NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS AND RHEOLOGY

Introduction
1. Rheological phenomena

Newtonian flow
2. Governing equations
3. Solving Newtonian flow problems

Rheology
4. Standard flows
5. Rheometry I. Continuous shear
6. Rheometry II. Oscillatory shear

Constitutive equations
7. Generalized Newtonian Fluid
8. Generalized Linear Viscoelastic Fluid

Non-Newtonian flows
9. Solving Non-Newtonian flow problems

FJ Rubio Hernández
 Rheological Constitutive Equations

Physical Limitations
• Coordinate Invariance (the coeficients must be invariant functions).
• Material Objetivity (independent on observer movement).
• Determinism (past influences in the current moment, but future is not predictable).
• Local Action (only nearest can influence in behavior).

Invariants of shear rate tensor in simple shear

⎛ 0 γ!21 (t ) 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
γ! = ⎜ γ!21 (t ) 0 0⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
()
I γ! = trace γ! = 0
IIγ!
II = trace (γ! ⋅ γ! ) = γ! : γ! = γ! γ! = γ! γ!
γ!12 = γ! = +
2
γ! ij ji 12 21 + γ!21γ!12 = 2γ!
12

III = trace (γ! ⋅ γ! ⋅ γ! ) = γ! γ! γ! = 0

2
γ! ij jk ki
 Steady Viscous Flows

Newtonian Fluid

τ = ηγ!

Generalized Newtonian Fluid

τ = η γ! γ! ()
3
 Qualities of a good function η (γ!)

Universal (valid for a lot of materials)

Functional (easy for the mathematical use)

Physical (parameters with physical meaning)

4
 Power Law Model

n −1
η (γ! ) = Kγ!

Shear-thickening, n>1
log η
Newtonian, n=1

Shear-thinning, n<1
log γ!

F.J. Galindo-Rosales and F.J. Rubio-Hernández Appl. Rheol. 20 (2010) 22787

 Cross Model

η (γ! ) − η∞ 1
= n
η0 − η∞ 1 + (λγ! )

log η λ , where power law starts

η0 , viscosity at low shear rate
n, slope

η∞ , viscosity at high shear rate

log γ!
6
 Carreau-Yasuda Model

n −1
η (γ! ) − η∞
η0 − η∞
= 1 + (γ!λ ) [ a a
]
log η λ , where power law starts
η0 , viscosity at low shear rate
n, slope
a, curvature
η∞ , viscosity at high shear rate

log γ!
 Bingham Model

⎧ ∞, τ ≤ τ B
⎪
η (γ! ) = ⎨ τB
ηp + , τ >τB
⎪⎩ γ!

η p , viscosity at high shear rate

γ! 8
 Sisko Model
n −1
η (γ! ) = η∞ + Kγ!

Human Blood

S. Murillo-González et al. Perspectives in Fundamental and Applied Rheology (2013) 229 9

 Complex Flow Model
⎧ ηo − ηc
⎪ η c + nI
, γ! ≤ γ!c
2
⎪ ⎡ ⎛ γ! ⎞⎤
⎪ 1 + ⎢λI ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ c γ! − γ! ⎠⎦
⎪
⎪ ηc − η m
η (γ! ) = ⎨η m + n II
, γ!c < γ! ≤ γ!m
⎪ ⎡ ⎛ γ! − γ!c ⎞ ⎤
⎪ 1 + ⎢λII ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟γ! ⎥
⎣ ⎝ m γ! − γ! ⎠ ⎦
⎪
⎪ ηm
⎪ nIII
, γ! > γ!m
⎩ 1 + [λIII (γ − γ c )]
! !

η(P a .s ) R 816E P 2500

10 ηΙ
ηΙΙ
ηΙΙΙ

0 ,0 1 0 ,1 1 10 100 1000
.
γ (1/s )
F.J. Galindo-Rosales et al. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 166 (2011) 1421 F.J. Rubio-Hernández, N.M. Páez-Flor. 8th Liquid Matter Conference. Viena (2011)