Albaha University

Faculty of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

Implementation of Vertical axis Wind Turbine

By
Khalid Attia Khalf Alghamdi (430006747)
Rasmy Khalf Jamaan Alghamdi (430002037)
Abdullah Mohammd Ali alshahrani (430009563)

B.Sc. Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of
Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.)
in
Mechanical Engineering

Under Supervision of

Dr. Osama Sayed Abd-Elkawi

Mechanical Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering
Al-Baha University

Albaha, KSA
2016
 M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g De p a r t m e n t
F a c u l t y o f E n g in e e r i n g
A l - B a h a Un i v e r si t y
KSA
Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled

“Implementation of Vertical axis Wind Turbine”

Submitted by
Khalid Attia Khalf Alghamdi (430006747)
Rasmy Khalf Jamaan Alghamdi (430002030)
Abdullah Mohammd Ali alshahrani (430009563)
has been carried out under my supervision in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the B.Sc. Degree in Mechanical Engineering at Mechanical
Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Baha University, and
this work has not been submitted elsewhere before for any other academic
degree. ( )

Date: / /1437 H D r . O s a ma S a y e d Ab d E l ka w i
/ / 2016 A s s i s t a n t Pr o f e ss o r
Department of Mechanical Engineering
F a c u l t y o f E n g in e e r i n g
A l - B a h a Un i v e r si t y
Al-Baha, KSA

i
 Acknow ledg ment
We wou ld like to exp res s ou r g ratitud e to all
thos e who gave us th e pos sib ility to co mp lete this
d es ign p ro ject.
At the b eg inning of all, ou r g reat th ank s to Go d
who h elped me to co mp lete th is wo rk and bring it to
its end .
We wou ld lik e to exp ress my g ratitud e to
Dr.Osa ma Say ed Abd-Elkaw i , fo r his gu id an ce,
h elpful advice, great s uppo rt, effectiv e ins tru ctions
and con tinuous enco u rag ement in th e sup erv is ion
th rougho ut this res earch wo rk .
We wou ld als o like to thank all the s ta ff
me mbers of the M echanical E ng ineering
Depa rtment and Faculty o f E ng ineering fo r th eir
ass is tan ce and h elp in carrying ou t th is wo rk.

Khalid Attia Khalf Alghamdi

Rasmy Khalf Jamaan Alghamdi
Abdullah Mohammd Ali alshahrani

ii
 T able of Co ntents
Page
A c kn ow l e d g e m e n t ii
Table of Contents iii

Nomenclature v
vi
Abstract

Chapter (1): Introduction 1

1.1 Types of wind turbine 4

1.1.1 Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) 4
1.1.2 Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) 4
1.2 The main advantages of VAWT 4
1.3 The main disadvantages of VAWT 5
1.4 Types of vertical axis wind turbines 5
1.5 The objective of the present work 5
Chapter (2) Literature Review 6

2.1 Types of Vertical Axis wind Turbines 7

2.1.1 Darrieus 7

2.1.1.1 Historical background 7

2.1.1.2 Use and operation 7

2.1.2 Savonius 9

2.1.2.1 Historical background 9

2.1.2.2 Use and operation 9

2.1.3 Giromill 11

iii
 2.1.3.1 Historical background 11

2.1.3.2 Use and operation 12

2.1.3 Cyclotubine 13

2.2 Review on Savonius Rotor 14

2.2.1 Changing the overlap ratio 15
2.2.2 Changing the shape blade 16
2.2.3 Changing the stage 17
2.2.4 Aerodynamic characteristices 18
2.3 Review on Darrieus Rotor 19
2.3.1 General Findings 19
2.3.2 Changing the shape of blade 20
Chapter (3) Theory of Aerodynamics 22
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 Power in the wind 24
3.3 Power Coefficient 29
3.4 Wind gradient 31
3.5 Lift and drag force 33
3.6 Control of the blade 35

Chapter (4) Wind Energy Statistics

36
4.1 Europe 37
4.2 Rest of the World 43
Chapter (5) Implementation of VAWT Model 50

5.1 Design steps 51

iv
 5.2 Actual gallery of present work VAWT Implementation 58

C h a p t e r ( 6 ) Co n c l u s i o n s a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r 59
Future Work
6.1 Conclusions 60

6.2 Recommendations for Future Work 60

References 61
Arabic Summery

v
 Nomenclature
A turbine swept area, m2
C chord length, m
F force, N
L blades length, m
P power, W
R turbine radius, m
T torque, N m
V wind velocity, m/s
Vrel blade relative velocity, m/s
N number of blades
Cd drag coefficient
Cl lift coefficient
Cp power coefficient = P/(0.5 × ρ × A × V3)
Ct torque coefficient = T/(0.5 × ρ × r × A × V2)

Greek letters

ρ density, kg/m3
ω rotational speed, rad/s
λ tip speed ratio
γ pitch angle, degrees
θ azimuth angle, degrees
α angle of attack, degrees

vi
 Abstract
The vertical axis wind turbines have many advantages over the
horizontal wind turbines such as; the rotor shaft is placed vertically and can
be located near the ground. The generator and the gearbox are placed near
the ground. There is no need for a tower. Also, the turbine does not need to
be pointed into the wind. This makes maintenance of the wind turbine quite
easy. Also, the vertical axis wind turbine is quite cost effective. They can be
placed on hill tops, on ridge lines and on the top of buildings and in any
areas where the force of the wind is more near the ground. Since they are
placed lower, they can be used where tall devices are not allowed by the law.
The main advantage of a vertical axis wind turbine, however, is that it turns
in any direction with the wind . This present work studied the potential for
installing roof-mounted vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) systems on
house roofs. In the present work Savonius type of VAWT is chosen. The
present work aims to implement a vertical axis wind turbine with Savonius
type to use in Albaha region. Unfortunately after the model implementation
for first test the wind destroyed it, consequently model was repaired for
second test but it was damaged again. Finally, implementation of different
type of vertical wind turbine is recommended to face the wind forces in
Albaha region.

vii
Chapter (1)
 Chapter (1)
Introduction
With populations increasing exponentially and our natural resources
being strained by increases in demand, it is more important than ever to
invest in renewable energy. Our consumption of fossil fuels as energy has
been traced to be a leading cause in environmental issues. The byproduct of
fossil fuel consumption is carbon dioxide, which has been named to be a
primary constituent leading to Global Warming. The amount of carbon
dioxide that someone or something produces is known as its “carbon
footprint.” The media has been focusing on this issue and many green
movements have started to try and reduce our “carbon footprint” .
There are only a few types of energy that do not produce carbon
dioxide. These are nuclear power and renewable energy sources such as
wind, solar and hydro power. Renewable energy sources are the cleanest
from of these sources, because there is no waste formed as byproducts of
these sources. Nuclear energy produces nuclear waste which could take up
to but not limited to 100 years until it can be disposed of properly [1].
Wind power was first used long time ago by many civilizations during
mankind history to produce mechanical energy or for navigation. Only with
the use of coal and oil in the last two centuries its importance decreased, but
during the last decades the interest on this topic grew as much as the
possible business around it. Since the beginning, two types of windmills and
turbines have been built to use this renewable source: some machines with
horizontal axis of rotation (HAWT) and some other with vertical axis
(VAWT). The firs type is the most common today, but growing market asks
for machines with different proprieties to fit different requests. VAWT

2
design have been always mistreated by literature and market, but with some
new or improved technologies and decreasing prices for valuable materials
such as permanent magnet, together with the peculiarity of VAWT turbines
to operate were other types have problems, this turbine can have a very
important advantage in the actual market.
Wind turbines are a clean way to generate power, yet there are many
significant problems with them as well. One problem is that they are
extremely expensive to design and install, and in order to generate enough
energy for communities and cities require space for wind farms. Another
issue is that they have to be created in locations where there is enough wind
energy to generate enough electricity to justify the cost of the machine.
Wind turbines have been used throughout the world to generate electricity
from off shore wind farms to residential smaller scale wind turbines. There
are two main types of wind turbines. The two general categories for wind
turbines include vertical axis or horizontal axis wind turbines. The turbines
are classified upon how the shaft of the generator is mounted. The horizontal
axis wind turbine HAWT was invented before the vertical axis wind turbine
(VAWT), which led to its popularity and wide use [1].

Figure 1.1 Examples of different HAWT systems

3
 Figure 1.2 HAWT VS. VAWT Design

1.1 Types of wind turbines

The major classification of wind turbines is related to the rotating axis
position in respect to the wind; care should be taken to avoid confusion with
the plane of rotation.
1.1.1Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT)
The rotational axis of this turbine must be oriented parallel to the wind in
order to produce power. Numerous sources claim a major efficiency per
same swept area and the majority of wind turbines are of this type.
1.1.2 Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT)
The rotational axis is perpendicular to the wind direction or the
mounting surface. The main advantage is that the generator is on ground
level so they are more accessible and they don’t need a yaw system. Because
of its proximity to ground, wind speeds available are lower.

4
1.2 The main advantages of VAWT
1. Omnidirectional, which means that it accepts wind from any angle
2. Components can be mounted at ground level that means :
a. Ease of service
b. Lighter weight towers
3. Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of
wind.
1.3 The main disadvantages of VAWT
1. Rotors generally near ground where wind poorer
2. Centrifugal force stresses blades
3. Poor self-starting capabilities
4. Requires support at top of turbine rotor.

1.2 Types of vertical axis wind turbines

There are several types of VAWT that will be discussed in chapter two.
The present work implements Savonius type.

1.5 The objective of the present work

The present work aims to implement VAWT of Savonius type to be
a first step to study its performance in future similar works.

5
Chapter (2)
 Chapter (2)
Literature review

2.1 Types of Vertical Axis wind Turbines

The present work concerns with vertical axis wind turbine. There are
several types of VAWT will be discussed in the following sections in this
chapter.

2.1.1 Darrieus
2.1.1.1 Historical background
French aeronautical engineer Georges Jean Marie Darrieus patented in
1931 a “Turbine having its shaft transverse to the flow of the current”, and
his previous patent (1927) covered practically any possible arrangement
using vertical airfoils. It’s one of the most common VAWT, and there was
also an attempt to implement the Darrieus wind turbine on a large scale
effort in California by the FloWind Corporation; however, the company
went bankrupt in 1997. Actually this turbine has been the starting point for
further studies on VAWT, to improve efficiency.
2.1.1.2 Use and operation
The swept area on a Darrieus turbine is A= 2/3 (D2) , a narrow range of tip
speed ratios around 6 and power coefficient Cp just above 0.3. Each blade
sees maximum lift (torque) only twice per revolution, making for a huge
torque (and power) sinusoidal output that is not present in HAWTs. And the
long VAWT blades have many natural frequencies of vibration which must
be avoided during operation.
One problem with the design is that the angle of attack changes as the
turbine spins, so each blade generates its maximum torque at two points on

7
its cycle (front and back of the to a sinusoidal power cycle that complicates
design.
Another problem arises because the majority of the mass of the
rotating mechanism is at the periphery rather than at the hub, as it is with a
propeller. This leads to very high centrifugal stress on the mechanism, which
must be stronger and heavier than otherwise to withstand them. The most
common shape is the one similar to an egg of the rotating mass not far from
the axis. Usually it has 2 or 3 blades, but some studied during 80
demonstrate that the 2 bladed configurations has an higher efficiency.
2.1.1.3 Examples
The biggest example of this type of turbine was the EOLE, built in
Quebec Canada in 1986. Its height is about 100 m, the diameter is 60 m and
the rated power was about 4 MW, but due to mechanical problems and to
ensure longevity the output was reduced to 2.5 MW. It was shut down in
1993.

Figure 2.1 Three-bladed Darrieus wind turbine

8
2.1.2 Savonius
2.1.2.1 Historical background
Savonius wind turbines were invented by the Finnish engineer Sigurd
J. Savonius in 1922, but Johann Ernst Elias Bessler (born 1680) was the first
to attempt to build a horizontal windmill of the Savonius type in the town of
Furstenburg in Germany in 1745. Nowadays they are not usually connected
to electric power grids.
2.1.2.2 Use and operation
The Savonius is a drag-type VAWT, so it cannot rotate faster than the wind
speed. This means that the tip speed ratio is equal to 1 or smaller, making
this turbine not very suitable for electricity generation. Moreover, the
efficiency is very low compared to other types, so it can be employed for
other uses, such as pumping water or grinding grain. Much of the swept area
of near the ground, making the overall energy extraction less effective due to
lower wind speed at lower heights.

Figure 2.2 Savonius Rotor

9
Its best qualities are the simplicity, the reliability and the very low noise
production. It can operate well also at low wind speed because the torque is
very high especially in these conditions. However the torque is not constant,
so often some improvements like helical shape are used.

Figure 2.3 Savonius wind turbine

2.1.2.3 Examples
The Savonius can be used where reliability is more important than
efficiency:
• Small application such as deep-water buoys
• Most of the anemometers are Savonius-type
• Used as advertising signs where the rotation helps to draw attention.

10
2.1.3 Giromill
2.1.3.1 Historical background
The straight-bladed wind turbine, also named Giromill or H-rotor, is a type
of vertical axis wind turbine developed by Georges Darrieus in 1927.This
kind of VAWT has been studied by the Musgrove’s research team in the
United Kingdom during the 80.

Figure 2.4 Giromill wind turbine (2 blades)

In these turbines the “egg beater” blades of the common Darrieus are
replaced with straight vertical blade sections attached to the central tower
with horizontal supports. These turbines usually have 2 or 3 vartical airfoils.
The Giromill blade design is much simpler to build, but results in a more
massive structure than the traditional arrangement and requires stronger
blades. In these turbines the generator is located at the bottom of the tower
and so it can be heavier and bigger than a common generator of a HAWT
and the tower can have a lighter structure.While it is cheaper and easier to
build than a standard Darrieus turbine, the Giromill is less efficient and
requires motors to start. However these turbines work well in turbulent wind

11
conditions and represent a good option in those area where a HAWT is
unsuitable.

2.1.3.2 Use and operation

The operation way of a Giromill VAWT is not different from that of a
common Darrieus turbine. The wind hits the blades and its velocity is split in
lift and drag component. The resultant vector sum of these two component
of the velocity makes the turbine rotate.
The swept area of a Giromill wind tubine is given by the length of the
blades multiplied for the rotor diameter. The aerodynamics of the Giromill is
like the one of the common Darrieus turbine (Figure 2-1): the wind force is
splited in lift and drag force and it make the tubine rotate.
2.1.3.3 Examples

Figure 2.5 VerticalWind giromill wind turbine (3 blades, 200 kW,

Falkenberg, Sweden)
12
The VAWT-850 was the biggest H-rotor in Europe when it was built in UK
in the 1989. It had a height of 45m and a rotor diameter of 38m. This turbine
had a gearbox and an induction generator inside the top of the tower. It was
installed at the Carmarthen test site during the 1990 and operated until the
month of February of 1991, when one of the blades broke, due to an error in
the manufacture of the fiberglass blades. In the 90’s the German company
Heidelberg Motor GmbH developed and built several 300 kW prototypes,
with direct driven generators with large diameter. In some turbines the
generator was placed on the top of the tower while in others turbines it was
located on the ground. In 2010 the Vertical Wind AB, after a 12 kW
prototype developed in Uppsala, Sweden, has developed and built in
Falkenberg the biggest VAWT in Sweden: it’s a 3 blades Giromill with rated
power of 200 kW, with a tower built in with a wood composite material that
make the turbine cheaper than other similar structure made by steel.

2.1.4 Cycloturbine
A variant of the Giromill is the Cycloturbine, which uses a vane to
mechanically orient the pitch of the blades for the maximum efficiency. In
the Cycloturbines the blades are mounted so they can rotate around their
vertical axis. This allows the blades to be pitched so that they always have
some angle of attack relative to the wind.

13
 Figure 2.6 Cycloturbine rotor
The main advantage of this design is that the torque generated remains
almost constant over a wide angle and so the Cycloturbines with 3 or 4
blades have a fairly constant torque. Over this range of angles the torque is
near the maximum possible and so the system can generated more power.
Compared with the other Darrieus wind turbines, these kind of VAWT
shows the advantage of a self-starting: in low wind conditions, the blades are
pitched flat against the wind direction and they generated the drag forces
that let the turbine start turning. As the rotational speed increases, the blades
are pitched so that the wind flows across the airfoils generating the lift forces
and accelerating the turbine. The blade pitching mechanism is complex and
usually heavy, and the Cycloturbines need some wind direction sensors to
pitch the blades properly [3].
2.2 Review on Savonius Rotor
The optimum output from the wind energy is the key objective of the
investigation and different aerodynamic shapes of the blades are designed to
verify the outcome. Numerous investigations had been carried out in the past
to study the performance characteristics of Savonius rotor. These
investigations included wind tunnel tests, field experiments and numerical

14
studies. Blade configurations were studied in wind tunnels to evaluate the
effect of aspect ratio, number of blades, overlap and gap between blades,
effect of adding end extensions, end plates and shielding.
2.2.1 Changing the Overlap Ratio of Blade
The performance of two bladed Savonius turbine with five overlaps of
16.2%, 20%, 25%, 30% & 35% were investigated. Among them 16.2%
overlap condition showed maximum power extraction. The pressure drop
across the rotor from upstream to downstream as well as, maximum pressure
difference across the returning bucket was displayed in the same condition
which eventually indicated the better overall aerodynamic torque and power.
(Gupta, Das, et al. 2012) Three bladed Savonius rotor with different overlap
ratio was taken care for another experiment. Ratio of 0.0, 0.12 and 0.26 had
been used for different Reynolds number (Re). The model with no overlap
ratio showed better torque coefficient for lower Re, better power coefficient
at higher Re and with the increase of tip speed ratio. (K. N. Morshed 2010)
(Biswas et al. 2007) conducted the experiment on three bladed Savonius
turbine in front of sub-sonic wind tunnel with no overlap and for overlap
conditions in the range of 16% to 35%. They found out that, at no overlap
condition, maximum power factor is 36% without blockage correction at
TSR of 0.50, and 28% with blockage correction at TSR of 0.46. With the
increase of overlap ratio, the values of power-coefficient decreased for
blockage effects. Power coefficients increased with the increase of overlap
ratio up to a certain limit and afterwards start decreasing even the overlap is
increased. From this experiment, the maximum power coefficient was found
47% without blockage correction and 38% with blockage correction at 20%
overlap.

15
2.2.2 Changing the Shape of Blade
(Qasim et al. 2011) worked with impeller scoop-frame type with
movable vanes wind turbine VAWT. The objective was to maximize the
drag factor by closing the vanes on convex shape and open when air hit the
concave part. Due to movement of vanes for and against of wind, a higher
drag factor had worked on the impeller scoop-frame type with movable
vanes, and had higher efficiency than flat vanes. (Manzoor et al. 2008)
experimented on Savonius rotor to compare the performance of twisted
blade. Initially they carried the experiment with two vertical, semi-circular
curved blades and then with twisted blade with the angle ranging from 0° to
60°. From the analysis of wind flow over various configurations of the rotor
blades they have concluded that, the maximum efficiency of 33.85% had
been found at θ=45° compared to 25.6% without twist. This twist increases
the positive wetted part in the side projected area which results an increase
in the average projected area. At the same twist angle, both the RPM and
torque were also obtained higher than without twist. (Saha et al. 2006)
studied the performance of twisted blade. All the tests were carried out in a
three-bladed system with a blade aspect ratio of 1.83. The study showed that,
a potential of smooth running, higher efficiency and self-starting capability
had been there for twisted blades compared to semicircular blades.
Comparatively larger twist angle provides maximum power and better
starting characteristics at lower wind velocity. The optimum performance is
displayed at low airspeeds of 6.5 m/s and twist angle of α =15° in terms of
starting acceleration and maximum no load speed. (Ghatage and Joshi 2012)
have done further experiment by changing twist of blade as well as the
number of blade. They have studied with both regular blade and twisted
blade. The experiment concluded that two blades with twist enhance the
16
efficiency of turbine. In their experiment the two-bladed 30° twisted bladed
turbine gave the better power coefficient. It was concluded that the twisted
blade attributes relatively higher drag on the turbine surface.
2.2.3 Changing the Stage
(Ghosh, et al. 2009) have experimented Single- and three-stage
modified Savonius rotors, which are extensively tested in front of an open jet
wind tunnel. With the increase in the Reynolds number both the single- and
three-stage rotors shows higher coefficient of power. The three-stage rotor
showed positive and uniform coefficient of static torque. Here the number of
blade also had some effect. The coefficient of static torque differed with the
change of blade number in a three-stage rotor. (Hayashi et al.2005)
experimented a wind tunnel test to improve the starting characteristics of
Savonius rotor with and without guided vanes. They have concluded that,
the three staged rotor had better torque coefficient than single stage rotor.
The guide vanes further increased the torque coefficient. (Kumbernuss, et al.
2012) studied two-staged Savonius-type turbines with different number of
blades, the shape of the blades, the overlap ratio and the phase shift angle.
The wind turbines were tested under four different wind speeds of 4m/s,
6m/s, 8m/s and 10m/s. There were three turbines with the overlap ratios of 0,
0.16 and 0.32. Before testing those in an open wind tunnel, the wind turbines
were adjusted to the phase shift angles (PSA) of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 degrees
under different air velocities. The overlap ratio of 0.16 produced the better
performance among the three, followed by the 0.32 overlap ratio. At lower
air velocities the larger phase shift angles and at higher air velocities smaller
phase shift angles will produce better performance of the turbines. (Saha et
al. 2008) conducted a wind tunnel test to assess the aerodynamic
performance of Savonius rotor systems with different stages. Both
17
semicircular and twisted blades had been used in each case. Experiments
were carried out to optimize the different parameters like number of stages,
number of blades (two and three) and geometry of the blade (semicircular
and twisted). It was concluded from this experiment that, two-stage rotor
showed a better performance characteristics when compared the three-stage
rotor. As the number of stages was increased, the inertia of the rotor was
found to increase thereby reducing its performance. This was independent on
the blade geometry. Two-bladed system gave optimum performance and in a
two bladed system, the performance of twisted-bladed rotor was superior to
the semicircular-bladed rotor.
2.2.4 Aerodynamic Characteristics
(Diaz et al. 1991) analyzed to find the drag and lift coefficients of a
Savonius wind turbine to find the aerodynamic performance. They found
that at a tip-speed ratio of λ = 1 the rotor operated with maximum efficiency,
in terms of power coefficient. For either increase or decrease of tip-speed
ratio the drag coefficient decreases sharply. They also suggested that, around
tip-speed ratio λ = 1, Savonius rotor operates most efficiently, where there is
almost no effect of change of lift force due to the coefficient remains
constant at 0.5. (M. Rahman, K. N. Morshed, et al. 2009) (2010)
experimented on the Drag and Torque characteristics of three bladed
Savonius Wind Turbine. The turbines with no overlap has better drag and
torque characteristics. They also performed Aerodynamic performance
analysis on three bladed Savonius wind turbine and concluded that higher
reynold number showed better aeorodynamic behavoir for no overlaping
blades. (Carrigan, et al. 2012) had the objective to introduce and
demonstrate a fully automated process for optimizing the air foil cross-
section of a VAWT. The objective was to maximize the torque while
18
enforcing typical wind turbine design constraints such as tip speed ratio,
solidity, and blade profile. This work successfully demonstrated a fully
automated process for optimizing the air foil cross-section of a VAWT. As
this experiment was not an extensive study, so they had suggested further
research and development.
2.3 Review on Darrieus Rotor
Like Savonius, many experiments have been studied to find the
optimum performance of Darrieus rotor. These investigations included
mostly numerical studies and some are simulated in wind tunnel as well as in
field. Aerodynamic characteristics were studied to evaluate the effect of
blade shape and angle, material and configurations. Some researchers tried
to change the external factors to improve the starting characteristics of
Darrieus rotor.
2.3.1 General Findings
(Howell, et al. 2010) experimented on small scale Darrieus rotor. A
combined experimental study in wind tunnel and computational study was
done to find the aerodynamics and performance. In this experiment they
changed wind velocity, tip-speed ratio, solidity and rotor blade surface
finish. It was found that, below a critical wind speed (Reynolds number of
17 30,000) a smooth rotor surface finish degraded the performance of the
turbine. The tests also showed that both two and three bladed rotor models
had produced highest performance coefficient, but the three bladed models
did so at a much reduced Tip Speed Ratio. Considering errors and
uncertainties in both the CFD simulations and the wind tunnel
measurements, computational study displayed reasonably good agreement
with the experimental measurements. Stronger tip vortices were created at
phases with higher amounts of lift present. (Beri and Yao 2011) studied to
19
show the effect of camber airfoil for a self-starting Darrieus turbine. For this
purpose they have used three bladed NACA 2415 camber airfoil and
simulated in different tip speed ratio. The experiment results showed that,
camber airfoil have the characteristics of self-starter. Though for same
power coefficient the efficiency was less than the non-self-starting airfoils.
2.3.2 Changing the Shape of Blade
(Hameed and Afaq 2012) designed a straight symmetrical blade for a
small scale Darrieus rotor using beam theories. They changed the design
parameters of the blade like solidity, aspect ratio, pressure coefficient etc.
for experiment purpose. Then the blade design was analyzed at extreme
wind conditions where maximum values of deflection and bending stresses
were determined at peak values of aerodynamic and centrifugal forces. It
was concluded that keeping the maximum stresses and deflection within
acceptable range, the wall thickness of the blade could be optimized by
reducing weight of the blade. (Armstrong et al. 2012) investigated the
aerodynamics of a high solidity Darrieus rotor through wind tunnel tests
limited at Re >500,000 for full size operating turbine. Straight blades and
canted blade showed different flow separation behavior. Canted blades 18
experiencing less flow reversal on their upwind pass and recovering attached
flow before θ = 1800 . Much less flow separation was noted relative to the
straight blades at the same blade speed ratios even for the peak blade ratio λ
= 2.1. Canted blades increased the power and reduced the blade speed ratio
at which peak power occurred. The addition of fences, which acted to
impede span wise flow on the swept blades, reduced the blade speed ratio at
peak power to about λ =1.9, presumably with a flow that is more similar to
the straight blade case. 2.4.3 Different Other Numerical Investigations
(Castelli, et al. 2013) presented a model for the evaluation of aerodynamic
20
and inertial contributions to a VAWT blade deformation. Solid modeling
software, capable of generating the desired blade geometry depending on the
design geometric parameters, is linked to a finite volume Computational
Fluid Dynamic (CFD) code for the calculation of rotor performance and to a
Finite Element Method (FEM) code for the structural design analysis of
rotor blades. Flow field characteristics were investigated for a constant
unperturbed freestream wind velocity of 9 m/s, determining the torque
coefficient generated from the three blades. The computed inertial
contribution to blade deformation resulted quite higher with respect to the
aerodynamic one for all the analyzed blade shell thicknesses. Both inertial
and aerodynamic displacements resulted higher at blade trailing edge than at
leading edge. They suggested for further investigation on the influence of
this blade section deformation on the aerodynamic performance. (Carrigan,
et al. 2012) had the objective to introduce and demonstrate a fully automated
process for optimizing the airfoil cross-section of a VAWT. The objective
was to maximize the torque while enforcing typical wind turbine design
constraints such as tip speed ratio, solidity, and blade profile. This work
successfully demonstrated a fully automated process 19 for optimizing the
airfoil cross-section of a VAWT. As this experiment was not an extensive
study, so they had suggested further research and development. 2.5 Review
on Hybrid Rotor (Wakui, et al. 2005) experimented to find a suitable hybrid
configuration of Darrieus lift type and Savonius drag-type rotors for stand-
alone wind turbine-generator systems. They experimented with Savonius
rotor inside the Darrieus rotor and Savonius rotor outside the Darrieus rotor.
The maximum power coefficient points showed that Savonius rotor inside
the Darrieus rotor had fine operating behavior to wind speed changes and
could be compactly designed because of a shorter rotational axis. This is an
21
effective way for stand-alone smallscale systems. The results of evaluating
the net power extraction under field wind conditions confirmed that
Savonius rotor outside had been more effective in a small-scale system.
However, under wind conditions involving short blowing duration, Savonius
rotor inside had been more effective due to the drop in the effective electric
power coefficient. Also the Savonius rotor outside had some starting
problem. (Gupta et al. 2008) has compared one simple Savonius and the
other combined Savonius– Darrieus wind rotors. The Savonius rotor was a
three-bucket system having provisions for overlap variations. The Savonius–
Darrieus rotor was a combination of three-bucket Savonius and three-bladed
Darrieus rotors with the Savonius placed on top of the Darrieus rotor. This
comparative study showed that, there had been a definite improvement in the
power coefficient for the combined Savonius–Darrieus rotor without overlap
condition. Combined rotor without overlap condition provided an efficiency
of 0.51, which was higher than the efficiency of the Savonius rotor at any
overlap positions under the same test conditions [4].

22
Chapter (3)
 Chapter (3)

Theory of Aerodynamics

3.1 Introduction
From an aerodynamic point of view, the different VAWT, have a
number of aspects in common that distinguish them from the HAWT. The
blades of a VAWT rotate on a rotational surface whose axis is at right angle
to the wind direction. The aerodynamic angle of attack of the blades varies
constantly during the rotation. Moreover, one blade moves on the downwind
side of the other blade in the range of 180° to 360° of rotational angle so that
the wind speed in this area is already reduced due to the energy extracted by
the upwind blades. Hence, power generation is less in the downwind sector
of rotation. Consideration of the flow velocities and aerodynamic forces
shows that, nevertheless, a torque is produced in this way which is caused by
the lift forces. The breaking torque of the drag forces in much lower, by
comparison. In one revolution, a single rotor blade generates a mean positive
torque but there are also short sections with negative torque. The calculated
variation of the total torque also shows the reduction in positive torque on
the downwind side. The alternation of the torque with the revolution can be
balanced with three rotor blades, to such an extent that the alternating
variation becomes an increasing and decreasing torque which is positive
throughout. However, torque can only develop in a vertical axis rotor if there
is circumferential speed: the vertical axis rotor is usually not self starting.
The qualitative discussion of the flow conditions at the vertical axis rotor
shows that the mathematical treatment must be more complex than with
propeller type. This means that the range of physical and mathematical

24
models for calculating the generation of power and the loading is also wider.
Various approaches, with a variety of weightings of the parameters involved
have been published in the literature. Most authors specify values of 0,40 to
0,42 for the maximum Cp for the Darrieus type wind turbine. In order to
analyze the aerodynamics of a rotor and to get information about its power
generation, it’s necessary to start by considering that a wind turbine works
converting the kinetic energy of a wind flow in electricity, following several
steps in figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 General steps of converting wind turbine to electricity

From the wind flow the turbine gets the energy to rotate the blades. The
energy produced by this rotations is given to the main shaft (or to a gearbox,
if it is present) and from here to the electrical generator, that provide the
electricity to the grid.
3.2 Power in the wind
The power of the wind is described by:

Where:
Pkin = kinetics power [W];
= mass flow rate = ρ*A*v [kg/s];

25
ρ = density [kg/m3];
A = area [m2];
v = speed [m/s];
The frequency distribution if the wind speed differs at different sites,
but it fits quite well with the Weibull distribution. An example of how
measured data fit the Weibull distribution is shown in the figure 3.2 below
(source: www. re.emsd.gov.hk).

Figure 3.2 Example of Weibull distribution

The wind turbine swept area is calculated in different way, according
to the geometry of the rotor. For a HAWT, the swept area is described by:

26
 Figure 3.3 HAWT swept area

Where the parameter r is the radius in [m] of the rotor.

Figure 3.4 VAWT swept area

27
For a giromill VAWT, also named H-rotor, the swept area is:
A=d*h
Where:
d = diameter of the rotor [m];
h = length of the blades [m];

The formula of the power in the wind can be written also as:

The density of the air varies with the height above sea level and temperature.
The standard value used usually is density at sea level (1 bar) and a
temperature of 20°C. Using these values, the density of the air is 1,1kg/m3.
The maximum mechanical power that can be got from a wind turbine
depends on both the rotational speed and on the undisturbed wind speed, as
shown in figure 3.5.

28
Figure 3.5 Mechanical power and rotational speed for different wind speed
3.3 Power Coefficient
When a wind turbine is crossed by a flow of air, it can get the energy
of the mass flow and convert it in rotating energy. This conversion presents
some limits, due to the Betz’ law. This law mathematically shows that there
is a limit, during this kind of energy conversion, that cannot be passed. In
order to explain this limit, a power coefficient Cp and it is given by:

The coefficient Cp represents the amount of energy that a specific turbine

can absorb from the wind. Numerically the Betz’ limit, for a HAWT, is
16/27 equal to 59,3%. The value of the coefficient Cp is affected by the type
of wind turbine and the value of theparameter λ, which is named tip speed
ratio and is described by:

Where:
ω = rotational speed of the turbine [rpm];
r = radius of the rotor [m];
v = undisturbed wind speed [m/s];
The relation between Cp and tip speed ratio is shown in figure3.6 (source:
Developing wind power projects”, T. Wizelius)

29
 Figure 3.6 Cp curves for different types of turbines
The different types of wind turbine have various value of optimal wind
speed ratio and optimal coefficient of power. Savonius rotor, not shown in ,
figure 3.6 usually presents an optimal λ value around 1, as shown in the
figure 3.7 (source: Claesson, 1989)

30
 Figure 3.7 Cp curve, Savonius rotor
3.4 Wind gradient
To calculate the wind speed at the height of the hub, it is necessary to
take care that the wind speed varies with height due to the friction against
the structure of the ground, which slows the wind. This phenomenon is
named wind gradient or wind profile and it is shown in Figure 3.8.

Figure 3.8 Wind speed profile for various locations

31
If a “z” height is considered, the average of the wind speed at this height is
described by:

Where:
vz0 = wind speed at the reference height z0 [m/s];
z0 = reference height [m];
α = value depending on the roughness class of the terrain, as shown in the
following table;

Table 3.1 Roughness classes

3.5 Lift and drag force:

When the air flow acts on the blade, it generates two kinds of forces,
named lift and drag, which are responsible for the rotating of the blades. An
analysis of these forces, acting on a 3 blades HAWT, shown in the following
picture, can be done:

32
 3.9 Torque generation on a wind turbine

Figure 3.10Aerodynamics forces on the blade

Where:
U = undisturbed wind speed;
Wx = component of wind speed that interacts with the blade;
Vx = rotational speed of the rotor;
α = angle of attack;
The undisturbed wind speed hits the blades with a certain angle chord line of
the blade. The relationship between the rotational speed of the turbine and
the undisturbed wind speed is related to the angle φ:

33
In a HAWT with variable speed this angle is used to control the rotational
speed, with the stall control or pitch control: a variation of this angle is used
to increase the turbine rotational speed when the wind speed is under the
rated one and to stop the increasing of the rotational speed when the wind
speed gets a value higher than the rated one. Looking at the previous figure,
the lift and the drag force can be described by:

CL and CD are the lift coefficient and the drag coefficient and they depend on
the value of angle α. The lift coefficient is higher than the drag one and it
increases with the increasing of α until the value of 15°, where it shows a
value of about 1,2. After this value it decreased strongly due to the stall
effect. Instead the value of CD increases with the increasing of the angle of
attack, passing the value of 0,3 just for α > 20°.

34
 Figure 3.11 Lift coefficient

3.6 Control of the blade

Usually a wind turbine operates in a range of wind speed form 4 m/s
to 25 m/s. In this range the generated power increases to the rated power,
usually located between 11 m/s and 15 m/s. After the value of rated power, a
control system is necessary to avoid that too much high wind speed causes a
too high rotational speed that can create strong stress on the tower and
damage it [5],[6].

35
Chapter (4)
 Chapter (4)
Wind Energy Statistics

4.1 Europe
4.1.1 Wind installations in 2009
During 2009, 10526 MW of wind power was installed across Europe,
10163 MW of that being in the European Union countries (EU). This
represents a market growth in the EU of 23% compared to 2008
installations.
Of the 10163 MW installed in the European Union, 9581 MW was
installed onshore and 582 MW offshore. In 2009 the onshore wind power
market grew 21% compared to the previous year and the offshore wind
power market grew 56% compared to the previous year.Analyzing the total
value, it’s possible to note what is reported in Table 5-1:

Table 4.1 total values of installed capacity

The situation of the different countries is reported in Table 4.1 and Table
4.2.

37
Table 4.2 Installed capacity for non EU members

38
Investment in EU wind farms in 2009 was 13 billion of Euros. The onshore
wind power sector attracted 11,5 billion of Euros during 2009 while the
offshore wind power sector attracted 1,5 billion of Euros. In terms of annual
installations Spain was the largest market in 2009, with 2459 MW installed,
while Germany installed 1917 MW. Italy, France and the United Kingdom
installed respectively 1114 MW, 1088 MW and 1077 MW. These data show
strong development in mature markets, like Spain, Germany, Italy, France
and United Kingdom. Portugal (673 MW), Sweden (512 MW), Denmark
(334 MW), and Ireland (233 MW) also performed strongly

Figure 4.1EU member state market shares for new capacity installed
during 2009

4.1.2 Power Capacity installed in 2009

In 2009, for the second year running, in the EU more wind power was
installed than any other electricity generating technology. A new capacity of
25963 MW was installed , of which 10163 MW (39%) was wind, 6630 MW

39
was wind ,6630 MW was natural gas (26%) and 4200 MW was solar (16%) .
In addition 2406 MW (9%) of new coal was installed , 581 MW (2.2%) of
biomass,573 MW (2.2%) of fuel oil, 442 MW (1,7%) of waste, 439 MW
(1.7%) of nuclear, 338 MW (1.3%) of large hydro, 120 MW (0,46%) of
concentrated solar power, 55 MW (0.2%) of small hydro, 12 MW (0.04%)
of other gas, 3,9 MW (0.01%) of geothermal, and 405 kW of ocean power.
During 2009 some sectors decommissioned more MW than they
installed: nuclear power sector decommissioned 1393 MW and the coal
power sector decommissioned 3200 MW.

Figure 4.2 source EWEA, "Wind in power: 2009 European statistics"

40
4.1.3 Renewables continue to dominate new power installations
In 2009, for the second year running, more wind power was installed
than any other generating technology and also renewables accounted for
more than 50% of new installations, cementing a rising trend initiated over a
decade ago. In total, renewable energy accounted for 61% (15904 MW) of
all new generating capacity installed in the EU during 2009.

Figure 5.3 Share of new power installations in EU

4.1.4 Trends & cumulative installations

Since 2008, each year renewable electricity generating technologies,

mostly wind power, but also solar PV, hydro power and biomass have
accounted for more than 50 % of new power installations. This trend has
increased from just 14% of new installations in 1995 to 61% in 2009.

41
 Figure 5.4 Wind in power, 2009 European statistics

4.1.5 Net change in EU installed capacity

The installations of the 2009 continue the trend in changes in EU net

installed capacity for the various electricity generating technologies from
2000 to 2009. The net growth of natural gas (81 GW) and wind power (65,1
GW) came about at the expense of fuel oil (down 12,9 GW), coal (down 12
GW) and nuclear power (down 7,2 GW).

42
 Figure 4.5 Net change in wind power, 2009 European statistics

4.2 Rest of the World

Wind energy continued its growth increased rate of 29%:
• All wind turbines installed by the end of 2008 worldwide are generating
260 TWh per annum, equaling more than 1,5 % of the global electricity
consumption.
• The wind sector became a global job generator and has created 440000 jobs
worldwide.
• The wind sector represented in 2008 a turnover of 40 billion of Euros.
• For the first time in more than a decade, the USA took over the number one
position from Germany in terms of total installations.
• China continues its role as the most dynamic wind market in the year 2008,
more than doubling the installations foe the third time in a row , with today
more than 12 GW of wind turbines installed.

43
• North America and Asia catch up in terms of new installations with Europe
which shows Stagnation.
• Based on accelerated development and further improved policies, a global
than 1500000 MW is possible by the year 2020;
4.2.1 General situation
Wind energy has continued the worldwide success story as the most
dynamically growing energy source again in the year 2008. Since 2005,
global wind installations more than doubled. They reached 121188 MW,
after 59024 MW in 2005, 74151 MW in 2006 and 93927 MW in 2007. The
market for new wind turbines showed a 42% increase and reached an overall
size of 27261MW, after 19776 MW in 2007 and 15127 MW in the year
2006. Ten years ago, the market for new wind turbines had a size of 2187
MW, less than one tenth of the size in 2008. In comparison, no new nuclear
reactor started operation in 2008, according to the International Atomic
Energy Agency.

Figure 4.6 World wind energy report 2008

44
4.2.2 Leading wind markets 2008
The USA and China took the lead. USA taking over the global
number one position from Germany and China, getting ahead of India for the
first time, taking the lead in Asia. The USA and China accounted for 50,8%
of the wind turbine sales in 2008. The pioneer country Denmark fell back to
rank 9 in terms of total capacity, whilst until four years it held the number 4
position during several years. However, with a wind power share of around
20% of the electricity supply, Denmark is still a leading wind energy country
worldwide.

Figure 4.7 Country share of new installed capacity 2008

45
4.2.3 Continental distribution

In terms of continental distribution, a continuous diversification

process can be watched as well. In general, the focus of the wind sector
moves away from Europe to Asia and North America.

Figure 4.8 Continental shares of total installed capacity 2008

4.2.3.1 Africa
In spite of the huge potentials all over the continent, with world’s best
sites in the North and South of the continent, wind energy plays still a
marginal role on the continent with 563 MW of total capacity. Several major
wind farms can be found in some of the North African countries like
Morocco, Egypt or Tunisia. In the year 2009 and 2010, substantial increases
can be expected from projects which are already in the development stage.
Companies from the region are showing an increasing interest and have
started investing in the wind sector: in Sub-Saharan Africa, the installation

46
of the first wind farm in South Africa operated by an Independent Power
Producer can be seen as a major breakthrough. The South African
government prepares the introduction of a feed in tariff which would create a
real market, enable independent operators to invest and thus play a key role
in tackling the country’s power crisis. In the mid-term, small, decentralized
and stand-alone wind energy systems, in combination with other renewable
energies, will be key technologies in rural electrification of huge parts of so
far not served areas of Africa. This process has only started at very few
places and the main limiting factor is lack of access to know-how as well as
financial resources.
4.2.3.2 Asia
Asia, with the two leading wind countries China and India and 24439
MW of installed capacity, is in a position of becoming the worldwide
locomotive for the wind industry. China has again doubled its installations
and Chinese domestic wind turbine manufacturers have started for the first
time to export their products. It can be expected that in the foreseeable future
Chinese and Indian wind turbine manufacturers will be among the
international top suppliers. The Indian market has shown robust and stable
growth in the year 2008. It has already a well established wind industry
which already plays a significant and increasing role on the world markets.
Further countries like South Korea (already with 45% growth rate in 2008)
start investing on a larger scale in wind energy and it can be observed that
more and more companies are developing wind turbines and installing first
prototypes. In parallel with the market growth in the country, it can be
expected that also new manufacturers will be able to establish themselves.
Pakistan installed its first wind farm in the year 2008 and the Government of
the country aims at further wind farms in the near future.
47
4.2.3.3 Australia and Oceania
The region showed encouraging growth rates, reaching 1819 MW by
the end of 2008, most of it thanks to Australia. Commitments made by the
Australian government to increase their efforts in climate change mitigation
and expansion of renewable energies create the expectation that the
Australian wind energy market will show further robust growth also in the
coming years. New Zealand, after a change in government, may, however,
face major delay in its switch to renewable energy.
4.2.3.4 Latin America
Many Latin American markets still showed stagnation in the year
2008 and the overall installed capacity (667 MW) in the region accounts for
only 0,5% of the global capacity. Only Brazil and Uruguay installed major
wind farms in the year 2008. However, in some countries like Argentina,
Chile, Costa Rica and Mexico many projects are under construction.
4.2.3.5 North America
North America showed very strong growth in the year 2008, more
than doubling its capacity since 2006 to 27539 MW. The USA became the
new number one worldwide in terms of added as well as in terms of total
capacity. More and more US states are establishing favorable legal
frameworks for wind energy and try to attract investors in manufacturing
facilities. It can be expected that the new Obama administration will
improve substantially the political frameworks for wind power in the
country, especially for those type of investors that have practically been
excluded from the production tax credit scheme, like farmers, smaller
companies or community based projects. The credit crunch, however, may
lead to delays in project development in the short term. The Canadian
government has rather been hesitating. However, among the Canadian
48
provinces Quebec and Ontario are showing increasing commitment towards
an accelerated deployment of wind energy. During and after the World Wind
Energy Conference Community Power held in Kingston (Ontario) in June
2008, the Government of Ontario showed strong commitment to rapid
expansion of renewable energy and is expected to present soon a proposal
for a Green Energy Act, including feed-in tariffs for the different renewable
energies including wind. In Quebec, contracts for new projects were signed
for a total of 2000 MW, the first to be operational by 2011[6].

49
Chapter (5)
 Chapter (5)
Implementation of VAWT Model

5.1 Design steps

The following figures explain in details the basic design steps for the
present work VAWT [7].

Figure 5.1 Step (1): Take an empty oil barrel

Figure 5.2 Step (2):Paint it

51
Figure 5.3 Step (3): Divide the perimeter by five and rip the barrel

Figure 5.4 Step (4): Bend the wing 35 degree

52
 Figure 5.5 Step (5): Weld it in one side

Figure 5.6 Step (6): Weld it in the other side

53
 Figure 5.7 Step (7): Repeat it one by one

Figure 5.8 Step (8): Drill the hole for the axel bearing

54
Figure 5.9 Step (9): Fix the axel bearing

Figure 5.10 Step (10): Put the shaft inside

55
 Figure 5.11 Step (11): Fix v-belt pulley

Figure 5.12 Step (12): Weld a steel Angle to fix a generator

56
Figure 5.13 Step (13): Mount the generator and the V-belt

Figure 5.14 Step (14): Implement wind turbine tower

57
5.2 Actual gallery of present work VAWT Implementation

Figure 5.15 Different pictures for Implementation of present work wind

turbine

58
Chapter (6)
 Chapter (6)

Co nclusion a nd Reco mmenda tions for future w ork

6.1 Conclusions

This present work studied the potential for installing roof-mounted

vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) systems on house roofs. The present
work chooses Savonius type of VAWT. The present work aims to
implement a vertical axis wind turbine with Savonius type to use in Albaha
region. After the model implementation for first test the wind destroyed it,
consequently model was repaired for second test but it was damaged again.
Finally, implementation of different type of vertical wind turbine is
recommended to face the wind forces in Albaha region.
6.2 Recommendations for Future Work

Based on the obtained results of present work, implementation of

VAWT, the following items may be recommended for a future studies for
the same project:

1. Update of Statistical data of wind characteristics in Albaha region is

recommended.
2. A modification of the present work model is recommended in the
blade design to overcome wind stresses.
3. The implementation of different type of wind turbine.
4. A deep study of aerodynamic of VAWT is recommended.
5. Numerical techniques and Theoretical simulation should be applied
to cover more variables parameters in this important field of study.

60
References
 References

[1] L. Deisadze , D. Digeser , C. Dunn and D. Shoikat “ Vertical Axis

Wind Turbine Evaluation and Design”, Under graduate project report,
Worcester polytechnic Institute, USA, 2013.
[2] K.B. Maheemal, K. Ellawala , B. Pancholi and M. Harees , “Wind
Turbine Design Project”, graduate project, Brunel School of Design &
Engineering, United Kingdom, 2013.
[3] A. C. Rodriguez, “ Design, Fabrication and Experement of A new
Vertical Axis wind Energy “, graduate project report , Kun Shan
University Tainan, Taiwan,2010.
[4] M. D’Ambrosio “Vertical Axis Wind Turbines History, Technology
and Applications”, Master thesis in Energy Engineering, Halmstad
university, Sweden, 2010.
[5] J. DeCoste, D. McKay, B. Robinson , S. Whitehead and S. Wright
“Vertical Axis Wind Turbine”, graduate project report, Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Canada, 2005.
[6] M. M. Bashar ,“Computational and Experimental Study on Vertical
Axis Wind Turbine in Search for an Efficient Design” Georgia
Southern University, Georgia 2014.
[7] www.schultes-habelt-windenergy.com

62
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‫ع‬2R~†‫ ا‬l]3 ‡'k) >hU4=*‫ ا‬‰tx*‫ ا‬5]D(0 &0 ‫اء‬Jq*‫ ا‬l];(3 Š*/* 2RKU‫ و‬،ƒ;?2oH ‫ض‬2h:[‫ ا‬A*‫„دي إ‬3
،‫ح‬234*‫ء ا‬JT[ A*‫„دي إ‬3 2=0 (nEFY‫ ا‬A)=T*‫ع ا‬2R~†‫'‡ ا‬k) ^h:(=*‫ ا‬‰tx*‫ ا‬5]D(0 A*‫( إ‬A)=T*‫ا‬
.A)=T*‫ع ا‬2R~†‫ار ا‬9]0 2q'? ^h:(3 A;*‫ ا‬w‫ط‬2(=*‫ ا‬A? ‫ث‬9L3 20 }ZF J‫وھ‬

5*•* 1"James Watt ‫'=} وات‬S" ‫اع‬4;X‫ ا‬9R_ ‫ح‬234*‫'& ا‬k‫ا‬J‫ ط‬AEF ‫د‬2=;F-‫> ا‬S‫ا‬4U
‫ع‬2hU‫ ار‬9R_ 5h'Ž(*‫ ا‬562D*‫در ا‬2€0 9k‚H 2q_ ‫م‬2=;‫ھ‬-‫د ا‬2F d• ،4TF &02o*‫ن ا‬4]*‫ ا‬532q[ A? 53‫ر‬2:K*‫ا‬
2'SJ*J(Z;_ >?‫ د‬2=0 ،‫ري‬JhkY‫د ا‬J6J*‫ق ا‬4k &F 5vU2[ 5'•'_ lH2T0 ‫ر‬Jq‫ وظ‬1973 ‫م‬2F ‰h(*‫ر ا‬2R<‫أ‬
‫ع‬2hU‫ ار‬A? AEvU ’x(*‫& ا‬0 ‫ل‬2F ‫ي‬J;)0 A*‫ة إ‬4'XY‫ ا‬202F &34TR*‫ ا‬A? ‫ح‬234*‫ت ا‬2('_‫ر‬JU >'(€U
.2q'EF ‫د‬2=;F-‫ ا‬93‫ا‬yU A*2;*2_‫ و‬،‫ج‬2;[†‫ ا‬5hEZU ‫ض‬2h:[‫ ا‬G[2S A*‫ت إ‬2('_‫ر‬J;*‫ءة ا‬2hH‫دة و‬JS

A? ‫دة‬JSJ=*‫ ا‬5H4L*‫ ا‬562‫ ط‬l3JLU w34‫& ط‬F ‫ء‬2_4qZ*‫ ا‬9'*JU A? ‫ح‬234*‫ ا‬562‫م ط‬9:;)U ‫م‬J'*‫وا‬
‫ح‬234*‫ت ا‬2F4< ‫> ذات‬6‫ا‬J=*‫ ا‬Ah? ،5vQ2[ 2'SJ*J(Z;H 2q* 4Ž(3 2=H ،5'_4qH 562‫ ط‬A*‫ح إ‬234*‫ا‬
/X‫ أ‬9(F 5m2:_‫ و‬،539'E];*‫ ا‬562D*‫ت ا‬2'SJ*J(Z;* 5)?2(0‫ و‬53‫د‬2€;6‫ج ا‬2;[†‫ ا‬5hEZU ‫ن‬JZU 5RhU4=*‫ا‬
53‫ار‬4L*‫ت ا‬2DL=*‫ ا‬A? ‫م‬9:;)=*‫ري ا‬JhkY‫د ا‬J6J*‫ر ا‬2R<‫ب أ‬2)k‫ر و‬2K;F-‫ ا‬A? 5'•'K*‫ات ا‬4'•‚;*‫ا‬
‫ح‬234*‫ت ا‬2('_‫ر‬JU ‫ء‬2_4qZ*‫ ا‬9'*JU A? l=RU A;*‫ت ا‬2('H2=*‫ ا‬A=)ُU‫ و‬،(A0JZk dF‫ون د‬9_) ‫ق‬J)*‫ ا‬4R)_
&'k‫ا‬J‫ ط‬2q'EF wED3 A;*‫ب وا‬JKL*‫& ا‬L‫ ط‬A? 509:;)=*‫ ا‬2qU4'Ž[ ‫ف‬p:_ "Wind Turbines"

‫ج‬
&0 ‫ب‬4]3 20 n*‫ح إ‬234*‫ ا‬562‫& ط‬0 2'=*2F 5KH4=*‫رات ا‬9]*‫غ ا‬JE_ A*‫ءات إ‬2€k†‫ ا‬4'TU‫ و‬،‫ح‬234*‫ا‬
.2006 ‫م‬2R*‫ ا‬532q(_ ‫وات‬2v'0 74328

‫ر‬JL=*‫ ا‬5']?‫ت أ‬2('_‫ر‬JU 2=‫'& ھ‬FJ[ A*‫وران إ‬9*‫ر ا‬JL=* 5K)(*2_ ‫ح‬234*‫ت ا‬2('_‫ر‬JU d)](U
Vertical Axis Wind " ‫ر‬JL=*‫ ا‬5'<‫ت رأ‬2('_‫ر‬JU‫" و‬Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines"
‫رض‬Y‫ ا‬CD)* 23‫از‬J0 2q[‫ر دورا‬JL0 ‫ن‬JZ3 A;*‫ ا‬A‫ر ھ‬JL=*‫ ا‬5']?Y‫ت ا‬2('_‫ر‬J;*‫ وا‬،"Turbines
5qS‫ا‬J0 A? >QJU A;*‫ت ا‬2('_‫ر‬J;*‫ ا‬y'=;U‫ و‬،C34*‫ه ا‬2vU‫} ا‬ZF ‫ أو‬5qS‫ا‬J0 A? 20‫ إ‬2qRQ‫& و‬Z=3‫و‬
،‫ام‬9:;<-‫> ا‬r2T*‫ ا‬J‫ت ھ‬2('_‫ر‬J;*‫& ا‬0 ‫ع‬J(*‫ا ا‬/‫ وھ‬4~2K0 lZT_ C34*2_ 2‫ھ‬4•‚;_ "Up Wind" C34*‫ا‬
&Z=3‫ و‬،‫رض‬Y‫ ا‬CD< AEF ‫دي‬J=F 2q[‫ر دورا‬JL0 ‫ن‬JZ3 A;*‫ ا‬Aq? ‫ر‬JL=*‫ ا‬5'<‫ت رأ‬2('_‫ر‬J;*‫ ا‬20‫أ‬
A? ‫م‬9:;)U 20 2K*2| ‫ر‬JL=*‫ ا‬5'<‫أ‬4*‫ت ا‬2('_‫ر‬J;*‫ ا‬8[2H ‫ء وإن‬2_4qZ*‫ ا‬9'*JU A? &'FJ(*‫ ا‬pH ‫ام‬9:;<‫ا‬
.‫ه‬2'=*‫ ا‬PQ lo0 5'Z'[2Z'=*‫اض ا‬4|Y‫ا‬

>0 5v;(=*‫ ا‬562D*‫ ا‬G<2(;U ‡'k ‫ح‬234*‫ ا‬5F4)_ ‫ا‬4~2K0 ‫ا‬4•‚U ‫ح‬234*‫ت ا‬2('_‫ر‬JU ‫ج‬2;[‫ إ‬4•‚;3
‫ ?—ن‬5'[2•/4;0 5 C34*‫ ا‬5F4< 8[2H ‫ إذا‬،A*2;*‫ل ا‬2o=*‫ب ا‬4x[ 56pR*‫ه ا‬/‫ن ھ‬2'K*‫ و‬،5F4)*‫ ا‬GRZ0
‫ ?—ن‬5'[2•/4;0 6 8LKm‫ وأ‬5F4)*‫ ا‬8RhU‫ ?—ذا ار‬،562‫ة ط‬9k‫ و‬125 -2K34]U– ‫دل‬2RU 5vU2(*‫ ا‬562D*‫ا‬
C34*‫ ا‬5F4< ‫ع‬2hU‫'˜ أن ار‬H ‰')K*‫ل ا‬2o=*‫ا ا‬/‫'& ھ‬K3‫ و‬.562‫ة ط‬9k‫ و‬216 A*‫ إ‬93yU 5vU2(*‫ ا‬562D*‫ا‬
‫ت‬2('_‫ر‬J;*‫& ا‬0 5v;(=*‫ ا‬562D*‫ ا‬4•‚;U 2x3‫ أ‬،5v;(=*‫ ا‬562D*‫ ا‬A? ‫ة‬4'KH ‫دة‬23‫ ز‬A*‫ أدي إ‬5'[2•/4;0 1 ‫ار‬9]=_
AEF ‫ت‬2('_‫ر‬J;*‫ ا‬4'•‚U‫وران و‬9*‫ ا‬CD< 5k2)0‫ج و‬4K*‫ع ا‬2hU‫اء وار‬Jq*‫ ا‬5?2oH 2q(0 ‫ي‬4X‫ أ‬l0‫ا‬JR_
n*2L*‫وع ا‬4T=*‫ و ا‬.‫ح‬234*‫ ا‬5F4< >0 ‫ن‬JZ3 4~2K=*‫ ا‬4•‚;*‫ أن ا‬-‫ إ‬،"Wake Effect"^RK*‫ ا‬2qxR_
5k2K*‫ ا‬5(390 n? 2q;_4vU ‫ و‬Savonius ‫ع‬J[ &0 n<‫ر رأ‬JL0 ‫ح ذات‬23‫ ر‬5('_‫ر‬JU /'h(U n*‫ف إ‬9q3
.5'*2F ‫ت‬2F4)_ ‫ح‬234*‫د ا‬JSJ_ ‫ز‬2;=U n;*‫ا‬

: ‫ل‬J€h*‫ه ا‬/‫ى ھ‬J;L=* š:E0 nE3 2='? ‫ل و‬J€? 5;< &0 ‫ن‬JZ0 ‫وع‬4T=*‫ا ا‬/‫و ھ‬

.n*2L*‫‡ ا‬LK*‫اء ا‬4S‫اف إ‬9‫‡ و أھ‬LK*‫ ا‬509]0 ‫ول‬2(U : ‫ول‬Y‫ ا‬l€h*‫ا‬

.‫ح‬234*‫ت ا‬2('_‫ر‬JU ‫ل‬2v0 n? 5]_2)*‫ث ا‬2L_Y‫^ ا‬RK* ‫ض‬4F ‫ول‬2(U : n[2o*‫ ا‬l€h*‫ا‬

‫د‬
 .‫ح‬234*‫ت ا‬2('_‫ر‬JU ‫ل‬2v0 n? ‫ات‬4't;=*‫ ا‬d‫اء و أھ‬Jq*‫ ا‬2Z'02(3‫ د‬l'ELU ‫ول‬2(U : ‡*2o*‫ ا‬l€h*‫ا‬

‫ى‬J;)=*‫ ا‬nEF ‫ح‬234*‫ ا‬562‫ام ط‬9:;<‫ إ‬n? ‫ظ‬JLE=*‫ ا‬J=(*‫ و ا‬5hE;:=*‫ءات ا‬2€k†‫ ا‬: >_‫ا‬4*‫ ا‬l€h*‫ا‬
.n=*2R*‫ا‬

.n<‫أ‬4*‫ر ا‬JL=*‫ح ذات ا‬234*‫ ا‬5('_‫ر‬JU /'h(;* 5hE;:=*‫ات ا‬JD:*‫ ا‬ƒ'? ‫ و‬: }02:*‫ ا‬l€h*‫ا‬

l=T3 Š*/H ‫ و‬2q* lmJ;*‫ ا‬dU n;*‫ت ا‬2S2;(;<†‫’ و ا‬r2;(E* š:E0 nEF l=;T3 : ‫دس‬2)*‫ ا‬l€h*‫ا‬

.5'EK];)=*‫ ا‬5<‫را‬9E* ‫ت‬2k4;]0

‫ه‬