OPEN ACCESS Asian Journal of Scientific Research

ISSN 1992-1454
DOI: 10.3923/ajsr.2019.293.297

News and Views

Solvability Group From Kronecker Product on the Representation
of Quaternion Group
Yanita, Monika Rianti Helmi and Annisa Maula Zakiya

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Kampus Unand Limau Manis,
25163, Padang, Indonesia

Abstract
Background and Objective: This paper discusses about the finite group which constructed from representation quaternion group using
Kronecker product. It s found that a new group with 32 elements. The purpose of this paper was to show that this new group has one
of the same characteristics as the representation quaternion group. Materials and Methods: One of characteristics of representation
quaternion group was based on normal subgroup. Furthermore, because all the subgroup of the new group is a normal subgroup, then
it have the series of normal subgroups. Results: There are 83 series of normal subgroup from the new group. Conclusion: For each series
of normal subgroup, can be created a factor group. It was found that all the group factors of each series of normal subgroup were abelian,
so it was concluded that the new group was solvable.

Key words: Kronecker product, quaternion group, solvable group, finite group, normal subgroup, non-abelian group

Received: September 15, 2018 Accepted: October 18, 2018 Published: March 15, 2019

Citation: Yanita, Monika Rianti Helmi and Annisa Maula Zakiya, 2019. Solvability group from Kronecker product on the representation of quaternion group.
Asian J. Sci. Res., 12: 293-297.

Corresponding Author: Yanita, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Kampus Unand Limau Manis,
25163, Padang, Indonesia Tel: +6282169922754

Copyright: © 2019 Yanita et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Competing Interest: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files.
 Asian J. Sci. Res., 12 (2): 293-297, 2019

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

Let v(G) denote the number of conjugacy classes of Definition 1.1: A group G is called solvable if G has a series of
non-normal subgroups of a group. For every finite group with subgroups5:
v(G)<6 is solvable1. It s presented an example for this and it s
constructed a group using Kronecker product on the {e} = H0dH1dH2d... dHk = G
representation of quaternion group.
The Kronecker product is an operation on two where, for each 0<i<k, Hi is normal in Hi+1 and Hi+1/Hi is abelian.
matrices involving matrix multiplication operations. In Obviously, abelian groups are solvable. It follows directly
general, the Kronecker product can be written as follows: from the definitions that any non-abelian simple group is not
Let A,Mmn (F) and B,Mst (F). The mp×nq matrix defined by solvable.
[aij B] is called the Kronecker product A and B, usually Therefore the main result of this paper is the following
2
symbolized by AqB. theorem:
The quaternion group is a non-abelian group of order
eight under multiplication. It is often denoted by Q or Q8. Theorem 1.1: Let:
This group is derived from the definition of quaternion,
found by Sir William Rowan Hamilton in 1843 3, with the  1 0   i 0   0 1  0 i   1 0   i 0  0 1  0 i  
Q8    ,  ,  ,  ,  0 1  ,  0 i  , 1 
0   i 0  
,
 0 1   0 i   1 0   i 0      
elements being 1, -1, i, -i, j, -j, k, -k. This quaternion group
can be presented in the form of presentation or
representation. One of the presentations of Q8 is ¢i, j¦i4 = 1, The group from Kronecker product on each element in Q8
i = j , ji = ijG ¦ and the form of representation of Q8 is
2 2 1 is solvable.
Kurosh : 4 To prove this theorem, first, it going to construct the
group on Theorem 1.1. Furthermore, it will be shown that the
1 0  i 0  0 1 group is solvable. To prove that this group is solvable, it need
1  ,i   , j   1 0  ,
0 1   0 i    the normal subgroup series required in Definition 1.1 and
 0 i  1 0   i 0  Lemma 3.1.
k , 1   ,  i   0 i,
 i 0   0 1   We are going to construct of the group G in
 0 1  0 i  Theorem 1.1. There are five steps to get the group, as
j    , k  
1 0  i 0  follows:

It was demonstrated that the constructed group has Step 1 : Let:

some properties associated with the conjugate element and
the normal subgroup. Although, this group is a non abelian 1 0   1 0   i 0  i 0 
I  , B1   0 1 , B2  0 i  , B3   0 i  ,
group, it have that every element is the conjugacy class, so 0 1       
every subgroup is normal (Lemma 3.1). Furthermore, it have  0 1   0 1   0 i   0 i 
B4    , B5    , nB6    , B7   
that a normal subgroup series, so it s shown that the group is  1 0  1 0  i 0  i 0 
solvable.
Two element g, h of a group G are conjugate if there exist Step 2 : Perform the Kronecker product between the
x,G such that g = xhxG1; it denote this by g h. It is easy to see matrices in Step 1, for each matrix
that is an equivalence relation. For an element g of a group Step 3 : List all the matrices obtained in Step 2
G, it s conjugacy class is the set of elements conjugate to it, Step 4 : Perform matrix multiplication operations on each
1
denote by Kg = {xgxG ¦x,G}. matrix obtained in Step 3
It s known that the quaternion (or representation Step 5 : Create a cayley table for Step 4
quaternion group) have some characteristics based on
subgroup normal for the example the quaternion group is From step 3, we have 32 different matrices and let the set
solvable. The main objective of this study was to show that the be G = {{Ak = [aij]}¦i,j = 1, 2, 3, 4, k = 1, 2,..., 32} and the Ak as
new group in Theorem 1.1 is solvable too. follows:

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1 0 0 0  1 0 0 0  Furthermore, it create a Cayley table for G with matrix

0 1 0 0   0 1 0 0 
A1   , A2   , multiplication operation. From Caley table on G, it have that G
0 0 1 0  0 0 1 0 
    is a group with binary operation matrix multiplication. The
 0 0 0 1   0 0 0 1
i 0 0 0  i 0 0 0  identity of G is A1. The inverse element for every Ak, k = 1,2,...,
 0 i 0 0   0 i 0 0
A3   , A4   , 32 is as follows: (Ai)G1 = Ai+1 for i = 3, 5, 7, 9, 17, 25, (Ai)G1 = Ai-1,
0 0 i 0  0 0 i 0 
    for i = 4, 6, 8, 10, 18, 26 and else (Ai)G1 = Ai. This group is a non
 0 0 0 i   0 0 0 i 
 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 abelian.
 1 0 0 0  1 0 0 0  The group G has 74 subgroups, that is:
A5   , A6   ,
 0 0 0 1  0 0 0 1 
   
 0 0 1 0  0 0 1 0  H0 = {A1}
0 i 0 0  0 i 0 0  H1 = {A1, A2}
 i 0 0 0   H2 = {A1, A11}
A7    , A   i 0 0 0  ,
 0 0 0 i  8  0 0 0 i  H3 = {A1, A12}
    H4 = {A1, A13}
 0 0 i 0   0 0 i 0 
H5 = {A1, A14}
 i 0 0 0  i 0 0 0  H6 = {A1, A15}
0 i 0 0   
A9    , A   0 i 0 0  , H7 = {A1, A16}
 0 0 i 0  10  0 0 i 0  H8 = {A1, A19}
   
 0 0 0 i   0 0 0 i  H9 = {A1, A20}
 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 H10 = {A1, A21}
 0 1 0 0   0 1 0 0  H11 = {A1, A22}
A11   ,A   ,
 0 0 1 0  12  0 0 1 0 H12 = {A1, A23}
    H13 = {A1, A24}
 0 0 0 1  0 0 0 1 
H14 = {A1, A27}
 0 i 0 0 0 i 0 0
 i 0 H15 = {A1, A28}
0 0  i 0 0 0 
A13   , A14   , H16 = {A1, A29}
 0 0 0 i  0 0 0 i
    H17 = {A1, A30}
 0 0 i 0  0 0 i 0  H18 = {A1, A31}
 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 H19 = {A1, A32}
 1 0 0 0  1 0 0 0  H20 = {A1, A2, A3, A4}
A15   , A16   ,
 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 H21 = {A1, A2, A5, A6}
    H22 = {A1, A2, A7, A8}
 0 0 1 0  0 0 1 0 
H23 = {A1, A2, A9, A10}
 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 
 0 H24 = {A1, A2, A11, A12}
0 0 1  0 0 0 1
A17   , A18   , H25 = {A1, A2, A13, A14}
 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
    H26 = {A1, A2, A15, A16}
 0 1 0 0  0 1 0 0  H27 = {A1, A2, A17, A18}
 0 0 i 0  0 0 i 0 H28 = {A1, A2, A19, A20}
 0 0 0 i  0 0 0 i  H29 = {A1, A2, A21, A22}
A19   , A 20   ,
 i 0 0 0  i 0 0 0 H30 = {A1, A2, A23, A24}
    H31 = {A1, A2, A25, A26}
 0 i 0 0   0 i 0 0 
H32 = {A1, A2, A27, A28}
0 0 0 1  0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0 
H33 = {A1, A2, A29, A30}
A 21   , A 22   , H34 = {A1, A2, A31, A32}
0 1 0 0  0 1 0 0
    H35 = {A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8}
1 0 0 0   1 0 0 0  H36 = {A1, A2, A5, A6, A11, A12, A13, A14}
0 0 0 i 0 0 0 i  H37 = {A1, A2, A5, A6, A11, A12, A15, A16}
0 0 i 0   0 0 i 0  H38 = {A1, A2, A5, A6, A17, A18, A21, A22}
A 23   , A 24   ,
 0 i 0 0 0 i 0 0 H39 = {A1, A2, A5, A6, A19, A20, A23, A24}
   
 i 0 0 0   i 0 0 0  H40 = {A1, A2, A5, A6, A25, A26, A29, A30}
0 i H41 = {A1, A2, A5, A6, A27, A28, A31, A32}
0 0 i 0   0 0
0 0 0 i   0 0 0 i 
H42 = {A1, A2, A3, A4, A9, A10, A11, A12}
A 25    ,A  , H43 = {A1, A2, A3, A4, A13, A14, A15, A15}
 i 0 0 0  26  i 0 0 0
    H44 = {A1, A2, A3, A4, A17, A18, A19, A20}
0 i 0 0   0 i 0 0 
H45 = {A1, A2, A3, A4, A21, A22, A23, A24}
 0 0  1 0  0 0 1 0 H46 = {A1, A2, A3, A4, A29, A30, A31, A32}
 0 0 0 1  0 1
A 27    , A  0 0
,
H47 = {A1, A2, A3, A4, A25, A26, A27, A28}
 1 0 0 0  28 1 0 0 0 H48 = {A1, A2, A7, A8, A9, A10, A15, A16}
   
 0 1 0 0  0 1 0 0  H49 = {A1, A2, A7, A8, A11, A12, A13, A14}
 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 i  H50 = {A1, A2, A7, A8, A17, A18, A23, A24}
 0 0 i 0  0 0 i 0  H51 = {A1, A2, A7, A8, A19, A20, A21, A22}
A 29   , A30   , H52 = {A1, A2, A7, A8, A25, A26, A31, A32}
 0 i 0 0  0 i 0 0 
    H53 = {A1, A2, A7, A8, A27, A28, A29, A30}
 i 0 0 0   i 0 0 0 
H54 = {A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16}
 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 
 0 H55 = {A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32}
0 1 0  0 0 1 0
A31   , A32    H56 = {A1, A2, A5, A6, A9, A10, A13, A14, A17, A18, A21, A22, A25, A26, A29, A30}
 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 H57 = {A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24}
   
 1 0 0 0  1 0 0 0  H58 = G

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H70 H71 H72 H73

H35 H36 H37 H38 H39 H40 H41 H42 H43 H44 H45 H46 H47 H48 H49 H50 H51 H52 H53 H54 H55 H56 H57 H58 H59 H60 H61 H62 H63 H64 H65 H66 H67 H68 H69

H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 H28 H29 H30 H31 H32 H33 H34

H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H1 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19

H0 = {A1}

Fig. 1: Lattice Subgroup diagram of group G

Lattice subgroup diagram can be seen in Fig. 1. C If each element of a group G is conjugacy class, then every
subgroup in G is normal
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Proof of Lemma 3.1:
Lemma 3.1 is needed to proof Theorem 1.1, that is.

Lemma 3.1: C Clear

C Let H is arbitrary subgroup on G and a,H. Since each
C If G is abelian group, then each element of G is conjugacy element of G is conjugacy class, so it xaxG1 = a for every
class on G x,G. This proves the lemma

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It s found that every element of this group is the conjugacy
class, so there are 32 conjugation classes on G. Base on
Lemma 3.1., this implies that every subgroup of G is normal
and there are 83 series of normal subgroup. One of series of
normal subgroup of group G is:
{A1} = H0ÌH1ÌH20ÌH35ÌH70ÌG
From this series, we have factor groups:
C H1/H0 = {AH0¦A,H1} = {A1 H0, A2 H0}
C H20/H1 = {CH1¦C,H20} = {A1 H1, A3 H1}
C H35/H20 = {DH20¦D,H35} = {A1 H20, A5 H20}
C H70/H35 = {EH35¦E,H70} = {A1 H35, A9 H35}
C G/H70 = {FH70¦F,G} = {A1 H70, A17 H70}
and all of these factor groups are abelian. This completes the
proof.
CONCLUSION
The new group (group on Theorem 1.1) is derived from
representation quaternion group (quaternion group). It s
known that the quaternion group is non abelian and every
subgroup is normal. This implies that the quaternion is
solvable. This new group has the same characteristics as the
quaternion group, as follow:
It s found that the new group is non abelian. This group
has 32 conjugation classes and implies that every subgroup is
normal. Furthermore, can be made series of normal subgroup
297
on this group. It s found that 83 series of normal subgroup and
for each series of normal subgroup, the factor group is abelian.
This implies that the group is solvable.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
This study about non abelian solvable group. It s relatively
not easy to create a non abelian group with 32 elements. This
study discover the new group was created from non abelian
solvable group. This indicated that the quaternion is solvable
so this information can be beneficial for further studies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by PNBP Grant of Faculty of
Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University
(Indonesia)(Grant No. 01/UN.16.03.D/PP/FMIPA/2017).
REFERENCES
1. Brandl, R., 2013. Non-soluble groups with few conjugacy
classes of non-normal subgroups. Contribut. Algebra
Geometry, 54: 493-501.
2. Abagir, K.M. and J.R. Magnus, 2005. Matrix Algebra. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, USA.
3. Van der Waerden, B.L., 1976. Hamilton's discovery of
quaternions. Math. Maga., 49: 227-234.
4. Kurosh, A.G., 2003. Theory of Group. Vol. 2 in the Theory of
Group. American Mathematical Society, USA.
5. Galian, J.A., 2010. Contemporary Abstract Algebra. 7th Edn.,
Cole Cengange Learning, USA.