Symbols and nomenclature

GENERAL
a linear acceleration
A area in general
B breadth in general
D, d diameter in general
E energy in general
F force in general
g acceleration due to gravity
h depth or pressure head in general
hw, ~,, height of wave, crest to trough
H total head, Bernoulli
L length in general
L~,~X wave-length
m mass
tl rate of revolution
p pressure intensity
pv vapour pressure of water
poo ambient pressure at infinity
P power in general
q stagnation pressure
Q rate of flow
r, R radius in general
3' length along path
t time in general
t~ temperature in general
T period of time for a complete cycle
U reciprocal weight density, specific volume,
U, ~', W velocity components in direction of x-, y-, z-axes
u,v linear velocity
W weight density
w weight in general
X, y , Z body axes and Cartesian co-ordinates
Right-hand system fixed in the body, z-axis vertically down,
x-axis forward.
Origin at e.g.
Xo, Yo, zo fixed axes
Right-hand orthogonal system nominally fixed in space,
z0-axis vertically down, x0-axis in the general direction of the initial motion.
Ot angular acceleration
7 specific gravity
Y circulation
6 thickness of boundary layer in general
0 angle of pitch
coefficient of dynamic vi~osity
v coefficient of kinematic viscosity
p mass density
angle of roll, heel or list
x angle of yaw
oJ angular velocity or circular frequency
V volume in general

xxiv
 Symbols and nomenclature xxv

G E O M E T R Y OF SHIP
AM midship section area
,4w waterplane area
Ax maximum transverse section area
B beam or moulded breadth
metacentre above centre of buoyancy
CB block coefficient
C M midship section coefficient
Cp longitudinal prismatic coefficient
Cvp vertical prismatic coefficient
Cwp coefficient of fineness of waterplane
D depth of ship
F
.
freeboard
_

GM transverse metacentrie height

GML longitudinal metacentric height
IL longitudinal moment of inertia of waterplane about CF
Ip polar moment of inertia
IT transverse moment of inertia
L length of ship--generaUy between perps
I-~)A length overall
Lpp length between perps
LWL length of waterline in general
S wetted surface
7" draught
A displacement force
A scale ratio--ship/model dinaension
V displacement volume
displacement mass

PROPELLER GEOMETRY
Ao developed blade area
A~ expanded area
Ao disc area
Ap projected blade area
b span of aerofoil or hydrofoil
c chord length
d boss or hub diameter
D diameter of propeller
.fM camber
P propeller pitch in general
R propeller radius
t thickness of aerofoil
Z number of blades of propeller
c~ angle of attack
~b pitch angle of screw propeller

RESISTANCE AND PROPUt, SION

a resistance augment fraction
CD drag coeff.
CL lift eoeff.
CT specific total resistance coeff.
Cw specific wave-making resistance coeff.
D drag force
Fn Froude number
I idle resistance
,I advance number of propeller
KQ torque coeff.
KT thrust coeff.
L lilt force
 xxvi Symbolsand nomenclature

PD delivered power at propeller

PE effective power
Pl indicated power
Ps shaft power
Px thrust power
Q torque
R resistance in general
Rn Reynolds number
RF frictional resistance
RR residuary resistance
Rx total resistance
Rw wave-making resistance
SA apparent slip ratio
t thrust deduction fraction
T thrust
U velocity of a fluid
Uoo velocity of an undisturbed flow
V speed of ship
IrA speed of advance of propeller
w Taylor wake fraction in general
WF Froude wake fraction
Wn Weber number
/3 appendage scale effect factor
/3 advance angle of a propeller blade section
6 Taylor's advance coeff.
r/ efficiency in general
r/n propeller efficiency behind ship
r/o quasi propulsive coefficient
r/n hull eft.
r/o propeller eft. in open water
r/R relative rotative efficiency
a cavitation number

S EAK E E PIN G
C wave velocity
f frequency
f~ frequency of encounter
I~,I.,i~ real moments of inertia
lxy, lxz, lyz real products of inertia
k radius of gyration
mn spectrum moment where n is an integer
ML horizontal wave bending moment
MT torsional wave bending moment
MV vertical wave bending moment
relative vertical motion of bow with respect to wave surface
S6(w), So(w), etc. one-dimensional spectral density
Sdo~,tO, So(~,u), two-dimensional spectral
etc. density
T wave period
TE period of encounter
Tz natural period in smooth water for heaving
To natural period in smooth water for pitching
Tt~ natural period in smooth water for rolling
rod~) response amplitude operator--pitch
r+r response amplitude operator--roll
Udo~) response amplitude operatorwyaw
# leeway or drift angle
~R rudder angle
phase angle between any two harmonic motions
r instantaneous wave elevation
 Symbols and nomenclature xxvii

CA wave amplitude
(w wave height, crest to trough
0 pitch angle
OA pitch amplitude
wave number
tOE frequency of encounter
A tuning factor

MANOEUVRABILITY
Ac area under cut-up
,4R area of rudder
b span of hydrofoil
c chord of hydrofoil
K, M, N moment components on body relative to body axes
O origin of body axes
p, q, r components of angular velocity relative to body axes
X, Y, Z force components on body
angle of attack
{/ drift angle
6R rudder angle
X heading angle
wc steady rate of turn

STRENGTH
a length of plate
b breadth of plate
C modulus of rigidity
linear strain
E modulus of elasticity, Young's modulus
o" direct stress
ay yield stress
g acceleration due to gravity
i planar second moment of area
J polar second moment of area
J stress concentration factor
k radius of gyration
K bulk modulus
l length of member
L length
M bending moment
Mp plastic moment
MAn bending moment at A in member AB
m mass
P direct load, externally applied
PE Euler collapse load
P distributed direct load (area distribution), pressure
ff distributed direct load (line distribution)
7" shear stress
r radius
S internal shear three
s distance along a curve
T applied torque
t thickness, time
U strain energy
w weight, external load
Y lever in bending
deflection, permanent set, elemental (when associated with element of breadth, e.g. cSb)
p mass density
v Poisson's ratio
0 slope
xxviii Symbols and nomenclature

NOTES
(a) A distance between two points is represented by a bar over the letters defining the two points,
e.g. GM is the distance between G and M.
(b) When a quantity is to be expressed in non-dimensional form it is denoted by the use of the
prime '. Unless otherwise specified, the non-dimensionalizing factor is a function ofp, L and V,
e.g. m' =m/89 x/lpL2V2,L'= L/89 2.
(c) A lower case subscript is used to denote the denominator of a partial derivative, e.g.
Yu = oY/Ou.
(d) For derivatives with respect to time the dot notation is used, e.g..r = dx/dt.