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Orthographic Projection
Part-1

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PROJECTION
METHOD

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 Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

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Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.

The image is produced by connecting the points where

the LOS pierce the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection

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 Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection

Perspective projection is not

used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because

1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted

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Orthographic
Projection
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 MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane

Object views from top

1

2
1 5 2 3 4

5
3

engineering108.com Projection plane

 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
NOTES

Orthographic projection technique can produce either

1. Multiview drawing
that each view show an object in two dimensions.
2. Axonometric drawing
that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.

Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for

communication.

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Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
Advantage Easy to understand

Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion

Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

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 Multiview Drawing
Advantage It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

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 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are

Horizontal Plane (HP),

Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)

And

Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)

FV is a view projected on VP.

TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.

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Orthographic Projections are a collection of 2-D drawings that work together to give an
accurate overall representation of an object.

Defining the Six

Principal Views or
Orthographic Views

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 PLANES

PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)


A.I
A.V.P. .P.
to V
 to Hp &  to Vp p
&
t
oH
p


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 PICTURE
PLANE

Object Observer

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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First and Third Angle Projections

Third-angle Projection

First-angle Projection

• First Angle
• Third Angle engineering108.com
Conventional Orthographic Views
Width

Top Depth
View/Plan

Right
Front View Side Height
View

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Lines on an engineering drawing signify more than just the geometry of the object and it is
important that the appropriate line type is used.

Line Thickness

For most engineering drawings you will require two thickness', a thick and thin line.
The general recommendation are that thick lines are twice as thick as thin lines.

A thick continuous line is used for visible

edges and outlines.
A thin line is used for hatching, leader
lines, short centre lines, dimensions and
projections.
Line Styles

Other line styles used to clarify important features on drawings are:

Thin chain lines are a common feature on engineering drawings used to

indicate centre lines. Centre lines are used to identify the centre of a circle,
cylindrical features, or a line of symmetry.
Dashed lines are used to show important hidden detail for example wall
thickness and holes..

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Precedence of Lines
• Visible lines takes precedence over all other
lines
0.6 mm

• Hidden lines and cutting plane lines take

precedence over center lines
0.3 mm
• Center lines have lowest precedence
0.6 mm

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For Example:

1. Visible
2. Hidden
3. Center

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 Dimensioning
A dimensioned drawing should provide all the information necessary for a finished product or part to
be manufactured. An example dimension is shown below.

Dimensions are always drawn using continuous thin lines. Two projection lines indicate where the
dimension starts and finishes. Projection lines do not touch the object and are drawn perpendicular
to the element you are dimensioning.
All dimensions less than 1 should have a leading zero. i.e. .35 should be written as 0.35

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 Types of Dimensioning

• Parallel Dimensioning
• Parallel dimensioning consists of several
dimensions originating from one projection
line.

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•Superimposed Running Dimensions

•Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies parallel

dimensions in order to reduce the space used on a drawing. The
common origin for the dimension lines is indicated by a small
circle at the intersection of the first dimension and the projection
line.

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•Chain Dimensioning

•Combined Dimensions
A combined dimension uses both chain and parallel dimensioning.

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 Dimensioning of circles

• (a) shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One method dimensions
the circle between two lines projected from two diametrically opposite points. The
second method dimensions the circle internally.

• (b) is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be easily read if it was
placed inside the circle.

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 Dimensioning Radii
• All radial dimensions are proceeded by the capital R.

(a) shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius located on the drawing.

(b) shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centres locating.

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Tolerancing

• It is not possible in practice to manufacture products to the exact figures displayed

on an engineering drawing. The accuracy depends largely on the manufacturing
process. A tolerance value shows the manufacturing department the maximum
permissible variation from the dimension.
• Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value. This can appear
either as:

• a general tolerance value applicable to several dimensions. i.e. a note specifying

that the General Tolerance +/- 0.5 mm.

• or a tolerance specific to that dimension

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Aligned System Unidirectional System
values read from bottom and values read from bottom only
Right side (Preferred when?)

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INCORRECT CORRECT

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Dimensioning a circular arc.

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Omit unnecessary dimensions.

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Use of enlarged view to clarify dimensions.

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