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Günter Pfeifer
Market Segment Manager – Wireless Communication
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
Testing OTA? – Easy, just cut the cord… and replace it with an
antenna…
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 2
Why OTA testing?
3GPP TR 38.803 NR RF testability
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 3
Why is OTA such an important topic for 5G NR?
ı 5G NR addresses – besides others – eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband) eMBB
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 4
It’s all about no cables….in 5G mmWave systems
3D gain patterns of mmWave UE antenna
ı Phased arrays do not allow
connection through cables
Many antennas –
many connectors
Cable influences
antenna characteristics
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 6
Radiation properties
ı Each antenna or antenna element emits a multitude of spherical waves
ı As the waves are travelling away from the antenna their energy locally decreases with the distance
from the antenna as it distributes over an increasing sphere
ı At a given point far enough away from the antenna the emitted wave looks plane within certain limits
- this region is called the “quiet zone”
Compare with throwing a stone into water
ı To increase the size of the quiet zone there are several options
Move further away from the antenna
Manipulate the field distribution
Use overlapping fields from multiple antennas
…
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 7
Fundamental properties: electromagnetic fields
0.1 m apperture size at 28 GHz
𝐷3 *
2𝐷2
0.62 = 19 𝑐𝑚 = 1.87 𝑚
𝜆 𝜆
𝜆
* = formula commonly taken for radiators with D> C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
2
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview
What is the quiet zone?
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 9
How good is the quiet zone?
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 10
Reactive near field – radiated near field – far field D = size of radiating aperture
λ = wavelength
2𝐷 2
ı Far field (beyond 𝜆
)
Field is considered as locally planar
RF measurements are easy - only magnitude measurements
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 11
Measurements that can be performed in the reactive near field
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 12
Measurements that can be performed in the radiated near field
ı Spherical scan of the entire field in magnitude and phase
All field parameters are known
Can then be mathematically transformed into the far field by using certain algorithms
All Tx measurements
Effort much higher than in far field
Space requirements are lower
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 13
Solution transforming NF to FF by Software algorithm
𝑓𝑥,𝑦 = 𝐴 ඵ 𝐸𝑥,𝑦 𝑒 +𝑗𝐤∙𝐫 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Amplitude Phase
SW algorithm
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 14
Near-field to Far-field Transformation – FIAFTA
Features Performance Comparison Transformation
vs.
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 15
Measurements that can be performed in the far field
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 16
Direct FF measurement Systems
Far Field
Magnitude
Dual-Polarized High-Gain
3D Rotation of DUT
Antenna
Single Measurement point
Device
Under
Test
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 17
Wireless Performance Anechoic Test Chambers for mmWave
Far-field: 5G UE/CPE Test Far-field: 5G Basestation Test
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 18
Quiet Zone Size D = size of radiating aperture
λ = wavelength
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 19
What size of a quiet zone (QZ) is needed? D = size of radiating aperture
λ = wavelength
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview
How big of a chamber is required for direct far field?
ı Quiet zone size (black box)
12 cm
D= 3 cm
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 22
Far-field to near-field systems: hardware Fourier transforms
𝑓𝑥,𝑦 = 𝐴 ඵ 𝐸𝑥,𝑦 𝑒 +𝑗𝐤∙𝐫 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Complex near-field Plane wave far-
wave generated Amplitude Phase
field received
Fresnel Lens (Fourier Optics) Reflector: Compact Antenna Test Range Array: Plane Wave Convertor
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 23
Possibilities to shrink the chamber size –
indirect far field
Reflector
DUT
Feed
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 24
CATR – Compact Antenna Test Range
N cm CATR
reflector ~ ½ N cm quiet zone
Plane waves
Spherical wave
Feed horn
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview
CATR is a Bi-directional Device Reverse: DUT Transmits
Quiet Zone
Device
Under
Test
Quiet Zone
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 26
Path Loss in CATR Systems
Side View Top View
Vertical QZ Taper
d1 > d0 < d2
d2
d0
Quiet Zone
Feed Antenna (low-gain) Far Field: FSPL No Path Loss from Reflector to DUT
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 28
CATR Reflector Error: Edge Treatment (Low Frequency & QZ)
No scattering of energy
back into quiet zone
Es
Wave ‘bends’
around corner
Ei
Rolled Edges
Low Scattering
Knife Edge
High Scattering
W. Burnside “Curved Edge Modification of Compact Range Reflector”, IEEE 1987
Es: Scattered EM field (from edges)
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 29
CATR Reflector Errors: Surface Roughness (High Frequency)
ρmax
Surface roughness
Measurement:
• Rqmax < 1 micron
Ideal Actual (RMS)
• Ra < 1.6 microns
(arithmetic average)
Maximum Frequency
Surface Roughness • Rzmax < 45 microns
(microns) (peak2peak)
28 GHz 75
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 30
ATS800B – CATR Benchtop test setup
ı Application: basic antenna R&D, education
WPTC
ı Frequency range: 20-50 GHz
Comparable QZ size in DFF
8m @ 30 GHz ı Quiet zone: D 20 cm
ı Dimensions: 120x60x80cm
ı Optional 2D positioner
No shielding
ı Wide band feed antenna
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 31
ATS800R – CATR Rack-Mounted Test Chamber
ı Application: chipset and mobile phone R&D
Height =
2.1m (6ft 10”)
ı Quiet zone: D 20 cm
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 35
ATS1000 full 3-D OTA solution for extreme conditions
ı Full spherical measurement under
controlled temperature condition
from -40°C to +85°C
ı 100°K temp change within approx.
10 minutes (-40…+60 / +85…-15)
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 36
ATSx series overview
ATS800B ATS800R ATS1000 ATS1800C
Main frequency range 20-50 GHz 20-50GHz 18-87 GHz 18-87 GHz
Quiet zone (@1 dB D 20 cm D 20 cm D 7 cm D 30 cm
amplitude taper)
Automation/Positioner 2D positioner 3D positioner 3D conical cut 3D great circle cut
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 37
R&S CMQ200 shielding cube key facts
Prepared for automated handling -> drawer concept with automatic opening
Scalable for most DUT’s -> smart devices , CPEs, RFICs, prototypes
Efficient for big lot sizes -> layouts with simplified geometry
Flexible for small lot sizes -> layout with floor positioner
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 38
R&S 5G NR OTA Solutions
Antenna Design Early Stage R&D R&D / Regression RF Conformance mmW Production
• Highest Bandwidth • High Test Speed • Cost efficient • large QZ • One stop shop solution
• Flexible system • Climatic Testing • Space for instruments • IB/OOB up to 90GHz • High automation
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 39
OTA testing fundamentals poster
Download at
www.rohde-schwarz.com/OTA-poster
www.mobilewirelesstesting.com
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 40
“If you want to go fast, go alone.
If you want to go far, go together!”
African proverb
C O M PAN Y R E S T R I C T E D
May 2019 5G NR – OTA Overview 41