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org f,dal iudcjd§ fjí wvúh
y;r jk cd;Hka;rfha cd;Hka;r lñgqfõ m%ldYkh
uQ,H m%d.aOkfha wdêm;Hh(
f,dalh md,kh lrkafka ljqo@
The domination of finance capital: Who rules the world?
ksla îïia úisks
2017 wfm%a,a 15
´ iafÜ%,shdj mokï lr.;a Conversation
^fldkajfiaIka& kï fjí wvúfhys .sh
i;sfha m,jQ ,smshla" uQ,H m%d.aOkh úiska
f,dalh hgm;a lrf.k ;sfnk m%udkh ms,sn|
hï jeo.;a f;dr;=re m%isoaêhg m;a lr ;sfí'
2009 § lrk ,o m¾fhaIkhla u; mokïj"
fâúâ mSÜia iy ðfhd¾ðkd uf¾ hk
´iafÜ%,shdkq laùkaia,ka;fha .s%*s;a iriúfha
Ydia;%d,slhka fofofkla úiska iïmdÈ;
fuu ,smsh" f,dalfha úYd,;u uyd ix.;
^VLC - ùt,aiS& 299l md,kh ms,sn| Tjqkaf.a
úYaf,aIkh idrdxY lrhs'
fuu m¾fhaIkh lrkq ,enqfõ fuhg wjqreÿ
y;lg fmr jqj o l¾;Djre fufia igyka
lr;s( —wm fidhdf.k we;s mßÈ" fuu m%.dñ
ixflakaøkh" .;jQ oYl lsysmh ;=, rgj,a
.kkdjla ;=,u mj;akd m%jk;djhhs'˜
,smsh we/fUkafka" iqúi,a uy ix.;" fldgia
lrejka úYd, .kklg whs;sh hk ñ;Hdj
ì| ouñks' fuu ñ;Hdj l%udkql+,j j.d lr
we;af;a" fldgia fj,|m, lïlrejkaf.a —
wdila;hka fjkqfjka o fiajh lr;s˜hs hk ck
udOH úiska ksr;=rej m;=rejkq ,nk lshdmEu
;yjqre lr,Su i|ydh'
tl ixúOdkhla [tkï tlai;a -ckmoh
mokï lr.;a í,ela frdla kï wdfhdack
rlaIk wruqo,] b;d úYd, f.da,Sh ix.; iEu
tll u fldgia ishhg yhla md,kh lrk
;;= hgf;a" ixúOdk 30 la" fï ish¨u úYd,
ix.;j, fldgia j,ska Nd.hlg jeä m%udkhla
.%ykhg f.k we;' bka fmkakqï lrkafka —
fhdaO ixflakaøkhls'˜
wmf.a 2009 wOHhkh fidhd.;a fohla kï
—f,dalfha iqúYd, ix.; j, fldgia j,ska
w;s uy;a jeä mßudkhla ^ishhg 68'4 la u &
md,kh lrkq ,enqfõ uQ,H m%d.aOkfha úúO
rEmdldrhka úiska nj hs· mqoa.,hka fyda mjq,a
w; ;snqfka b;d wvq wkqmd;hls' ^ ishhg 3'3ls
& ld¾ñl iud.ï w; mej;Sfha o idfmalaIlj
l=vd mx.=jls'˜
fuu m¾fhaIkh mokï ù we;af;a" ìhqfrda
jeka äðla úiska iïmdokh lrk ,o o;a;
mokulsks' th f,dalh mqrd iud.ï 63"000la
wdjrkh lrk uQ,dY%h 100ka ,efnk
f;dr;=re tla/ia lrhs' 2009 § m,lrk ,o"
—f,dalh md,kh lrkafka ljqo - whs;sh iy
uq,H m%d.aOkh˜ hk kñka hq;= m¾fhaIk
f,aLkhl fuu l;=jreka fofokd jd¾;d lf,a"
;ukaf.a —o;a; mokï˜ ys we;=,;a jQ ix.;
30 la" tkï nexl= yd uQ,H wdh;k" úYd,;u
ix.; ^ù't,a'iS& 29kaa ishhg 51'4 lau md,kh
l, njh' tys f;areu" fldgia ysñhkaf.
ka ishhg 1'5 la fldgiaj,ska wvlg jeä
fldgila md,kh l, njh'
fuu m¾fhaIk jd¾;dj uq,H m%d.aOkh" ;uka
fldgia w;am;a lr f.k isák iud.ï u;
wdêm;Hh msysgqjdf.k isák ieá fmkakqï
lr ÿkafka h' uq,H ixia:djka ;ukaf.a
n,h ls%hd;aul lrkafka" —lg jpkfhka˜
fkdfõ" —bj;aùu ;=,sks˜ - tkï —iEfyk ,dN
fkd,efnkafka kï˜ b;d úYd, ix.;j,
j,ska fldgia m%d.aOkh bj;a lr .ekSug
ksrka;rfhka t,a, lrk ;¾ckfhks' uq,H
fj,| fmd,j,a u; ish n,h fhdoùu u.ska o
l,ukdlrkhg —fldgia ysñlïj, w.h˜ by,
oeóug n, lsÍu u.ska o uq,H m%d.aOkhg" ish
fldkafoais nf,ka megùug yelsù ;sfí'
uq,H fj,| fmd, ;=, ;u jevlghq;= ;=,ska
tajd ix.; l,ukdldß;ajhg fufia lshhs( —
Tn ,dNh Wmßu lsÍug yels iEu fohlau
lrkafka ke;skï" - ksIamdok M,odhs;dj by,
oeóu ;=,ska fõjd" mßudj m%idrkh lsÍu
u.ska fõjd" úhoï lemSfuka fõjd"- wms wfma
fldgia úlskSfuka fyda fjk;a wdldrhlska Tn
l,ukdldß;ajfhka bj;a lrkafkuq'˜
fï ls%hd úêh" l¾;D jreka ish úYaf,aIkfhka
Wlyd .kakd jeo.;a ks.ukhlg u. mdohs(
moaO;sfha idrN+; ;¾lkfha wdia:dkfhka .;a
l,ays" ld¾ñl m%d.aOkh iy uq,H m%d.aOkh
w;r fjki fkdu. hjk iq¨h'
—wjidkfha fuh fufia jkafka" ld¾ñl m%d.
aOkh jkdys uq,H m%d.aOkh u jk fyhsks'˜ ish
mqoa.,sl idrO¾uhka" ys;¨ iy ´kE tmdlï
Wv uyd ix.; j, yeisÍu ks¾kh l," mjq,a
iy mqoa.,hka g wh;a úYd, ix.; lSmhla
úiska f,dalh md,kh lrk ,o iuhla ;snqks
kï" oeka ta hq.h mekf.dia ;sfí' wo Èk
f,dalh md,kh lrkafka" uq,H m%d.aOkfha
;¾lkh - uqof,a ;¾lkh - wkqhk uyd
ix.; úisks- ta tajd ish ieáfhkau tfia jk
neúks' tajdfha ;¾lkh mqoa.,hskaf.a ;¾lkh
fkdj" mka;shl ;¾lkhhs'˜
ùt,aiS iy tajd md,kh lrk uq,H ixia:dj,
m%Njh w e;s rfÜ o;a;" is;a .kakd iq¨ iy
foaYmd,k jYfhka w¾:Ndß wOHhkhls'
.kkska 299lajQ ùt,aiS j,ska úYd,u
ixLHdjl" tkï 86la ke;skï ishhg 29la
weußld tlai;a ckmoh ksc ìu lr.kS' bka
blaì;sj tk rgj,a y;r kï( cmdkfha 48"
uyd ì%;dkHfha 23" m%kaifha 23" c¾uksfha 20'
fuhg my,ska wkq ms,sfj,ska( fldßhdj" Ökh"
b;d,sh" iy TiafÜ%,shdj fj;s'
uQ,H ix.; iïnkaOfhka i,lk l,"
m%uqL OfkaYajr rgj,a ;=, tajdfha whs;sh
ixflakaøkh ù ;sîu óg;a jvd lemS fmfkk
fohls' ùt,ais u; wdêm;Hh ork m%Odk uq,H
ix.; oyfhka 6la weußld tlai;a ckmofha
o 3la m%kaifha o 1la uyd ì%;dkHfha o fj;s'
f,dl=u uQ,H fhdaOhka 21ka 10lau tlai;a
ckmofha h' fuu lkavdhfuka 18la" wvqu
;rñka m%kOdku ùt,aiS 299ka 100l fldgia
whs;s lrf.k isá;s'
weußldkq uq,H ix.; folla ñka lemS fmfka
-ta í,ela frdla iy lemsg,a .DDma h' fï
folgu iud.ï .kkdjl m%d:ñl fldgia
whs;sfõ' í,ela frdla" iud.ï 42 l m%d:ñl
fldgia w,a,df.k isá' ta iud.ïj, uq¨
fldgia m%udkfhka ishhg 13ls' í,ela frdla
ixia:dfõ fldgia j,ska ishhg 55la ;sfnkafka
f,dl=u fldgia lrejka 5ia fokd w;h'
lemsg,a .DDma ixia:dfõ fldgia ysñlï j,ska
ishhg 45 la u tfia h'
fuu fidhd.ekSïj, foaYmd,k w¾:Ndrh"
tajd úúO jHdcjdu mlaI ish,a,kau úiska
reishdj iy Ökh wêrdcHjd§ rgj,a njg
lrk lshdmEï ksIam%Nd lsÍuh' Tjqkaf.a fuu
lshdmEu lsishïu wd¾Ól úYaf,aIkhla u;
moekï ù ke;' fuu úYaf,aIkh úiska fmkakqï
lr we;s mߧ" Ökh yd reishdj hk rgj,
ia:dk.;ù we;s ixia:djka tlla j;a m%uqL
ix.; ^ùt,ais& j, ls%hdldß;ajh md,kh
fkdlrk fyhsks'
wêrdcHjdoh hk ish lD;sh ;=, f,kska
meyeÈ,s l, mßÈ" wêrdcHjd§ hq.h
ix,laIs; ù we;af;a" uq,H m%d.aOkfha f.da,Sh
wdêm;Hfhks' tu m%d.aOkh whs;sj we;af;a
m%uqL n,j;+ka w;f,diail g h'
j;auka jHdcjdu m%jk;d fndfyduhla Wm;
,o —rdcH Okjd§˜ m%;jk;djhkag
úreoaOj igka je§fï §" tjlg fidaúhÜ
ix.ufha iage,skajd§ ks,Orh kef.
kysr hqfrdamh ;=, f.khñka ;snqkq fN!ñl
m%idrkh" —wêrdcHjd§h˜hs tu m%jk;djhka
úiska lrk ,o w¾: l:khg tfrysj
,sfhdka fg%dÜials fuu lrek wjOdrkh lf,a
h(
—iuld,Sk idys;Hfha" wvqjYfhka udlaiajd§
idys;Hfha" wêrdcHjdoh hkak jgyd .kq
,en we;af;a" ;shqkq f,i kS¾ks; wd¾Ól
wka;¾.;hla orkakdjQ uq,H m%d.aOkfha
m%idrksl ms,sfj; f,i h˜ [Leon Trotsky: In
Defense of Marxism: Again and Once More Again
on the Nature of the USSR" 1939 Tlaf;dan¾
18& ,sfhdka fg%dÜials( udlaiajdofha wdrlaIdj
i|yd]
fuhg fjkia fohla lSu jHdl=,;ajh
jemsÍula jkq we;s nj Tyq mejiSh' ksYaÑ;ju
jHdc jïuqkaf.a wruqk kï fuhhs' l=uk
úoHd;aul wd¾:sl úYaf,aIkhla fyda bj; ouk
Tjqyq" —wdêrdcHjd§˜ hk jpkh úfYaIkhla
f,i .ks;s' fuh jkdys" —;ukaf.a u˜ wêrdcH
n,j;=ka iu." úfYaIfhkau weußld tlai;a
ckmofha" reishdjg iy Ökhg tfrysj .eUqre
flfrk hqo Odjkh msgqmi fm, .efik
jHdc jïuqkaf.a foaYmd,k fÉ;kdjka iu.
.e,fmkakls'
tmukla fkdj" mSÜia iy uf¾ úiska lrkq
,nk m¾fhaIkh" f,kska wêrdcHjdoh
ms,sn|j lrk ,o iuia; úYaf,aIkh ms,sn|
is;a ldjÈk ikd:khls'
wêrdcHjdoh úl,amhla u.ska fjkia lr.;
yelsjk lsishï f;dard.;a ms,sfj;la fkdjk
nj Tyq mejiSh' th jkdys 19jk ishjfia
ksoyia ;r.h u; mokïjQ Okjdoh úia:dmkh
lrñka" OfkaYajr ixj¾Okfha ksYaÑ; ;;ajhla
;=, mekke.s Okjdofha by,u iy wjidk
wjêh hs'
—uq,H m%d.aOkh wd¾Ól wdêm;Hh fijQfõ
yqfola ish hg;a úð; rgj,a ;=, mukla
fkdfõ' Èhqkq rgj,a o mSä; rgj,a o we;=¨ uq¨
uy;a f,dalh ;=,u fõ' tys [uq,H m%d.aOkfha]
foaYmd,kh - ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%fha yd ksoyfia
wjidkh o m%;s.dñ;ajh megùu o - .,d wdfõ
tys wd¾:slh ;=,sks'˜
f,kska fufia ,shd ;enqfõ" wêrdcHjd§
hq.fha t,öu;a iu. h· wêrdcHjd§ hq.h
t,U ;sfnk nj" 1914 wf.daia;= 4 m,uqjk
f,dal hqoaOfha wdrïNh;a iu. ksfõokh
flßks'
miq.sh Y; j¾Ifha§ fndfyda foa fjkiaj
;sfí· tfy;a is;a ldjÈk lrek kï" wd¾Ól
j¾Okfha uQ,sl m%jk;d f,kska igyka l,
udjf;au .uka fldg ;sîuhs' mSÜia -uf¾
úYaf,aIkh meyeÈ,s lrk mßÈ" ùt,aiS iy
jvd;a m%uqL uq,H wdh;k ms,sn| o;a;hka
wkqj" m%uqL;d ,hsia;=fõ uqÿk wrla f.k
isákafka by;lS n,j;=ka uh'
hqoaOfha ffjIhsl Odjlh jkdys" f,dal
wdêm;Hh Wfoid fuu m%uqL n,j;=ka w;r
isÿjk reÿre >Ügkh nj f,kska y÷kd
.;af;a h· f.da,Sh uy ix.; iy f.da,Sh uq,H
ixia:dj, j¾Okh úiska" OfkaYajr ksIamdok
l%ufha w;s uq,sl m%;s>;s;djla uqÿkg f.k tk
,§( tkï" f,dal wd¾:slfha j¾Okh iy uy
ix.; ,dN m¾hdh uq,anei we;s cd;sl -rdcH
moaO;sh w;r m%;s>;s;djhs'
,sfhdka fg%dÜials meyeÈ,s l, mßÈ" hqoaOh
jkdys wjidk ú.%yfha §" —cd;sl rdcHfha
foaYmd,k wdlD;shg tfrysj ksIamdok n,fõ.
.ik le/,a, hs˜' hqoaOh yryd wêrdcHjdoh
W;aidy lrkafka" —uy n,j;f;l=f.a isg f,dal
n,j;d olajd m%;sj¾;kh l, hq;af;a fldhs rg
o@˜ hk m%Yakh úi£ughs'
f,dalh ïf,aÉP;ajhg wo jeàu j,lajd,Sug
kï lïlre mka;sh" f,dal iudcjd§ úma,jh
;=,ska wêrdcHjdohg tfrysj" OfkaYajr
mqoa.,sl ,dN .eß,a, yd cd;sl rdcHmoaO;sh
fmr,d oud" jvd by, uÜgfï f.da,Sh iudc-
wd¾Ól ixúOdkhla i|yd mokï oeñh hq;=h'
wêrdcHjdofha fuu m%Yakh ms,sn|j
f,kska wjOdrkh lf,a h' 19jk ishjfia
;rÕldÍ Okjdofha isg wêrdcHjdoh fyj;a
taldêldÍ Okjdoh lrd mßj¾;kh" hqoaOh
i|yd fldkafoais ilia l,d mukla fkdfõ'
th ie,iqï .; f,dal wd¾Ólhla Wfoid
ffjIhsl w;a;sjdrï o oeïfïh' uq,H m%d.
aOkfha wdêm;Hh" f,dal mßudkj ksIamdokh
isÿ lrk uy ix.;j, ke.Su" nexl= iy ix.;
j, fldgia whs;sh wfkHdakHj noaO ùu hk
fï ish,a," ksIamdokfha iudc iïnkaO;dj,
m%;sj¾;khla yd ne¢ mj;S-ksIamdokfha yd
Y%ufha oejeka; iudchShlrkh yd ne£ we;'
mYapd;a hqoaO W;amd;h wjêfha fndfyda
ÿr fkdolakd ksÍlaIhska- OfkaYajr wd¾Ól
úoHd{hska mukla fkdj ;uka udlaiajd§ka
hhs lshd .;a iuyr Woúh mjd- lshd isáfha"
f,kskaf.a iy fg%dÜialsf.a úYaf,aIkh h,amek
f.dia we;ehs lshdh'
Tjqka lshd isáfha" th foaYmd,k iy
wd¾Ól j¾Okhka úiska w;sl%ukh lr we;s
njls' ie,lsh hq;= n,j;a wr.,hlska miqj
wêrdcH n,j;=kaf.a hg;a úð;" iajdëk;dj
w;alrf.k ;sfnk w;r cd;sl wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okhla lrd fhduqù isá;s'
wd¾Ól fmruqfka" udlaiajd§ka úiska
t;rïu wjOdrkhla fhdok ,o uQ,H m%d.
aOkh" miqmig ;,a¨ ù we;s w;r th wd¾Ól
N+o¾Ykh wrla.;a uyd ld¾ñl ix.;hkaf.a
w; jeis ;ekg ;,a¨ù f.disks'
tfy;a jvd mD:Q, wd¾:sl iy ft;sydisl
j¾Okfha rduqj ;=," fuu ld, mßÉfþoh
yqfola flá cjksldjla jQjd muks' mYapd;a
hqoaO W;amd;h meje;sfha yqfola ishjia ld,la
muks· th 1970 .kka uq, jk úg wyjr
úh' th wjika lr oeóug fya;= N+; jQ" jv
jvd;a W.%jk ,dNfha my; jeàu" ksIamdokfha
f.da,Shlrkh u; mokïj f,dal Okjdofha
oejeka; m%;sjHQylrkhl W;af;aclh f,i
ls%hdlf,ah· tu ls%hdoduh mokï ù ;snqfka"
,dN Y%u ;gdlhkaf.a jdish ,nñka" Rcq hg;a
úð;jd§ hq.fha fyda uq,H m%d.aOkh ke. tk
wjêfha§ fyda fkdjQ úre uÜgul g iQrd lEu
W.%lsÍu u; h'
fuys m%;súmdlh jkafka" j¾Okfha i¾ms,h"
f,kska igyka l, udjf;ys u jvd;a by,
uÜgulg .uka lsÍuhs' tys wksjd¾h úmdlh
kï hqoaOh foig jv jvd;a W.%jk Odjkhhs'
ta iu.u ksIamdokfha tld.%lrkh"
ie,iqï .; f,dal iudcjd§ wd¾:slhlg
ffjIhsl mokï oud ;sfí' fuh msÜia -uf¾
úYaf,aIkh u.ska mukla fkdj 2011È lrk ,o
m¾fhaIkhkaf.ka o ;yjqreù ;sfí'
tu jif¾ iEma;eïn¾ udifha" —f.da,Sh ix.;
md,kfha cd,h˜ hk ksõ ihkaáiaÜys m,
flrekq ,smshl" mek ke.=kd jQ ksIamdokfha
fhdaO iudchSlrkh o uq,H m%d.aOkfha
wdêm;Hh o fmkakqï lr ÿks' 43"000la
jk cd;Hka;r uydix.; cd,fha yojf;a
mj;skafka" —jvd;a oDV f,i tldnoaOjQ iud.ï
147l —iqmsß tallhl h˜hs o th iuia;
cd,fha Okfhka jeä mx.=jla md,kh lrk
nj o th fmkakqï lf,a h'
fuu m¾fhaIk jd¾;dfõ iu-l¾;Djreka
;sfokdf.ka tla wfhl=jk fÊïia
.a,dÜf*,av¾ g wkqj" —^ix.;& cd,fha
iuia; Okfhka ishhg 40 la md,kh lsÍug
ix.; j,ska ishhg 1g;a wvq ixLHdjla iu;a ù
isáhs'˜
fuu lkavdhfï by, ishhg 20 md,kh
lrkq ,enqfõ" nd¾laf,aia" fÊ'mS' fuda¾.ka fÉia
iy f.d,avuka ielaia hk uyd nexl= o we;=¨
uq,H m%d.aOkh úisks'
f.da,Sh uq,H w¾nqofhka laIksl blaì;af;a"
2009 § ,shk ,o Tjqkaf.a ,shú,a, ;=, mSÜia
iy uf¾" rdcHhka úiska —Okjdoh u; lsishï
md,khla˜ mj;ajd f.k hdfï wjYH;djh
fmkakqï lr;s' Tjqka ;¾l lrkafka —Okjdohg
wiSñ; ksoyila §u hkq ;j ;j;a w¾nqo
le|ùula jkq we;e˜ hs lshdh'
 tfy;a OfkaYajr l%ufha yd tys wêm;s uqÿka
fld;aj," lsishï wdldr m%;sixialrkhla isÿ
lsÍu ms,sn| wfmalaIdj ñ:Hdjls'
we;a; jYfhka u l;=jreka fofokdf.a
úYaf,aIkhu Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k bÈß o¾Ykh
ksIam%Nd lrhs' Tjqka uqLH f,i biau;= lrk
mßoafoka u" fuu moaO;sfha ;¾lkh jkdys
uqof,a ;¾lkh uhs'
m%d.aOkfha fN!;sl m%ldYkh f,i iajhx
m%idrkhla ,nk w.h f,i" uqof,a
j¾Okfhys ;¾lkh kï" tys m%idrkh yuqfõ
we;s il, ndOl ì| fy,Suhs'
uq,H m%d.aOkh ix.;hka u; wdêm;Hh
orñka tajdg wk fokjd mukla fkdfõ' f,kska
meyeÈ,s l, mßÈ" th kdñl jYfhka iajdëk
rdcHj," b;du n,.;= tajdfha mjd ms,sfj;a
;Skaÿ lrhs' wo Èk wOHdmkh " fi!LHh jeks
m%dkiu iudc fiajdjka g myr foñka th
n,lr isákafka" ,dN .eß,a,g .e,fmk mßÈ
Y%u fj,|fmd, m%;sjHQylrkh lrk f,ihs'
.;jQ wjqreÿ 30 mqrd w;aoelSï" wd¾Ól
Ôú;fha fuu ldrkh úoyd olajhs' 1980
.kkaj, uq," m%kai ckdêm;s m%kaiqjd ñ;frdka
nexl= u; hï md,khla we;s lsÍug W;aidy
l, úg uQ,H fj,|m," ish lghq;= u.ska Tyq
f.a ms,sfj;a iqkalr oeóh'
;j;a m%uqL w;aoelSula ,enqfka" 1992 § h(
uq,H m%d.aOkh fujr fcda¾Ê fidfrdaiaf.a
rlaIk wruqof,a iajrEmfhka" ì%;dkH uqo,a
úl=kd ouñka uqof,a jákdlu jeàu je,laùug
ì%;dkHh f.k ;snqkq mshjr ì| fy,ñka"
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