OTHER GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

SCI04 LECTURE 9
TERMINOLOGIES
Mass Wasting or Slope Movement
the geomorphic process by which soil, sand,
regolith and rock move downslope typically as
a mass influenced by gravity and frequently
affected by water or water content
TERMINOLOGIES
Geomorphic Processes
the changing evolution of topographic
features of the earth, created by various
physical processes taking place on the earth’s
surface
TERMINOLOGIES
Regolith
layer of “loose and heterogeneous material
composed of dust, soil, broken rock, and
other related materials” covering the surface
of solid rock
TERMINOLOGIES
Regolith
layer of “loose and heterogeneous material
composed of dust, soil, broken rock, and
other related materials” covering the surface
of solid rock
TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS (MASS WASTING)
SUDDEN Geologic Hazard - geologic hazards that
happen very quickly and with little or no warning
GRADUAL Geologic Hazard - slow, often take
years, decades or even centuries to form and
become a danger
 TYPES OF SUDDEN
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS:
LANDSLIDES
- A general term referring to all
types of surface movement,
particularly those involving
the mass downhill movement
of soil, rock or snow due to
gravity
 Why is it
important to be
knowledgeable
about
LANDSLIDE?
 In the Philippines,
80% of the land mass
is landslide-prone
(DENR)
Landslide prone areas
have high population
because these lands
are low-cost
The Albay Landslide was triggered by TD Usman –
December 30, 2018
 TYPES OF
LANDSLIDES
BASED ON THE DEPTH OF THE
LANDSLIDE MATERIAL

1) Shallow landslides
2) Deep-seated landslides
TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
BASED ON THE DEPTH OF THE LANDSLIDE MATERIAL

Shallow landslides -The sliding surface range from a few

decimeters to a few meters of soil or weathered
bedrock
Deep-seated landslides - Have deep sliding surfaces
that are located below the maximum rooting depth
of trees, often at depths of more than 10 meters
 CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
Shallow landslides -The sliding surface range from a few
decimeters to a few meters of soil or weathered
bedrock
Deep-seated landslides - Have deep sliding surfaces
that are located below the maximum rooting depth
of trees, often at depths of more than 10 meters
 CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
1) Natural Causes
a) volcanic eruptions
b) vibrations made by earthquakes
c) undercutting of cliffs and banks by waves
or river erosion
d) the saturation of slope material from
intense or prolonged rainfall and seepage
 CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
2) Human Causes
a) removal of vegetation
b) leaking of pipes such as those for water or sewer
c) modification of slopes by the construction of
roads, railways, and buildings
d) vibrations from heavy traffic, blasting
e) overloading slopes
f) mining and quarrying activities
g) excavation or displacement of rocks
TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS (MASS WASTING)
SUDDEN Geologic Hazard - geologic hazards that
happen very quickly and with little or no warning
GRADUAL Geologic Hazard - slow, often take
years, decades or even centuries to form and
become a danger
Gradual Geological
Hazards

1) Subsidence
2) Alluvial Fan
Subsidence
Alluvial Fan
Preparing for Landslides
a) Use rock curtain or other
slope covers to help mitigate
dangerous rock falls or
topples
b) constructing protective covers over
roadways and retaining walls
PREPARING FOR LANDSLIDES
c) explosive blasting of hazardous target
areas
d) place rock bolts or other similar types of
anchoring, dowels and apply scaling to
stabilize cliffs
d) place rock bolts or
other similar types of
anchoring, dowels and
apply scaling to stabilize
cliffs
e) Warning signs must be
placed in hazardous
areas
Preparing for
Landslides
f) proper drainage
g) instrumental
monitoring
h) landslide prone
areas must be
avoided as
construction sites
TYPES OF SINKHOLES
Sinkholes are depressions
or openings in the ground
surface. They are
generally formed as the
result of a collapse in the
ceiling of an underground
cavity or cavern.
Sinkholes typically
develop slowly, but can
also form suddenly when
a collapse occurs
Cover Sinkholes
Subsidence Sinkholes
Solution / Dissolution Sinkholes
Signs of an Impending
Landslide
1. Bulging ground appearing at
the base (toe) of a slope or
retaining wall.
2. Water breaks through the
ground surface in new
location.
3. Fences, retaining walls, utility
posts or trees tilt or move.
4. Cracks appear on slope.
Signs of an Impending
Landslide
5. Water pipes break.
6. Cracks appear on the
ground or in the foundation
of houses, buildings and
other structures.
7. Doors and windows
become stuck or jammed
for the first time.
Signs of an Impending
Landslide
8. Water appear at the base of
the slope.
9. Slowly widening cracks appear
on the ground or on paved areas
such as paved streets, driveways
and concreted path ways.
10.Land movements and debris
downslope.
11.Outside walls, walks or stairs
being pulling away from the
building.