CXmhaU:
d
Omo Xygam| H$s ^bmB© H$aVm hmo - namonH$mar
he
dmŠ` _| à`moJ :
1. àgmX h_oem Xygam| H$s ^bmB© H$aVm ahVm h¡Ÿ&
is
re S
AWm©V²,
B
bl
2. àgmX namonH$mar h¡Ÿ&
be T
pu
Cn`w©º$ Xygao dmŠ` _| EH$b eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
K
191
5. _whmdam
{Og dmŠ`m§e go àH$Q> AW© go {^Þ AW© nm`m OmVm h¡, Cgo _whmdam
H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
d
he
A§JyR>m {XImZm - XoZo go ñnï> BÝH$ma H$aZmŸ&
Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU :
is
re S
A§Jmao CJbZm - H«$moY _| H$R>moa dMZ ~mobZmŸ&
B
bl
AnZm Cëbÿ grYm H$aZm - H$m_ {ZH$mbZmŸ/ñdmW© nyam H$aZm&
be T
pu
K
192
6. H$hmdV
g§jon _| H$hr J`r AZw^dOÝ` M_ËH$manyU© ~mV H$mo H$hmdV `m
bmoH$mo{ŠV H$hVo h¢& Eogr C{ŠV`m± gwZZodmbo na Jham à^md S>mb gH$Vr h¢&
CXmhaU :
d
Omo JaOVo h¢ do ~agVo Zht - A{YH$ emoa _MmZo dmbo H$m_ H$_ H$aVo
he
h¢Ÿ&
Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU :
is
re S
AYOb JJar N>bH$V Om` - H$_ JwUm|dmbm ì`{º$ A{YH$ {XImdm
B
bl
H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
be T
Am_ Ho$ Am_ JwR>{b`m| Ho$ Xm_ - XwJwZm bm^Ÿ&
pu
K
ImoXm nhm‹S> {ZH$br Mw{h`m - ~hþV à`ËZ H$aZo na ^r H$_ bm^ nmZm&
©
hmWr Ho$ Xm±V ImZo Ho$ Am¡a, {XImZo Ho$ Am¡a - gm_Zo Hw$N> Am¡a,
nrN>o Hw$N> Am¡a&
t
No
193
7. {dam_ {Mh²Z
qhXr _| à`wº$ {dam_ {Mh²Z {ZåZ{b{IV h¢& Omo {Mh²Z ~mobVo `m n‹T>Vo
g_` éH$Zo H$m g§Ho$V XoVo h¢, CÝh| {dam_ {Mh²Z H$hVo h¢& [dam_ H$m AW©
h¡ - éH$Zm `m R>haZmŸ&
1. Aën {dam_ ........................ (,)
d
2. AY© {dam_ ........................ (;)
he
3. nyU© {dam_ ........................ (&)
4. àíZ {Mh²Z ........................ (?)
is
re S
5. ^mdgyMH$ {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {Mh²Z ........
B
(!)
6.
bl
`moOH$ {Mh²Z........................ (-)
be T
pu
7. CÕaU {Mh²Z....................... (‘‘ ’’ ) (‘’)
K
8. H$moð>H$ {Mh²Z....................... ( )
©
O¡go- (1) gVre, {ddoH Am¡a {d{hV IobZo Ho$ ~mX Ka Mbo J`oŸ&
t
Ohm± Aën {dam_ go A{YH$ Am¡a nyU© {dam_ go H$_ éH$Zm hmo, dhm±
AY© {dam_ H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ &
O¡go - (1) Iy~ _Z bJmH$a n‹T> ; narjm {ZH$Q> Am JB© h¡Ÿ&
194
3. nyU© {dam_ (&)
BgH$m AW© h¡ - nyar Vah éH$Zm `m R>haZmŸ&
O¡go -
(1) _mohZ EH$ AÀN>m b‹S>H$m h¡Ÿ&
(2) `h Jm` h¡&
d
he
4. àíZdmMH$ {Mh²Z (?)
{Og {Mh²Z go àíZ nyN>Zo H$m Am^mg hmoVm h¡, Cgo àíZdmMH$ {Mh²Z
is
re S
H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
B
bl
O¡go -
be T
pu
(1) AmnH$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?
K
{Og {Mh²Z go Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ eãXm| H$mo OmoS‹ >m OmVm h¡, Cgo `moOH$
{Mh²Z H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go - \$b-\y$b, {XZ-amVŸ&
195
7. CX²YaU {Mh²Z ("" '') (" ')
{Og {Mh²Z Ho$ Ûmam {H$gr Ho$ H$WZ H$mo Á`m| H$m Ë`m| ~Vm`m OmVm
h¡, Cgo CX²YaU {M• H$hVo h¢&
O¡go -
d
(1) am_ Zo í`m_ go H$hm, ""_¢ Vwåhmar _XX H$ê±$JmŸ&''
he
8. H$moîR>>H$ {Mh²Z ( )
is
{H$gr eãX `m dmŠ`m§e H$m AW© ñnï> H$aZo `m CgH$s ì`m»`m H$aZo
re S
Ho$ {bE Cgo H$moîR>H$ Ho$ ^rVa aIm OmVm h¡Ÿ &
B
O¡go -
bl
be T
pu
K
196
8. H$mb
{H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgHo$ hmoZo Ho$ g_` H$m nVm MbVm h¡Ÿ, Cgo H$mb
H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go -
d
(1) _m± Zo AnZo ~oQ>o H$mo CnXoe {X`m WmŸ&
he
(2) aOV ñHy$b OmVm h¡&
(3) _mohZ JmZm JmEJmŸ&
is
re S B
H$mb Ho$ ^oX
bl
H$mb Ho$ VrZ ^oX h¢ -
be T
pu
1) ^yVH$mb
K
2) dV©_mZH$mb
©
3) ^{dî`V²H$mb
1. ^yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h OmZm OmE {H$ H$m_ ~rVo
g_` _| hmo MwH$m Wm `m hmo ahm Wm, Cgo ^yVH$mb H$hVo h¢&
to
(Am)AmgÝZ ^yVH$mb
No
d
(2) am_y Zo {H$Vm~ n‹T>rŸ&
he
(Am) AmgÞ ^yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go H$m_ Ho$ A^r-A^r `m
is
{ZH$Q> _| g_má hmoZo H$m ~moY hmo, Cgo AmgÞ ^yVH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
re S
AmgÞ H$m AW© h¡ {ZH$Q>Ÿ&
B
bl
O¡go -
be T
pu
K
(B) nyU© ^yVH$mb - ^yVH$mb H$s {Og {H«$`m go `h gy{MV hmoVm h¡ {H$
H$moB© H$m_ ^yVH$mb _| ~hþV nhbo g_má hmo MwH$m Wm, dh nyU© ^yVH$mb
H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&
to
O¡go -
(1) {H$aU ImZm Im MwH$m WmŸ&
t
No
198
O¡go -
(1) amhþb Iob ahm WmŸ&
(2) amo{hV JrV Jm ahm WmŸ&
(C) g§{X½Y ^yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go H$m`© H$m ^yVH$mb _| H$aZo
d
AWdm nyam hmoZo na g§Xoh àVrV hmo, dh g§{X½Y ^yVH$mb H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&
he
O¡go -
is
(1) gwerbm ImZm ~Zm MwH$s hmoJrŸ&
re S B
bl
(2) àem§V Iob MwH$m hmoJmŸ&
be T
pu
(D$) hoVw-hoVw_X² ^yVH$mb - Ohm± {H«$`m go `h OmZm Om gHo$ {H$ H$m`©
K
^yVH$mb _| hmo gH$Vm Wm, na§Vw {H$gr AÝ` H$m`© Ho$ Z hmo gH$Zo Ho$
©
O¡go -
(1) {nVmOr AI~ma n‹T> aho h¢Ÿ&
(2) {M{‹S>`m§° C‹S> ahr h¢Ÿ&
199
dV©_mZH$mb Ho$ VrZ ^oX _mZo JE h¡§-
H$) gm_mÝ` dV©_mZH$mb
I) AnyU© dV©_mZH$mb
J) g§{X½Y dV©_mZH$mb Ÿ
H$) gm_mÝ` dV©_mZH$mb - {Og {H«$`m go dV©_mZH$mb _| H$m`© H$m hmoZm
d
`m H$aZm gm_mÝ` ê$n _| nm`m OmVm h¡, naÝVw {H«$`m H$m H$moB© R>rH$
he
g_` {ZpíMV Z hmo, Cgo gm_mÝ` dV©_mZH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go -
is
re S(1) dh Ka OmVm h¡Ÿ&
B
bl
(2) Jm`| Kmg MaVr h¢Ÿ&
be T
pu
I) AnyU© dV©_mZH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h nVm Mbo {H$ H$m`©
K
dV©_mZH$mb _| ewê$ hmo J`m h¡ Am¡a A^r Omar h¡, Cgo AnyU©
©
J) g§{X½Y dV©_mZH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n Ûmam H$m_ Ho$ dV©_mZH$mb
_| hmoZo `m H$aZo _| g§Xoh H$m ~moY hmo, Cgo g§{X½Y dV©_mZH$mb
t
H$hVo h¢&
No
O¡go -
(1) AÜ`mnH$ _hmoX` AmVo hm|JoŸ&
(2) Vwåhmao {nVmOr Ka nhþ§°MVo hm|JoŸ&
200
3. ^{dî`V²H$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h nVm Mbo {H$ H$m`© A^r
hmoZm ~mH$s h¡, AWm©V²> AmJo AmZodmbo g_` _| hmoJm, Cgo ^{dî`V²H$mb
H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go -
‹ (1) _¢ ^r H$b go {dX²`mb` OmD§°$JmŸ&
d
(2) 25 {Xg§~a H$mo {dX²`mb` ~§X ahoJmŸ&
he
^{dî`V²H$mb Ho$ Ho$db Xmo ^oX _mZo J`o h¢ -
M) gm_mÝ` ^{dî`V²H$mb
is
re S
N>) g§^mì` ^{dî`V²H$mb
B
bl
M) gm_mÝ` ^{dî`V²H$mb - ^{dî`V²H$mb H$s {Og {H«$`m go `h gy{MV
be T
hmo {H$ gm_mÝ` ar{V go {H«$`m ^{dî` _| hmoJr, na§Vw {H«$`m Ho$ ^{dî`
pu
K
O¡go -
(1) gwaoe Am_ ImEJm &
(2) _mbr nm¡Ym| H$mo nmZr XoJmŸ&
N>) g§^mì` ^{dî`V²H$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go ^{dî`V²H$mb _|
to
H$m`© Ho$ hmoZo _| g§Xho AWdm g§^mdZm nmB© OmE, dh g§^mì` ^{dî`V²H$mb
H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&
t
No
O¡go -
(1) em`X ~m[ae hmo OmEŸ&
(2) em`X A{_V H$b Am OmEŸ&
201
9. qbJ
g§km Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgHo$ nwéf `m ñÌr Om{V Ho$ hmoZo H$m ~moY hmoVm
h¡, Cgo qbJ H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
{h§Xr _| Xmo àH$ma Ho$ qbJ h¢-
1. nwqëbJ
d
2. ñÌrqbJ
he
1. nwqëbJ - nwéf Om{V H$m ~moY H$amZodmbo eãX nwqëbJ hmoVo h¢ &
is
O¡go- AmX_r, ~oQ>m, Hw$Îmm Am{XŸ&
re S
2. ñÌrqbJ - ñÌr Om{V H$m ~moY H$amZodmbo eãX ñÌrqbJ hmoVo h¢ &
B
bl
O¡go - b‹S>H$s, Am¡aV, _m§° Am{XŸ&
be T
pu
nwqëbJ AàmUrdmMH$ eãXm| Ho$ qbJ H$s nhMmZ Ho$ Hw$N gyÌ Bg àH$ma h¢-
K
1. àm`… ~‹S>r, ^mar Am¡a _moQ>r dñVwAm| Ho$ eãX nwqëbJ hmoVo h¢ &
©
b‹S>H$nZ Am{X&
4. àm`: àmUrdmMH$ eãXm| _| ñÌr Om{V H$mo ~VmZodmbo eãX ñÌrqbJ
hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go - ~hZ, nËZr, ~oQ>r Am{XŸ&
202
5. ZXr, Prb, ^mfm, ~mobr, {b{n, Hw$N> ZjÌ, {V{W, VmarI; eara Ho$
`o A§J - Am§°I, ZmH$, H$_a, N>mVr, Or^, nbH$, H$mohZr, H$bmB©;
ImZo H$s MrµO| - amoQ>r, H$Mm¡‹S>r, nyar, Xmb, gãOr; g§ñH¥$V Ho$
AmH$mam§V, CH$mam§V Am¡a BH$mam§V eãX ñÌrqbJ hmoVo h¢&
6. AmdQ>, AmhQ>, AmB©, Amg, B_m, Zr Am{X àË`` go ~ZZodmbo eãX
d
ñÌrqbJ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
he
O¡go - ~ZmdQ>, _wñH$amhQ>, n‹T>mB©, H$nmg, _Yw[a_m, H$aZr Am{X &
BZ gyÌm| H$s ghm`Vm go ñÌrqbJ Am¡a nwqëbJ eãXm| H$mo nhMmZm Om
is
re S
gH$Vm h¡ VWm {d{^Þ àË``m| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a qbJ ê$n ~Zm gH$Vo h¢&
B
bl
nwqëbJ go ñÌrqbJ ~ZmZo Ho$ {Z`_ :
be T
pu
1. A H$mo Am H$aHo$
K
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
©
N>mÌ N>mÌm
AmMm`© AmMm`m©
2. A, Am H$mo B© H$aHo$
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
to
Za Zmar
ZmZm ZmZr
t
No
d
nw q ëbJ ñÌrqbJ
he
R>mHw$a R>H$w amBZ
hbdmB© hbdmBZ
is
re S B
bl
6. AH$ H$mo BH$m ~ZmH$a
be T
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
pu
K
~mbH$ ~m{bH$m
godH$ go{dH$m
©
Zm¡H$a Zm¡H$amZr
t
nw q ëbJ ñÌrqbJ
eoa eoaZr
_moa _moaZr
204
9. AmZ H$m AVr Ho$ ê$n _| ~XbH$a
nw q ëbJ ñÌrqbJ
_hmZ _hVr
lr_mZ lr_Vr
^m½`dmZ ^m½`dVr
d
10. B© Ho$ ñWmZ na BZr bJmH$a
he
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
is
ñdm_r
re S ñd{_Zr
B
EH$mH$s EH$m{H$Zr
bl
be T
pu
11. Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na Ìr bJmH$a
K
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
©
XmVm XmÌr
{dYmVm {dYmÌr
12. Hw$N> {deof eãX {OZH$m ñÌrqbJ _| {^Þ ê$n hmo OmVm h¡-
nw q ëbJ ñÌrqbJ
to
^mB© ~hZ
Za _mXm
t
No
205
10. H$maH$
g§km `m gd©Zm_ Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgH$m g§~§Y dmŠ` _| AÝ`
eãXm| Ho$ gmW OmZm OmVm h¡, Cgo H$maH$ H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
* _mohZ Zo gVre H$mo EH$ {H$Vm~ XrŸ&
d
* ahr_ Zo _y{V© Ho$ {bE EH$ {MÌ ItMmŸ&
he
H$maH$ Ho$ {ZåZm§{H$V AmR> ^oX h¢Ÿ:
1. H$Vm© H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m (H$m_) H$aZodmbo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m
is
re S
H$maH$ {Mh²Z h¡ "Zo' &
B
bl
CXmhaU :
be T
* a_oe Zo gwaoe H$s ghm`Vm H$s&
pu
K
3. H$aU H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m Ho$ hmoZo _| ghm`Vm XoZodmbo gmYZ H$m ~moY
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ H$m {Mh²Z h¡ - "go' &
t
CXmhaU :
No
d
* J§Jm {h_mb` go {ZH$bVr h¡Ÿ&
he
* no‹S> go \$b {JamŸ&
is
6. g§~§Y H$maH$ - Bggo g§kmAm| Ho$ ~rM {^Þ-{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ g§~§Y H$m
re S
~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ Ho$ {Mh²Z h¢ - "H$m', "Ho$', "H$s' &
B
bl
CXmhaU :
be T
pu
* gamoda H$m nmZr ñdÀN> hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
K
7. A{YH$aU H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m Ho$ hmoZo Ho$ ñWmZ `m g_` H$m ~moY
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ Ho$ {Mh²Z h¢ - "_|' Am¡a "na' &
CXmhaU :
* a_oe Ho$ {nVm _w§~B© _| ahVo h¡§Ÿ&
to
207
11. "{H$' Am¡a "H$s' H$m à`moJ
* "{H$' H$maU ~moYH$ Aì`` h¡& H$m`© H$maU dmMH$ Aì`` Ho$ ê$n _|
Cn dmŠ`m| Ho$ Ama§^ _| à`moJ hmoVm h¡&
O¡go -
1. am_ Zo H$hm {H$ CgHo$ {nVmOr H$m Zm_ XeaW h¡Ÿ&
d
he
2. nw{bg Zo Mmoa H$mo BVZm nrQ>m {H$ dh ~ohmoe hmo J`mŸ&
3. ~g éH$s ^r Zht Wr {H$ bmoJ CgH$s Amoa Xm¡‹S> n‹S>oŸ&
is
re S
4. {nVmOr _wPo n¡go XoZodmbo hr Wo {H$ MmMmOr Zo H$hm ""Cgo n¡gm
B
bl
_V Xmo&''
be T
pu
5. _¢ ~mha OmZodmbm hr Wm {H$ ~m[ae hmoZo bJr&
K
* "{H$' Aì`` Ho$ à`moJ go dmŠ`mW© _| {dH$ën H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ &
©
O¡go -
1. Vw_ Mm` {nAmoJo {H$ H$m\$s?
2. am_ Am`m {H$ H¥$îU?
to
O¡go -
^maV H$s amOYmZr
eha H$s b‹S> {H$`m§°
208
~oQ>o H$s b‹S>H$s
_mohZ H$s {H$Vm~|
{nVmOr H$s {H$Vm~
Ka H$s amo{Q>`m§°
Amn H$s ~mV|Ÿ
d
I) {H«$`m Ho$ ê$n _| ^r "H$s' H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
he
O¡go -
is
re S
am_ Zo narjm nmg H$s Ÿ&
B
bl
_¢ Zo {Xëbr H$s `mÌm H$sŸ&
be T
CgZo H$moB© JbVr Zht H$sŸ&
pu
K
209
12. {déX²YmW©H$ eãX
Hw$N> eãX Eogo hmoVo h¢Ÿ, Omo EH$ Xygao Ho$ R>rH$ {dnarV AW© àH$Q> H$aVo
h¢Ÿ& BÝh| {dnarVmW©H$ ({dbmo_) eãX H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BZH$s aMZm àË`` (hrZ
Am{X) VWm CngJ© (Hw$, gw, Xw, {Z, A, AZ² Am{X) H$s ghm`Vm go hmoVr
h¡Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r ñdV§Ì eãX ^r {dbmo_ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
d
he
Hw$N> àM{bV {dnarVmW©H$ eãXm| H$s gyMr :
1. A§YH$ma × àH$me 2. Am` × ì``
is
re S
3. AmJo × nrN>o
B
4. A_¥V × {df/_¥V
bl
J) CngJ© Omo‹S>H$a VWm CngJ© _| n[adV©Z Ho$ X²dmmam {Z{_©V
be T
pu
{dnarVmW©H$ eãX :
K
({deof : {dbmo_ eãXm| H$mo {bIVo g_` `h Ü`mZ _| aIZm Mm{hE {H$
t
VËg_ eãX H$m {dbmo_ VËg_ hmo, VX²>^d H$m VX²>^d, {dXoer H$m {dXoer
No
210