Free Hand Sketch

 To transfer the idea of an engineer’s to the real world in 2D.

 Quickly represent the creative idea in a graphical form to
non-technical peoples.
 It improves / make easier the communication between all the
members of a team / customer.
 Importance of Free Hand Sketch

 Free hand drawing has much importance in practical works

because a draftsman has to check the drawings of every
object from the engineer.
 At the checking of complete drawing, much time is wasted on
the alterations, if needed.
 Since less time is needed for free hand drawing, therefore,
initially such drawing should be depended upon.
 Principles of Free Hand Sketch
 The object should be seen thoroughly and pondered over its
objectives and concepts.
 More detailed aspect is considered for selection of a view.
 Space is specified on a drawing sheet according to the sizes of views.
 Firstly, the dim lines are drawn so that extra lines may be erased
easily.
 Scale and ruler are not used in drawing, although, ratio and
proportion of different parts of an object are considered.
 Firstly, horizontal lines are drawn then vertical lines are drawn, and
arcs and circles are drawn lastly.
 After completing the diagram, a clear scale is written in some suitable
manner.
 Layout and Presentation
 Typical drawing sets include a variety of views.
 The most common are the top front and right side views.
 Layouts used to present your finished work.
 Examine the changes that occur in drawings.
 Work with single and multiple viewports to produce overall
and detailed views.
 Additionally, learn to use drafting tools to simplify drawing
creation as well as apply engineering drawing techniques to
accurately represent designs.
Layout and Presentation
 Drawing standards
 Engineering drawings are the common language to the people
from different countries.
 It should be a professional and expected to follow certain
national and international standards.

ISO Standards
ASME Standards
BS Standards
DIN Standards
JIS Standards
 Drawing standards
ISO Standards
Standardization is a dynamic and continuous process. The
standards follow the development in engineering.
 ISO 128 Technical drawings; General principles of
presentation
 ISO 129 Technical drawings; Indication of dimensions and
tolerances
 ISO 1101 Geometrical tolerance; Initial basis and describes
the required fundamentals for geometrical tolerancing.
 ISO 7083 Technical drawings; Symbols for geometrical
tolerancing.
 Drawing standards
Elements of production drawing
Dimensions should be indicated on a drawing, according to one
of the following two methods.

 Format of drawing sheet

 Size and shape of the component
 Projection method
 Material specification and shape such as castings, forgings,
plates, rounds, etc.
 Indication of surface roughness and other heat treatments, if
any
 Drawing standards
Elements of production drawing
 Limits, fits and tolerances of size, form, and position
 Production method
 Process sheet
 Specification of standard components
 Conventions used to represent certain machine components
 Inspection and testing methods
Drawing standards
 Drawing standards
Scale: Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of
an object shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension of
the same element of the object.
SCALE 1:1 for full size
SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)
 Drawing standards
Lines
 Lines give life to the drawings and create a feel of the object
 It is used to represent the external and internal apperances and
the different features of an object.
 Lines are to be represented with different intensities that
distinguish their usage..
 Four major type of
lines are using in
drawings as per
ISO128.
Engineering drawing standards
 Drawing standards
Lettering Standard
 Use only a vertical Gothic text style.
 Use both capital and lower-case letters.
 Use 3-5 mm for most text height
 Space between lines of text is at least 1/3 of text height.
 Letters in title block it is recommend to use 5-8 mm text
height.
 Drawing standards
Upper-case letters and numbers
 Drawing standards
Lower-case letters and numbers
 Drawing standards
Engineering drawing
 Engineering drawing is a graphic language which has its own
rules.
 It gives complete description of an object or a machine part as
regards shape, size and all
other internal details
from which it can be
constructed or
manufactured.
 Drawing standards
Machine drawing
 A machine drawing generally gives all the external and
internal details of the machine component from which it can
be manufactured.
 The machining symbols, tolerances, bill of material, etc. are
specified on the drawing.
 The-relative position of the different components and to make
assembly drawing are also specified.
 IS: 696—1972 is the BIS Code for Machine Drawing.
 Drawing standards
Machine drawing
 Drawing standards
Part drawing
 A part drawing shows the number of views of each single part
of a machine to facilitate its manufacturing.
 It should give all the dimensions, limits, tolerances and
special finishing.
 A part drawing with
production details is also
called as a production
drawing or working
drawing.
 Drawing standards
Assembly drawing
An assembly drawing shows all the complete drawing of a given
machine indicating the relative positions of various components
assembled together.
 General assembly drawings
 Design assembly drawings
 Subassembly drawing
 Schematic assembly drawing
 Exploded assembly drawing
 Assembly drawing for catalogue
 Drawing standards
Assembly drawing
 Drawing standards
Schematic assembly drawing
 Drawing standards
Exploded Assembly drawing
 Drawing standards
Catalogue Assembly drawing
 Drawing standards
Shop Drawing
 A shop drawing includes the part drawing, subassembly and
the complete assembly of a product for manufacturing.

Patent Drawing
 A patent drawing gives the correct and complete features of a
new technology or innovation adopted for a machine or
system.
 The drawings are pictorial in nature and self explanatory but
not useful for production purposes.
Symbols in Engineering drawings
Symbols in Engineering drawings
 Symbols in Engineering drawings
WELDING JOINTS AND SYMBOLS
Various categories of welded joints (welds) are characterized by
symbols which, in general are similar to the shape of welds to be
made. These symbols are categorized as:
(i) Elementary symbols
(ii) Supplementary symbols
(iii)Combination of elementary
and supplementary symbols
 Symbols in Engineering drawings
Elementary Welding Symbols
 Symbols in Engineering drawings
Elementary Welding Symbols
 Symbols in Engineering drawings
Supplementary Welding symbols
 Symbols in Engineering drawings
Combination of elementary and supplementary Welding
symbols
Symbols in Engineering drawings
Symbols in Engineering drawings
 REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS
As a variety of materials are used for machine components in
engineering applications.
It is preferable to have different conventions of section lining
to differentiate between various materials.
REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS
Thank You