HYDROCARBONS

INTRODUCTION

1. Define catenation.
2. What are hydrocarbons? Explain their types.
3. What is difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
4. Why saturated hydrocarbons are called paraffins? (129)
5. Why unsaturated hydrocarbons are called olefins? (130)
6. What is hybridization?
7. Why benzene is called aromatic hydrocarbons? (130)
8. What is hexagonal structure?

ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES

1. What are alkanes?

2. Nomenclature.
3. Explain physical properties of alkanes.
4. What is the effect of branching on melting point of alkanes? (136)
5. What is effect of branching on boiling point of alkanes? (136)
6. Structure of Alkanes.
7. Alkanes are highly unreactive. Explain Why. (137-138)
8. Cycloalkanes, nomenclature, physical properties, structure and reactivity.
9. What are polar, non-polar and weakly polar compounds?
10. What are isomers?
11. What is sigma bond?
12. What are intramolecular and intramolecular forces?
13. Reaction Mechanism, radical substitution reaction.
14. Oxidation and reduction of organic compounds.

ALKENES

1. Nomenclature.
2. What are the factors which influence alkene stability? (145)
3. Explain structure of alkenes.
4. Explain methods of preparation of alkenes.
5. What is dehydration of alcohol? Give example.
6. Convert Alcohols to Alkenes. (146 1st heading)
7. Convert Alkyl Halides to Alkenes. (146)
8. What is hydrogenation? Give reaction of hydrogenation of alkenes.
9. What is raney nickel? (147)
10. Explain hydrohalogenation of alkenes. Also describe its mechanism.
11. What is Markownikov’s rule?
12. Convert Alkenes to Alkyl Halide. (147 bottom)
13. Explain hydration of alkenes.
14. Convert alkenes to alcohols. (149)
15. How can we prepare alcohols from alkenes? (149)
16. Halogenation. Mechanism.
17. Halohydration.
18. Epoxidation.
19. Ozonolysis.
20. How is aldehyde prepared from alkenes? (150-151)
21. Convert Alkenes to aldehydes. (150-151)
22. What is polymerization.
23. Explain conjugation. What are conjugated alkenes.
24. What is carbocation. How is it formed? (154)
25. What is electrophile (electrophilic reagent)?
26. What is nuceophile (nucleophilic reagent)?
27. When 2-methylpropene reacts with HCL, what are the structures of the two possible intermediate
carbocations?

ISOMERISM

1. What is isomerism? Define its two types.

2. What is difference between chiral center and plane of symmetry?
3. What is Chiral Carbon Atom?
4. What is optical activity?
5. How can we measure optical rotation? What is difference between dextrorotatory and levorotatory
compounds? (158)
6. Define Optical Isomerism. Explain Optical Isomerism in Lactic Acid.
7. Explain Optical Isomerism in Tartaric Acid.
8. What are diastereomers? (160 bottom)
9. Explain geometrical isomerism in alkenes.
10. Why cis-trans structure is not possible in alkanes and alkynes?
Sigma bonds can rotate around and shift. This makes isomers of non-substituted alkanes impossible because the atoms
can shift back and forth.
Pi bonds, like those in double bonds, can't freely move around. Since each carbon in a double-bond chain can form
another bond that doesn't move, you can create symmetrical isomers.
Alkynes are linear and can't have a substituted atom branching off. Carbon can form no more than four bonds.
11. How can we convert cis-isomer to trans-isomer and vice-versa?
12. Why trans-isomer is more stable than corresponding cis-isomer? (163)
13. All alkenes do not show geometrical isomerism. Defend this statement with an example. (163)
14. What is condition for geometrical isomerism? (167)
15. Geometric Isomerism in cyclic compounds. Examples.
16. Structural Isomerism and its five types with examples.
17. Which of the following will show geometrical isomerism?
a) 2-butene.
b) 2-methyl-2-butene
c) 2-pentene
d) 1,2-dichloropropane
18. Which of the following compound shows isomerism?
a) propene
b) 2-hexene
19. An acid of formula C5H10O2 is optically active. What is its structure?

ALKYNES

1. Nomenclature.
2. Why alkynes are more stable than alkenes? (172)
3. Explain structure of alkynes.
4. Explain physical properties of alkynes.
5. How can we prepare alkynes by elimination reaction?
6. How can we prepare alkynes by alkylation of sodium acetylide?
7. Convert vicinal dihalides to alkynes. (174)
8. Why terminal alkynes are slightly acidic?
9. Alkenes to Metal-acetylide. (175-176)
10. Hydrogenation of alkynes. (alkynes to alkenes to alkanes)
11. Alkynes to trans-alkenes. (176)
12. Hydrohalogenation.
13. Hydration. (alkynes to aldehydes) (alkynes to ketones) (177)
14. Bromination.
15. Ozonolysis.
16. Alkynes to cis-alkenes. (178)
17. Methane to Ethane.
18. Ethyl Chloride to Ethene.
19. Ethene to Ethyl chloride.
20. Ethene to Ethyl alcohol.
21. Ethene to Ethyne. (179)
22. Ethane to Ethene.
23. Ethyne to Acetaldehyde.
24. Ethene to Formaldehyde.

BENZENES

1. Nomenclature.
2. Physical properties.
3. Explain structure of benzene.
4. What are limitations of kekule’s structure?
5. Explain structure of benzene according to molecular orbital structure.
6. Criticize the following statement: “Benzene is a mixture of molecules most of which have the
structure.” (186)

7. Explain resonance in benzene. (186)

8. Explain catalytic hydrogenation in benzene. (benzene to cyclohexane)
9. Addition of halogens.
10. Catalytic oxidation. (benzene to maleic acid)
11. Combustion.
12. Ozonolysis.
13. Oxidation of side chain (toluene to benzoic acid, ethylbenzene to benzoin acid)
14. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. General mechanism
15. Nitration of benzene + Mechanism.
16. Sulphonation of benzene + Mechanism.
17. Halogenation of benzene + Mechanism.
18. Friedel-Crafts alkylation + Mechanism.
19. Friedel-Crafts acylation + Mechanism.
20. Ortho, para, meta-directing groups. Rule.
21. Prove that benzene has cyclic structure. (200)
22. Predict the major products of bromination of following compounds. (Page # 201)
23. Some important conversions. (Page # 202)

EXERCISE