LABORATORY #5

HYDRAULIC JUMP

Name: Guillermo Benítez.

Code: 00128126.
Instructor: Sixto Duran Ballen.
Start date: 18-09-2019
Date of delivery: 01-10-2019.

UNIVERSITY SAN FRANCISCO DE QUITO

CIVIL ENGINEERING

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1. Introduction.
Hydraulic jumping is a phenomenon that is present when high-speed fluid is
discharged to an area where the area causes the speed to be lower. Rapidly varied
flow causes a change in flow depth within a short range. Some of the features of
hydraulic jumping include: non-uniform flow, high turbulence and load loss. It
usually occurs when there is a conflict between upstream (supercritical) and
downstream (subcritical) and downstream (subcritical) border conditions. This
may be due to the presence of some structures that obstruct flow movement in
open channels.
2. Objetctives.
▪ Physically achieve a hydraulic jump in the laboratory channel experiment.
▪ Measure the physical dimensions of a hydraulic jump.
▪ Calculate energy losses dissipated through a hydraulic jump.
▪ Classify the stability of various hydraulic jumps according to their Froude
Number.
3. Equipment.
Hydraulic Channel. – Scale model of an open hydraulic channel, intended for the
transport of fluid and is exposed to atmospheric pressure.

Image 1. Hydraulic Channel.

Collector Tank. – Plastic tank intended to collect the fluid to determine the
volume in a given time.

Image 2. Collector tank.

Timer. - Precision clock with time intervals of up to 1/100 seconds, used to
measure the time traveled with the aim of calculating the speed.

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 Image 3. Stopwatch.
Rule. – Measuring instrument scaled in units of centimeters used to determine the
height before and after the hydraulic jump.

Image 4. Rule.
4. Anticipated results.
First, the flow rate decreases substantially: [v_1>v_2], which lowers the flow
tendency to erode the current bottom. Second, much of the excess energy
contained in the high-speed flow is dissipated in the jump: [E_1>E_2]. For a
hydraulic jump to take place, the flow before it must be in the supercritical range,
i.e. in section 1 of Figure 1, y_1 is less than the critical depth of the channel and
less than the subsequent depth of the channel: [y_1<y_2], and the Froude number
is greater than 1.0. The flow reaches the jump with an E_1 energy corresponding
to the supercritical depth y_1, while y_2 remains in the subcritical range (NF <
1.0).
5. Procedure.
▪ The width of the channel was measured.
▪ A constant flow of fluid is supplied.
▪ Then we open to close the gate in order to recreate a hydraulic jump.
▪ The depth was measured at the in and exit of the hydraulic jump.
▪ Then a volume is collected in a certain time, which will serve us to
determine the flow.
▪ The procedure was repeated for all necessary cases, in which a variation
was made in the gate opening and flow change.
6. Results.
Formulas Used.
1. Specific energy.
 Specific energy(E)
𝑣2
𝐸 =𝑦+
2𝑔
 Energy dissipation(∆E)
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )3
∆𝐸 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 =
4 𝑦1 𝑦2
1. Hydraulic jump.
▪ Sequential depth.

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 1 2
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 [√1 + 8𝑁𝐹1 − 1]
2

▪ Froude's number.
𝑣
𝑁𝐹 =
√𝑔𝑦ℎ
▪ Flow Rate.
𝑄
𝑣1 =
𝐵 𝑦1
▪ Hydraulic jump height(∆y)
∆𝑦 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
▪ Critical depth.
3 𝑄2
𝑌𝑐 = √
𝐵2 𝑔
Where:
Yc: Critical depth in rectangular channels.
Q: Critical flow.
B: wide channel.
g: Gravity.

Table 1. Calculations and results for each run.

Flow upstream of hydraulic jump Flow downstream of hydraulic jump Calculated Hydraulic Jump
Run # Volumen (ml) Time (sec) Flow (m3/s) Y 1 (m) A1 (m2) V1 (m/s) Nf1 E1 (J/N) Y2 (m) A2 (m2) V2 (m/s) Nf2 E2 (J/N) Y2 (m) Error Y2 (%) ∆Y=Y2-Y1 ∆E=E1-E2 ∆E*calc Error ∆Ecal*(%)
1 4,48 2,25 0,00199 0,015 0,00120 1,659 4,325 0,155 0,05 0,00400 0,498 0,711 0,063 0,085 41% 0,0350 0,0927 0,0143 549% oscilating
2 4,75 3,41 0,00139 0,0165 0,00132 1,055 2,623 0,073 0,038 0,00304 0,458 0,750 0,049 0,054 29% 0,0215 0,0246 0,0040 520% weak
3 4,65 4,65 0,00100 0,01 0,00080 1,250 3,991 0,090 0,047 0,00372 0,269 0,398 0,050 0,052 10% 0,0365 0,0395 0,0261 51% oscilating
4 4,89 3,75 0,00130 0,008 0,00064 2,038 7,273 0,220 0,055 0,00440 0,296 0,403 0,059 0,078 30% 0,0470 0,1601 0,0590 171% steady
5 4,65 2,47 0,00188 0,016 0,00128 1,471 3,712 0,126 0,063 0,00504 0,374 0,475 0,070 0,076 18% 0,0470 0,0561 0,0257 118% oscilating
6 4,03 3,39 0,00119 0,015 0,00120 0,991 2,583 0,065 0,036 0,00288 0,413 0,695 0,045 0,048 25% 0,0210 0,0203 0,0043 374% weak
7 3,46 3,195 0,00108 0,009 0,00072 1,504 5,062 0,124 0,04 0,00320 0,338 0,540 0,046 0,060 33% 0,0310 0,0785 0,0207 279% steady
8 4,34 2,515 0,00173 0,015 0,00120 1,438 3,749 0,120 0,06 0,00480 0,360 0,469 0,067 0,072 17% 0,0450 0,0538 0,0253 113% oscilating
9 4,13 3,195 0,00129 0,0085 0,00068 1,901 6,583 0,193 0,05 0,00400 0,323 0,461 0,055 0,075 33% 0,0415 0,1374 0,0420 227% steady

In Table 1 we can look at the measurements made during the practice that were: the
volume collected in a given time, the height at the beginning and end of the hydraulic
jump; and with we can determine the unknowns raised at the beginning of the practice;
furthermore, that in Table 1 we can find the error percentages that they obtained during
the practice. The results obtained are subject to controlled conditions such as: a constant
channel width, invariable flow, without loss of energy by fiction; since the plastic used
assume that it does not produce energy losses by this condition, the atmospheric pressure
was maintained equally at temperature. In each case the only part that had variations was
when opening and closing the gate which allowed us to generate different types of
hydraulic jumps.

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Graphic:

Graphics 1. Y vs E de 0.00130 m^3/s

Graphics 2. Y vs E de 0.00188 m^3/s

Graphics 3. Y vs E de 0.00119 m^3/s

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 Graphics 4. Y vs E de 0.0018 m^3/s
The 1,2,3,4 charts show us the relationship between Y vs E with their respective flow,
as it was modified to represent various types of hydraulic jump. The 45-degree line over
each graph represents E-Y. So, for any point on the curve, the horizontal distance
between this line and the y-axis represents the potential energy Y. The remaining
distance to the specific energy curve is the kinetic energy v-2/2g.
The flow reaches the jump with an E1 energy that corresponds to the supercritical depth
Y1. In the jump, the depth increases sharply. If no energy is lost, the new depth would
be Y2', which is the alternating depth for Y1
7. Discussions.
Values about the initial, final and loss energies during the hydraulic jump could
be obtained through the calculations made in practice. In Table 1 we can see that
errors were presented in the measurements; these errors could be resulted by
measurements of the heights and1 and y2 present in each case. With regard to
measurements after hydraulic jump the height of the tube fluid to be measured
when the height is yn but during practice the measurement was performed at an
approximation of this height, which would cause the error in the data to be present
, in addition to the area that the measurement was performed, the height of the
fluid was changing which caused the operated to not perform a correct
measurement.
Tabla 2. Corrección en los datos.
Factor de corrección en la medición (0,002m)
Valores sin modificación Valores corregidos
Y1 Y2 Error Y2 Error Y1 Y2 Error Y2 Error
(m) (m) (%) ∆Ecal*(%) (m) (m) (%) ∆Ecal*(%)
0,015 0,05 41% 549% 0,017 0,052 33,43% 416,04%
0,016 0,018
5 0,038 29% 520% 5 0,04 18,84% 316,73%
0,046 0,048
0,01 5 10% 51% 0,012 5 -5,73% 26,18%
0,008 0,055 30% 171% 0,01 0,057 17,11% 85,02%
0,016 0,063 18% 118% 0,018 0,065 8,07% 50,71%
0,015 0,036 25% 374% 0,017 0,038 12,96% 183,19%
0,009 0,04 33% 279% 0,011 0,042 20,81% 153,67%
0,015 0,06 17% 113% 0,017 0,062 7,02% 42,91%

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 0,008 0,010
5 0,05 33% 227% 5 0,052 21,38% 126,97%
In Table 2 we can see the corrections made in the measurements made for each case;
noting that the correction if affected the error rate in each case. Measurements made at
the hydraulic jump output were not very accurate, as the measurement was not performed
at the normal height of the fluid so it would be generating an error percentage, in addition
it was considered that frictional energy losses did not affect , but by looking at the results
of the error percentages you could say that if it is generating a small friction between the
channel and fluid. Another factor that would be affecting the error percentages are
operators, i.e. when taking the measurements, they might have an error in taking data; in
terms of the flow in the channel is considered to be constant, but during practice the pump
supplying the flow absorbed air which could alter the flow contend.

Why do we need to understand and analyze the behavior of a hydraulic jump? What
is the purpose of a hydraulic jump and where do you use them in the practical life?
Because hydraulic jumping gives information of behavior and type of flow since, it is
applied as an energy heatsink method with the purpose of preventing undermining or
flooding. It is important in hydraulic works and has many applications in practical life,
for example:
- Because water energy dissipates it prevents the excavation of water beneath the works
such as landfills or dams (Gribbin, 2007).
- Recovers the water level in waters under a channel and thus maintain slower water level
in a canal to properly distribute water (Gribbin, 2007).

What can you infer about the stability of each jump based on the computed sequent
depth and the laboratory data? Classify each jump based on their Froude Number.
Run # Nf1 Type of hydraulic
jump
1 3,53 oscilating
2 2,14 weak
3 3,28 oscilating
4 5,71 steady
5 3,08 oscilating
6 2,18 weak
7 4,69 steady
8 3,09 oscilating
9 4,78 steady

Determine the Efficiency of each hydraulic jump based on the following equation:

ej nf1
57,29% 4,325
80,41% 2,623
60,96% 3,991
36,70% 7,273

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 64,33% 3,712
81,08% 2,583
50,42% 5,062
63,87% 3,749
40,15% 6,583
What is the meaning of Froude Number? Explain the interpretation of this
dimensionless parameter.
Es an dimensional number that relates the effect of inertia forces and gravity forces acting
on a fluid; is used when the flow state is to be classified based on the action exerted by
gravity on it.
What is the difference between subsequent depth and alternate depth in a hydraulic
jump?

Imagen 5. Salto hidráulico.

8. Conclusions.
Through the practice the energy losses present in the hydraulic jump for case were
determined, likewise the depths were obtained at the beginning and at the end of
the hydraulic jump was determined the critical depth present in each jump
Hydraulic. In order to determine possible errors, an existing error rate was
determined in our measurements, which allowed us to correct the data collected
during practice. For each case we could see that by controlling the conditions we
can reduce the percentages of errors; therefore, the exclus was opened or closed
to simulate different hydraulic jumps. For the classification of hydraulic jumps it
was necessary of the Froude numbers that can be found in table1. At the end of
this practice it was possible to establish the necessary conditions so that a
hydraulic jump or energy heatsink can be recreated.
9. References.

British Precast Drainage Association. (2017). Box Culvert Applications. Obtenido de

https://www.precastdrainage.co.uk/page/box-culverts-applications
DAERA Planning & Environment. (Julio de 2016). Culverting. Obtenido de Advice for
Planning Officers and Applicants seeking Planning Permission for
Developments which Include the Culverting of a Waterway:
https://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/advice/northern_ireland_environment_age
ncy_guidance/standing_advice_22_culverting.pdf

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Gribbin, J. (2007). Introduction to Hydraulics and Hidrology with Applicationes for
Stormwater Management. Nueva York: Thomson Delmar Learning.
Ministerio de Transporte. (2006). Manual para la inspección visual de estructuras de drenaje.
Bogotá: Instituto Nacional de Vías.

Mott, R. (2006). Mecánica de Fluidos. México D.F.: Pearson Educación.

Parrales, E. (2013). Análisis hidráulico de las estructuras de drenaje pluvial de la facultad de
economía y negocios en el campus Gustavo Galindo de la ESPOL. Guayaquil: Escuela
Superior Politécnica del Litoral.

10. Appendix.

Image 6. Fluid volume in a given time.

Image 7. Hydraulic channel simulation.

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 Image 8. Hydraulic jump simulation.
Flow upstream of hydraulic jump Flow downstream of hydraulic jump Calculated Hydraulic Jump
Run # Volumen (ml) Time (sec) Flow (m3/s) Y 1 (m) A1 (m2) V1 (m/s) Nf1 E1 (J/N) Y2 (m) A2 (m2) V2 (m/s) Nf2 E2 (J/N) Y2 (m) Error Y2 (%) ∆Y=Y2-Y1 ∆E=E1-E2 ∆E*calc Error ∆Ecal*(%) yc vc ec
1 4,48 2,25 0,00199 0,017 0,00136 1,464 3,585 0,126 0,052 0,00416 0,479 0,670 0,064 0,078 33% 0,0350 0,0626 0,0121 416% oscilating 0,03982117 0,05000132 0,00215705
2 4,75 3,41 0,00139 0,0185 0,00148 0,941 2,209 0,064 0,04 0,00320 0,435 0,695 0,050 0,049 19% 0,0215 0,0140 0,0034 317% weak 0,0313817 0,04438771 0,0016999
3 4,65 4,65 0,00100 0,012 0,00096 1,042 3,036 0,067 0,049 0,00388 0,258 0,374 0,052 0,046 -6% 0,0365 0,0154 0,0209 26% oscilating 0,02516037 0,03974505 0,0013629
4 4,89 3,75 0,00130 0,01 0,00080 1,630 5,204 0,145 0,057 0,00456 0,286 0,382 0,061 0,069 17% 0,0470 0,0842 0,0455 85% steady 0,03003093 0,0434219 0,00162673
5 4,65 2,47 0,00188 0,018 0,00144 1,307 3,111 0,105 0,065 0,00520 0,362 0,453 0,072 0,071 8% 0,0470 0,0334 0,0222 51% oscilating 0,0383608 0,04907591 0,00207794
6 4,03 3,39 0,00119 0,017 0,00136 0,874 2,140 0,056 0,038 0,00304 0,391 0,640 0,046 0,044 13% 0,0210 0,0101 0,0036 183% weak 0,02823496 0,04210349 0,00152944
7 3,46 3,195 0,00108 0,011 0,00088 1,231 3,746 0,088 0,042 0,00336 0,322 0,502 0,047 0,053 21% 0,0310 0,0409 0,0161 154% steady 0,02653305 0,04081484 0,00143725
8 4,34 2,515 0,00173 0,017 0,00136 1,269 3,107 0,099 0,062 0,00496 0,348 0,446 0,068 0,067 7% 0,0450 0,0309 0,0216 43% oscilating 0,03619802 0,04767239 0,00196079
9 4,13 3,195 0,00129 0,0105 0,00084 1,539 4,795 0,131 0,052 0,00416 0,311 0,435 0,057 0,066 21% 0,0415 0,0743 0,0327 127% steady 0,02985633 0,0432955 0,00161727

Image 9. Corrected table

Factor de corrección en la medicion (0,002m)

Valores sin modificación Valores corregidos
Y 1 (m) Y2 (m) Error Y2 (%) Error ∆Ecal*(%) Y 1 (m) Y2 (m) Error Y2 (%) Error ∆Ecal*(%)
0,015 0,05 41% 549% 0,017 0,052 33,43% 416,04%
0,0165 0,038 29% 520% 0,0185 0,04 18,84% 316,73%
0,01 0,0465 10% 51% 0,012 0,0485 -5,73% 26,18%
0,008 0,055 30% 171% 0,01 0,057 17,11% 85,02%
0,016 0,063 18% 118% 0,018 0,065 8,07% 50,71%
0,015 0,036 25% 374% 0,017 0,038 12,96% 183,19%
0,009 0,04 33% 279% 0,011 0,042 20,81% 153,67%
0,015 0,06 17% 113% 0,017 0,062 7,02% 42,91%
0,0085 0,05 33% 227% 0,0105 0,052 21,38% 126,97%
Image 10. Correction factors.

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