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Subspace of Mn (ℤ2)
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ISNPINSA 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1217 (2019) 012070 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1217/1/012070

Subspace of ( )

Yanita and A Adrianda

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Andalas University, Kampus Unand Limau Manis Padang 25163, Indonesia
Email: yanita3010@gmail.com

Abstract. This paper discusses the subspace of the set of matrices over the set of integers
modulo 2, symbolized by ( ). This set ( ) is a vector space over with scalar
matrix multiplication and addition modulo n on matrices of ( ). Will be given properties
that proper subset and proper a subgroup of ( ) which is a subspace of ( ). It’s
used ( ) to illustration the proof of the theorems.

1. Introduction
Let’s begin with the definition vector space and subspace and then the theorem about subspaces used
in this article.
Definition 1.1 [1] Let be a field, whose elements are referred to a scalars. A vector space over
is a nonempty se , whose element are referred to as vectors, together with two operations. The first
operation, called addition and denoted by , assign to each pair ( ) of vectors in a vector
in . The second operation, called scalar multiplication and denoted by juxtaposition,
assigns to each pair ( ) a vector ru in . Furthermore, the following properties must be
satisfied: associativity of addition, commtativity of addition, existence of a the zero, existence of athe
dditive invers and properties of scalar.
Definition 1.2 [1] A subspace of a vector space is a subset of that is a vector space in its own
right under the operations obtained by restricting the operations of to .
Theorem 1.1 [1] A nonempty subset of a vector space is a subspace of if and only if is
closed under addition and scalar multiplication.
If and are subspaces of vector space , then we may always say that the sum
exists, and the fact is that is a subspace of too.

2. Vector Space ( )
We give an illustration to this article with the ( ) vector space.
̅
The first, we list element of ( ) {[ ̅ ] |̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ } , that is
̅ ̅
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
[ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ],
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
[ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ],
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
[ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅

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ISNPINSA 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1217 (2019) 012070 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1217/1/012070

Using combinatoric theory, we can get the element of ( ) using formula , since there are 4
elements in matrix , and there are 2 elements in .

Next, if we apply addition modulo 2 on on matrices of ( ), then we have that

( ) is a group (see Table 1).
Table 1. Table Cayley of on matrices of ( ) over addition modulo 2

Furthermore, if we apply scalar multiplication on the element of moreover, matrices on

( ), then we have
Table 2. Scalar multiplication on the element of moreover, matrices on ( )

̅
̅

Based on Table 1. and Table 2. It is concluded that ( ) is vector space over . It’s known that
set ( ) has subsets, and certainly not all are subspaces.
This paper aims to identify the subsets of ( ) which is a subspace of ( ). We
provide illustrations on ( ). There are 3 properties given in this case; it gives a condition a
subset of ( ) is subspace of ( ). It’s shown that three conditions for proper a subset of
( ) which is subspacea of ( ).
Lemma 2.1 Let * | ( ) +, then is subspace of ( ).
Proof.
Clear that ( ) and . Let , and set . Note that for each ( ),
, so and we have . Thus, for each ,
. Furthermore, if ̅ we have and if ̅ , we have for every
. Thus, for every and , .

Lemma 2.2 Let * | ( ) +, then is

subspace of ( ).

2
ISNPINSA 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1217 (2019) 012070 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1217/1/012070

Proof.
Clear that ( ) and . Let . Since () is vector space, so
for each . Note that, if and , we have (remember
that and imply that , and based on Lemma 1.1,
). Analogously, we have Based on this, it’s found that for every ,
. Furthermore, if ̅ we have and if ̅ , we have for every
. Thus, for every and , .

Lemma 2.3 Let * | ( ) +,

then is subspace of ( ) whenever ,
, .

Proof.
Analogously with Lemma 2.2.
The next properties associates to subgroup of ( ), that is condition of proper subgroup
of ( ) which is subspace of ( ).

Based on Lemma 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, it’s concuded that subspace of ( ) is subgroup of
( ).

Theorem 2.1 Let subset of ( ), if is a subgroup of ( ) then is a subspace of

( ).

Proof.
Lagrange Theorem states that for any finite group , the order (number of elements) of every
subgroup of divides the order of [2]. Thus, for the group ( ) over addition modulo 2 can
be concluded that the order of subgroups are 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16. Every group has 2 subgroup trivial,
that is * + ( is identity element) and , so group ( ) over addition modulo 2 has * + and
( ) as trivial subgroup.
Thus * + and ( ) are subspace in ( ) , see [1]. Let be a subgroup of ( ).
Lemma 2. 1, Lemma 2. 2, and Lemma 2. 3 describes a subset of ( ) whose number of elements
is 2, 4 and 8 which satisfies the subspace properties and it’s known that is a subgroup. This
complete the proof.

3. Vector Space ( )
We repeat Theorem 2.1 in general case
Theorem 3.1 Let subset of ( ), if is a subgroup of ( )( ) then is subspace
of ( ).

Proof.
Proof has been given for .
For , we have number of elements of ( ) are and in general we, have elements
for ( ). From this, explicit that the number of elements from ( ) has no prime number.
Thus, based on proof of , it can be done for .
In group theory also has the property that the sum of 2 or more subgroups is also subgroup
([3] and [4]). We use Lagrange Theorem to find the whole of order subgroup of ( ). Let be
a proper subgroup of ( ) and | | and |( ). We write that
* +, is identity matrix in ( ). Since is group under matrix multiplication
modulo and is closed under scalar multiplication matrix and element of , so this complete the
proof.

References

3
ISNPINSA 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1217 (2019) 012070 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1217/1/012070

[1] Roman S 2008 Advanced Linear Algebra (New York: Springer Sciences+Bussiness Media).
[2] Roth R 2001 Mathematics Magazine 74 99
[3] Gallian J 2006 Contemporary Abstract Algebra 6th 9Boston: Houghton Mifflin).
[4] Grillet P 2007 Abstract Algebra 2nd (New York: Springer, Sciences+Bussiness Media).