ISLAM AND KNOWLEDGE PAPERS

Arranged By:

ALDIRA JASMINE RIZKY ARIFIN

12010119190284

MANAJEMEN

2019
 ABSTRACT

Science is something that can not be separated from our lives as humans. Science
encompasses all things in the Universe which are all created by Allah SWT.
Science cannot be separated from the movement and development of humans on
this earth. This is because science itself plays an important role in human
civilization.

Likewise the holy Qur’an which is a source of knowledge and guidance for life
for all mankind. Science is not just knowledge, but summarizes a collection of
knowledge based on agreed theories and can be systematically tested with a set of
methods that are recognized in a particular field of science. Viewed from the
perspective of philosophy, science is formed because humans try to think further
about the knowledge they have.

We as humans, can not be separated from our responsibilities as caliphs on this

earth, namely because humans have the sense to think and recognize their
environment. This is what distinguishes humans from other living things.
Therefore we as creatures who can think we must seek knowledge as much as
possible. Because people who have knowledge are more noble than people who
have no knowledge.

It can be concluded that to become a caliph does not only glorify His asthma but
also his ability to recognize his environment and think. This is a great gift for us.
We should be grateful and able to make good use of it.
A. THE DEFINITION OF ISLAM, SCIENCE, AND KNOWLEDGE

Islam means to achieve peace – peace with God, peace within oneself, and peace
with the creations of God – through wholly submitting oneself to God and accepting
His guidance. The name Islam was instituted by the Qur’an, the sacred scripture
revealed to Muhammad. For believers, Islam is not a new religion. Rather, it
represents the last reiteration of the primordial message of God’s Oneness, a theme
found in earlier monotheistic religious traditions.

Science is an understanding of knowledge, which has the function to search,

investigate, and then resolve a hypothesis. Science is also a knowledge that has
been tested for its truth.

Knowledge is something that is known or realized by someone who gained from

his experience. Knowledge also cannot be said to be a science because its truth
has not been tested. Knowledge arises because a person discovers something he
has never before seen.

B. ISLAM, SCIENCE, KNOWLEDGE, AND TECHNOLOGY

In Islamic thought, there are two sources of knowledge, namely reason and
revelation. Both should not be contested. Humans are given the freedom to
develop their minds based on the guidance of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the
Prophet. On that basis, knowledge in Islamic thought is eternal (perennial
knowledge) the level of truth is absolute, because it is sourced from God. There is
also acquisition knowledge the level of truth is relative, because it comes from the
human mind.

Islam, a religion that is in accordance with the original nature of being a human
being, then the Shari'a not only encourages people to study science and
technology, then builds and fosters civilization, even organizes their people in that
direction to be safe and save both in the world and in the hereafter.

Science is very important in life. The Messenger of Allah once said that to live
happily in this world, humans need knowledge and to live happily in the afterlife,
humans also need knowledge. To be happy in this world and the hereafter,
humans also need knowledge. So we must seek knowledge, both knowledge for
the safety of the world, moreover knowledge that brings happiness in the afterlife.
On this basis, Islam obliges to pursue knowledge. Rasulullah SAW once said:

"Studying knowledge is compulsory for every Muslim." (Narrated by Ibnu

Abdul Barr)

Even in Islam demanding that knowledge be carried out without any limitations or
a certain period of time, science must be done from the cradle to the hole. This
was told by the Messenger of Allah with his saying:

"Demand knowledge from the cradle to the grave" (Narrated by Bukhori)

The rapid development of Science and Technology is increasingly felt from day to
day. Many results from the development of Science and Technology that were
beyond human imagination have become human daily needs. For example:
delivery of information that used to take months, now with a telephone, cellphone,
internet can reach its destination in just a few seconds, even at the same time
(almost) at the same time. Through TV, satellite and other sophisticated
communication tools, events in one place on the surface of the earth or in space
near the surface of the earth can be known to humankind throughout the world at
the same time. In addition to communication, developments in other fields such as
materials, transportation equipment, household appliances, biotechnology,
medicine and others are advancing rapidly. We recognize that science and
technology have indeed taken an important role in the construction of material
civilizations or human beings were born. Allah says in the Qur'an Al Imron 190-
191:

ِ ‫ت خ َْل‬
‫ق فِي إِن‬ ِ ‫ض الس َم َاوا‬ ِ ‫ف َو ْاْل َ ْر‬ ْ ‫ار الل ْي ِل َو‬
ِ ‫اختِ ََل‬ ِ ‫ََليَات َوالن َه‬
‫ب ِْلُو ِلي‬ِ ‫ ْاْل َ ْل َبا‬190 َ‫علَى َوقُعُودًا قِ َيا ًما َللاَ َي ْذ ُك ُرونَ الذِين‬
َ ‫َو‬
 ِ ‫ت خ َْل‬
‫ق ِفي َو َيتَفَك ُرونَ ُجنُو ِب ِه ْم‬ ِ ‫ض الس َم َاوا‬ ِ ‫ت َما َربنَا َو ْاْل َ ْر‬َ ‫َخلَ ْق‬
‫اط ًَل َهذَا‬
ِ َ‫س ْب َحان ََك ب‬ َ َ‫عذ‬
ُ ‫اب فَ ِقنَا‬ َ ‫ار‬ِ ‫الن‬191
Meaning:

“Verily in the creation of heaven and earth, and the alternation of night and day
there are signs for intelligent people. Those who remember Allah while standing
or sitting or in a lying down and they think of the creation of the heavens and the
earth (while saying): "O our Lord, Thou hast not created this in vain, Blessed is
Your Holiness, then maintain we are from the torments of hell.”

From this verse we can see that through observation, study and development of
science and technology, God wants humans to be able to feel His greatness,
greatness and greatness. No matter how great God's creation, the greatness and
breadth of humanity, is not yet fully known, then surely it is great that Allah
created it.

C. SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ACCORDING TO ISLAM

Knowledge is obtained from various sources. This case explains that there is no
restraint to gain knowledge. A hadith has been narrated by Ibn Abdil Bar:

"Ask for knowledge even in China, because actually studying is obligatory

for every Muslim. Indeed, the angels put their wings to the prosecutors of
knowledge because they are happy (willing) with what he demands."

Therefore, the source of knowledge has been classified into several types so that
humans understand the sources and concepts of science. Revelation was revealed
by God through the angel Gabriel to his messenger. It is the core of all
knowledge, where it has been revealed and collected in the Qur'an. Revelation
revealed contains all the knowledge needed by humans for the benefit of life and
unseen cases that are not reached by human reason.
With human reason can weigh and differentiate between good and bad even
though it may not be absolute truth but sufficient to overcome the problems of
daily life. All of God's creatures are gifted with brains, but only humans are gifted
with reason so that they can think and apply humanity within.

Allah has created man with five senses which are used in daily life to worship
Allah SWT. The senses are also a source for gaining knowledge. It is used
through several experiments in the process of gaining knowledge.

D. THE IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE

Science is very important for every individual and can even increase human
dignity. In Islam, seeking knowledge is also a worship of Allah and there are
certain matlamats in the process of studying.

The importance of having knowledge is to prove the power of Allah SWT. This
matlamat is to strengthen human trust and faith in Allah SWT. With the
knowledge, humans can read the Qur'an which contains all the problems that exist
on this earth. Science also allows humans to study the universe created by God.

Studying knowledge is not only limited to things to the next, but also about the
world. Clearly the main key to success and happiness, both in the world and the
hereafter is science. Rasulullah SAW once said:

"Whoever wants the life of the world, then with knowledge, and whoever
wants the afterlife, then with knowledge, and whoever wants both (world
and afterlife), then with knowledge."

For world life we need knowledge that can sustain world life, for preparation in
the afterlife. We also need knowledge that can equip the afterlife. Thus, happiness
in the world and the hereafter as the purpose of life, God willing, will be achieved.

With Science, Humans can also carry out their duties as servants and caliphs on
this earth. As servants of God, humans need to carry out public and special
worship services. At the same time, humans are also the Khalifah of Allah on this
earth. Knowledge obtained by the permission of Allah SWT is necessary in the
partnership and is conveyed to individuals and the community.

E. THE POSITION OF KNOWLEDGE

Science occupies a very important position in the teachings of Islam, this can be
seen from the many verses of the holy Qur’an that view knowledgeable people in
a high and noble position in addition to the hadiths of the prophets which give
much encouragement to mankind to continue to seek knowledge.

A hadith has been narrated by Ar-Rabbi ':

"Demand knowledge, actually pursuing knowledge is a self-approach to

Allah Azza Wajalla, and teaching it to people who don't know it is
sodaqoh. Indeed, science places its people in an honorable and noble
position (high). Science is a beauty for experts in the world and the
hereafter. "

The above hadith has actually mentioned that with knowledge someone will be
elevated in the rank of honorable people. Humans also need knowledge to
distinguish between rights and vanity. By studying, a human being can know the
cause and effect of his treatment.

The law of seeking knowledge is compulsory, it becomes fardhu 'ain for every
human being to learn knowledge as well as religion or worldly science. These
sciences are practical, meaning that each of His servants must understand and
practice with the intention of Allah SWT. In the hadith narrated by Ibn Abdil Bari
the prophet has also been mentioned that studying is obligatory.

The hadiths explain that the demands of knowledge are not only on men, but
women too. But once the science that is demanded it is necessary to comply and
follow the provisions of Islam.

Present to the assembly of science may live a dead heart. Understanding, with the
knowledge in a person's chest the servant can perform acts of worship to Allah
SWT which is able to become a light to His servants. In addition, Allah has
promised great rewards to those who seek knowledge and practice it with the
intention of God.

F. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND ISLAM

Islam and science have a very close relationship. Because, in addition to being a
religion that regulates human relations with God, Islam is also present as a science
that gives clues to the secrets of nature to humans.

In the world of science and technology, there is already plenty of evidence that
shows the relationship between Islam and science. In addition, many Islamic
scientists whose ideas have been recognized by the world. Like Ibn Sina which is
known by the Western world by the name of Avecina. Ibn Sina is one of the most
prominent figures in the world of medical science.

Recognition of the relationship between Islam and science does not only come
from the Islamic community. Many non-Muslim scientists have recognized that
Islam is a religion full of instructions for knowledge. One source of guidance that
is widely recognized as true is the Qur'an.

Al Qur'an which has existed since the 7th century, is considered capable of
providing answers to the mysteries that exist in the world. And not infrequently,
the revelation of the mystery actually occurs when the age of the Qur'an is very
long. This is a strong proof, that Islam and science are two parts that have a
relationship.

G. THE DYNAMICS OF SCIENCE IN ISLAM

Muslims have incised the glory of civilization around the VII century to the XIII
century AD, even a few centuries after that the influence is still very strong in
Europe. In the centuries known as the golden age of Islam, Muslims became a
beacon of world civilization and a pioneer of the brilliance of science. Muslim
civilization becomes a reference for other people. Arabic becomes an international
language in the scientific field, which must be mastered by those who want to
explore this one field.
The golden age of the Islamic ummah occurred during the dark times of western
societies where science developed rapidly among Muslims. At that time Islam had
expanded to Europe. During this golden age, many Muslim scientists carried out
extensive research and translations of the philosophical works of Greek scientists.

The classical Islamic period (650-1250 AD) was influenced by the view of the
high position of reason as contained in al-Qur'an and hadiths. Then this view was
in line with the ancient Greek philosophy of science. As for some of the great
scientists at that time recorded in the history of the Islamic religion include:

Al-razi with his work Al-Hāwī (850-923) which is an encyclopedia about

the development of medical science until its time. Rhazas also authored an
encyclopedia or medical dictionary with the title Continens,

Ibn Sina (980-1037) who wrote medical books entitled Al Qonun or the Canon
of Medicine which is now a standard in medical science in Europe.

Al-Khawarizmi or Algorismus who wrote the book Algebra in 825 AD, and is a
standard book on mathematics for several centuries in Europe. He also discovered
the use of decimal numbers which replaced Roman numerals in Europe.

Ibn Rushd (1126-1198) a philosophy that many translate the work of Aristotle

Al Idris (1100-1166) who made 70 maps of the Sicilian empire in Europe.

Jabir ibn hayyan and Al biruni who are scientists in chemistry.

The influence of Islamic science on Europe has been going on since the 12th
century AD and gave rise to a revival or renaissance era. Western societies began
to adopt the knowledge that science had developed at that time and although Islam
was eventually expelled from Spain.

Progress in the field of science achieved by Muslims over the centuries was
obtained through strong endeavors with motivations driven by religion. Good
synergy between the authorities (government) and scientists accompanied by the
existence of a scientific tradition or scientific culture that is very strong to make
extraordinary achievements of the backward nation (Bedouin Arab) and have
never been taken into account in the civilization arena to be the leader of
civilization and make a very valuable contribution in the fields of science such as
astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, physics, and philosophy, which later became
a milestone in the progress and achievements of modern world science today.

After several centuries at the peak of world civilization, Muslims entered a phase
of decline. A tragic fate befell the people who once led this civilization. They
experienced humiliation and oppression in colonialism. Poverty and ignorance are
inherent. Nurcholish Madjid once gave an illustration of the sad reality of this
ummah by saying: "Today the Islamic world is practically the most backward
terrestrial region among adherents of major religions." Islamic countries are far
behind from Northern Europe, North America, Australia and Protestant New
Zealand; Southern Europe and South America which are Roman Catholic; Eastern
Europe which is Orthodox Catholic; Jewish Israel; Hindu India; China (giant
dragon), South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore (little dragon) who are
Buddhist-Confucianists; Taoist Buddhist Japan; and Thai Buddhists. There is
practically no major religion on earth that has less scientific and technological
progress than Islam. In other words, among all the adherents of the great religions
on this earth, the adherents of Islam are the lowest and weakest in terms of science
and technology.

H. ISLAM AND IT’S BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

Western societies divide science into three main branches namely natural science,
social science and humanities. Islam has a connection with all three of these
sciences are:

a. Islam and natural science

In Islam we know that there are verses of kauliyah and kauniyah. The Kauniyah
verses are signs of Allah's greatness implicit in the universe while the Kauliyah
verses are verses written in the Qur'an. Islam is inseparable from the existence of
natural science and in the Qur'an many verses mention about science and events
involving physics and biology as stated in the following verse:

"And He is the one who blows the wind as the bearer of glad tidings before
the coming of His mercy (rain); so that when the wind has brought cloudy
clouds, we will drive out to a barren area, then we will rain in that area,
then we will bring it out because of the various kinds of rains. That is how
We raise the dead, Hopefully you will take lessons. "(QS Al-A'raf: 57)

“We will show them our signs (power) in all regions of the earth and in
themselves, until it is clear to them that the Qur'an is true. Isn't it enough
that your Lord bears witness to everything?” (QS Fushilat: 53)

b. Islam and social science

Many branches of social science are studied today and they are also listed in the
Qur'an. Islam recognizes the existence of economics, politics, sociology and other
branches of social science. In Islam also regulated matters concerning trade,
democracy and other matters relating to legal and social science. Like God
regulating the science of inheritance or inheritance law in Islam and the
distribution of inheritance according to Islam, the prohibition of usury, the law of
marriage, good trade and so forth. As for the social science and the Qur'an, God
created humans as social creatures and the essence of human creation is to
worship and mingle with others. As mentioned in the word of Allah SWT follows:

"So do you think that actually We created you in a playful manner (only),
and that you will not be returned to Us?”

c. Islam and Humanities

Humanities is a science that focuses its focus on humans and concerns human life
such as philosophy, art, literature, military, technology and so on. Islam does not
only cover social science and natural science, but in Islam, especially the Qur'an,
covers all aspects of science related to humans and includes answers to the
problems faced by humans in general.
Thus the development of Islam cannot be separated from science itself. Today's
Muslim community has developed science and even some Muslim scientists have
received awards such as Ahmad Zewail, Nobel laureate in chemistry for his
findings in the field of femtochemistry. The award should motivate Muslim
students and the Muslim community in general to stick to religious teachings and
learn science that is beneficial to life especially as we know that the law requires
knowledge is compulsory.
 CONCLUSION

Islam is a religion that attaches great importance to science for its adherents. Islam
even requires its adherents to study and seek knowledge for life. Islam itself is a
religion that makes itself a science, so that the term known as the religious
sciences (ulum ad-din). In Islam, there is no rigid separation between secular
science and religion. All knowledge is essentially derived from Allah, Almighty
God. God himself in the Qur'an states will raise the level of the believers who
have higher knowledge than ordinary believers.

Allah encourages Muslims to pay attention to the universe as a verse or sign as

well as a source of knowledge. This universe is a sign of God's greatness. The
universe runs according to the knowledge of Allah. There are laws of Allah or
Sunnatullah that govern this universe. Human life, animals and plants are part of
Allah's knowledge. Humans as ambassadors of God on earth are obliged to
uncover the knowledge of Allah. So biology or the science of life in the universe
is very important in Islam. The Qur'an gives many signs about the life of various
creatures in the universe. The Qur'an talks about spiders, reptiles, cows, camels,
ants, horses, mosquitoes and so on. The universe is inferior to humans. All
products of this universe must be used by humans to improve their quality of life.
Science must be utilized by humans to produce goods that can provide a good life
for humans themselves.

Supposedly, science makes humans submissive and prostrate to Allah. The

mastery of science should not make humans arrogant and arrogant. Science should
make people become tawadhu 'or humble. Science must be disseminated to
mankind to be useful. This spirit is the basis of the spread of knowledge in Islam.
For Muslims, science is said to be beneficial if it can improve the quality of
human life. A Muslim is encouraged to pray for useful knowledge from Allah.
Knowledge must be continued with charity. Knowledge without charity is like a
tree without fruit. Science must produce good results for humans.
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