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List of asanas
An asana is a posture, whether for traditional hatha yoga or for modern yoga;[1] the term is derived from the Sanskrit word for 'seat'.
While many of the oldest mentioned asanas are indeed seated postures for meditation, asanas may be standing, seated, arm-
balances, twists, inversions, forward bends, backbends, or reclining in prone or supine positions. The asanas have been given a
variety of English names by competing schools of yoga.[2]

The traditional number of asanas is the symbolic 84, but different texts identify different selections, sometimes listing their names
without describing them.[3][a] Some names have been given to different asanas over the centuries, and some asanas have been
known by a variety of names, making tracing and the assignment of dates difficult.[5] For example, the name Muktasana is now
given to a variant of Siddhasana with one foot on top of the other, but has also been used for Siddhasana and other cross-legged
meditation poses.[6] As another example, the headstand is now known by the 20th century name Shirshasana, but an older name
for the pose is Kapalasana.[3][7] Sometimes, the names have the same meaning, as with Bidalasana and Marjariasana, both meaning
Cat Pose.[8][9]

Contents
Affixes
Padmāsana, lotus pose, used for meditation.
Asanas
Gilt bronze statue of Bodhisattva Manjusri and
See also Prajnaparamita, Nepal, c. 1575
Notes
References
Sources
External links

Affixes
Variations on the basic asanas are indicated by Sanskrit affixes including the following:

English Sanskrit Meaning Example

Adho अधो downward Adho Mukha Shvanasana (downward dog)

Ardha अध half Ardha Padmasana (half lotus)

Baddha ब bound Baddha Konasana (bound angle)

Dvi ि two Dvi Pada Kaundinyasana (two-legged Kaundinya)

Eka एक one Eka Pada Shirshasana (one-legged headstand)

Parivritta प रवृ revolved Parivritta Trikonasana (reverse triangle)

Prasarita सा रत spread out Prasarita Padottanasana (wide stance forward bend)

Salamba षल supported Salamba Shirshasana (supported headstand)

Supta सु supine, reclining Supta Virasana (reclining hero)

Upavishta उपिव seated Upavishta Konasana (wide-angle seated forward bend)

Urdhva ऊ upwards Urdhva Dhanurasana (upwards bow)

Utthita उ त extended Utthita Parsvakonasana (extended side angle)

Viparita िवपरीत inverted Viparita Dandasana (inverted staff)

Asanas
A single asana is listed for each pose, whether or not there are variations. Thus for Sirsasana (Yoga headstand), only one pose is illustrated, although the pose can be varied by moving the
legs apart sideways or front-and-back, by lowering one leg to the floor, by folding the legs into lotus posture, by turning the hips to one side, by placing the hands differently on the
ground, and so on. Iyengar's 1966 Light on Yoga lists 15 variations on the basic headstand, including for instance the combined variation Parivrttaikapada Sirsasana in which not only
are the hips revolved but the legs are apart front-and-back.[10] Since then, variations of many other poses have been created.[11] Yin Yoga names are for the equivalent Yin variants; these
are usually somewhat different from the conventional (Yang) poses.

Indian texts are "notoriously difficult to date".[12] The table shows the approximate date and abbreviated title of the earliest document or authority to describe that asana (not only
naming it), as follows:

DU = Darshana Upanishad, c. 4th century HYP = Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā, 15th century
AS = Ahirbudhnya Saṃhitā, c. 7th century GhS = Gheraṇḍa Saṃhitā, 17th century
PSV = Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa, 8th century BaH = Bahr al-Hayāt, 17th century
V = Vimānārcanākalpa, 10th century HR = Haṭha Ratnāvali, 17th century
GS = Goraksha Sataka, 10th century JP = Joga Pradīpikā, 18th century
HY = Hemacandra's Yogaśāstra, 11th century HAP = Hațhābhyāsapaddhati, 18th century
VS = Vasishtha Samhita, 13th century ST = Sritattvanidhi, 19th century
ShS = Śiva Saṃhitā, 14th century TK = Tirumalai Krishnamacharya, c. 1940

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TB = Theos Bernard, 1950 PL = Post-Light on Yoga[b]
LoY = Light on Yoga, 1966

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Effect Yin Yoga

Suitable for
Asana Sanskrit English Type on Described[c] Image
meditation variant[13][d]
spine

20th C. TK[15]
Adho Mukha Downward- Forward 18th C. HAP (in
अधोमुख ानासन Standing
Shvanasana[14] Facing Dog bend dynamic pose
"Gajāsana")[16]

Downward-
Adho Mukha Facing Tree,
अधोमुखवृ ासन Balancing 18th C. HAP[18]
Vrikshasana[17] Yoga
Handstand

Shooting bow,
19th C. ST[20] (as
Akarna Dhanurasana[19] आकणधनुरासन Archer, Sitting
Dhanurāsana)
Bow and arrow

Ananta's pose,
Anantasana[21] अन ासन Vishnu's Reclining 20th C. LoY[22]
Couch pose

Crescent
Anjaneyasana[23] अ नेयासन Standing Backbend 20th C.[25] Dragon
Moon[24]

Ardha Chandrasana[26] अधच ासन Half moon Standing 20th C. LoY[27]

Eight-Limbed
Ashtanga Namaskara[28] अ ा नम ार Salutation Reclining 20th C. TK[28]
Caterpillar

Aṣṭāvakra's
Astavakrasana[29] अ ाव ासन pose, Balancing 20th C. LoY[30]
Eight-angled

Baddha Konasana[31] Bound angle, 15th C. HYP[32]

ब कोणासन Sitting Meditation[32] Butterfly
Bhadrasana[32] Cobbler's pose 17th C. GhS[32]

Crane (arms
Bakasana[33] बकासन, straight)
Balancing 17th C. HR[35]
Kakasana[34] ककासन Crow (arms
bent)

20th C. TK[37]
19th C. ST Ananda
Balasana[36] बालासन Child Sitting Child's
Balasana (as
Kandukasana)[38]

Bhairavasana भैरवासन
Formidable Reclining 19th C. ST[39]
Ankushasana[39] अ कुशासन

Bharadvaja's
Bharadvajasana[40] भर ाजासन Sitting Twist 20th C. LoY[41] Seated Twist
twist

Bhekasana[42] भेकासन Frog Reclining Backbend 20th C. LoY[43]

17th C. GhS
Bhujangasana[44] भुज ासन Cobra Reclining Backbend Seal, Sphinx
2.42[45][46]

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Effect Yin Yoga
Suitable for
Asana Sanskrit English Type on Described[c] Image
meditation variant[13][d]
spine

Arm-pressing
Bhujapidasana[47] भुजपीडासन Balancing 20th C. LoY[48] Snail
posture

20th C. T.K.V.
Bidalasana[8] िबडालासन Desikachar,
Cat Kneeling Backbend
Marjariasana[9] माजरीआसन Satyananda
Saraswati[9]

Four-Limbed
Caturanga Dandasana[49] चतुर द ासन Staff Reclining 20th C. TK[50]
Low Plank

Dandasana[51] द ासन Staff Sitting 08th C. PSV[52]

Dhanurasana[53] धनुरासन Bow Reclining Backbend 15th C. HYP 1.27

Durvasa's Standing, 19th C. ST (as

Durvasasana[54] दु वासासन
Pose Balancing 'Trivikramasana')[55]

Embryo in
Garbha Pindasana[56] गभासन Womb
Sitting 17th C. BaH[57]

Standing,
Garudasana[58] ग डासन Eagle 19th C. ST[59][e]
Balancing

04th C. DU[62]
Gomukhasana[60] गोमुखासन Cow-faced Sitting Meditation[61] 10th C. V[63] Shoelace
15th C. HYP 1.20

14th C. ShS 3.108-

Cowherd
112
Gorakshasana गोर ासन Gorakhnath's Sitting Meditation
15th C. HYP 1.28-29
pose
17th C. GhS 2.24-25

19th C. ST[65] (as

Forward Lāṇgalāsana,
Halasana[64] हलासन Plough Inversion
bend plough)
20th C. TB[66]

Hanuman's
Hanumanasana[67] हनुमनासन Sitting 20th C. TK[68]
Pose

Forward
Janusirsasana[69] जानुशीषासन Head-to-Knee Sitting 20th C. TK[70][71]
Bend

Jathara Parivartanasana[72] ञटर प रवतनासन Belly twist Reclining Twist 20th C. LoY[72]

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Effect Yin Yoga
Suitable for
Asana Sanskrit English Type on Described[c] Image
meditation variant[13][d]
spine

Kapotasana[73] कपोतासन Pigeon Kneeling Backbend 20th C. LoY[74]

20th C. TB[76] (as

Forward
Karnapidasana[75] कणपीडासन Ear-pressing Inversion variant of Halasana);
bend
LoY[77]

Kaundinya's
Kaundinyasana[78] कौ सन pose
Balancing 20th C. LoY[79]

Kraunchasana[80] ौ ासन Heron Sitting 17th C. HR[35]

07th C. AS[57]
13th C. VS[81]
Kukkutasana[56] कु ु टासन Cockerel Balancing
15th C. HYP 1.23
17th C. GhS 2.31[59]

Forward
Kurmasana[82][83] कूमासन Tortoise Sitting
bend 07th C. AS[57]

Lolasana[84] लोलासन Pendant Balancing 20th C.[f][g]

Makarasana[87] मकरासन Crocodile Reclining 17th C. GhS 2.40[h]

Forward
Malasana[89] मालासन Garland Squatting
bend 20th C. LoY[89]

Mandukasana म दुकासन Frog Sitting 17th C. GhS[90]

Marichyasana[91] मरी ासना Marichi's Pose Sitting Twist 20th C. TK[92]

Matsyasana[93] म ासन Fish Reclining Backbend 17th C. GhS 2.21 Fish

Lord of the
Fishes 15th C. HYP 1.28-29
Matsyendrasana[94] म े ासन Matsyendra's
Sitting Twist
17th C. GhS
pose

10th C. V[63]
Mayurasana[17] मयूरासन Peacock Balancing
15th C. HYP 1.33

Muktasana[6] मु ासन Liberated Sitting Meditation 10th C. V[63][i]

Lord of the
Dance
Natarajasana[95] नटराजासन Dancer Standing Backbend 20th C. TK[96]
Nataraja's
Pose

Navasana नावासन,
Boat, Forward
Paripurna Navasana[97] प रपूणनावासन Sitting 19th C. ST[39]
Full Boat bend
Naukasana[39] नौकासन

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Effect Yin Yoga
Suitable for
Asana Sanskrit English Type on Described[c] Image
meditation variant[13][d]
spine

04th C. DU[100]
Padmasana[98] प ासन Lotus Sitting Meditation[99]
08th C. PSV[52]

Parighasana[101] प रघासन Gate Standing 20th C. TK[50]

Parshvakonasana[102] पा कोणासन Side angle Standing 20th C. TK[50][70]

Intense side
Parshvottanasana[103] पा नासन stretch
Standing 20th C. TK[50][70]

Full Forward
Seated Forward 15th C. HYP 1:28[20]
Paschimottanasana[105] पि मो ानासन Sitting Bend,
Forward Bend Bend 17th C. GhS 2:26[20] Caterpillar

Pashasana[104] पाशासन Noose Squatting Twist 19th C. ST[46]

Feathered
Pincha Mayurasana[106] िप मयूरासन Balancing 20th C. LoY[107]
Peacock

Prasarita सा रत Wide Stance Forward

Standing 20th C. TK[50][70]
Padottanasana[108] पादो ानासन Forward Bend bend

Swan,
Rajakapotasana[109] राजकपोतासन King Pigeon Sitting Backbend 20th C. LoY[110] Sleeping
Swan

Samakonasana[114] समकोणासन Side splits Sitting 20th C. TK[70]

20th C. (this name);

Shoulder 19th C. as Viparita
Sarvangasana[113] साल सवा ासन Stand
Inversion
Karani in JP; 15th C.
HYP

Setu Bandha Shoulder 19th C. ST, called

सेतुब सवा ासन supported Inversion Backbend
Sarvangasana[117] Kāmapīṭhāsana[118]
bridge

Shalabhasana[111] शलभासन Locust Reclining Backbend 20th C. TB[112]

15th C. HYP
Shavasana[115] शवासन Corpse Reclining Corpse
1.32[116]

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Effect Yin Yoga

Suitable for
Asana Sanskrit English Type on Described[c] Image
meditation variant[13][d]
spine

11th C. HY[123]
(called
Duryodhanāsana or
Kapālīkarana)
14th C. ShS 4.45-47
Headstand, (as Viparita
Shirshasana[121]
शीषासन Yoga Inversion Karani)[124]
Kapalasana[122] Headstand 15th C. HYP 3.78-81
(ditto)[124]
17th C. GhS 3.33-35
(ditto)[124]
18th C. JP (as
Kapala āsana)

Siddhasana (men), Accomplished,

Siddha Yoni Asana िस ासन The Adept's Sitting Meditation[119] 10th C. GS 1.10-12
(women)[119] Pose

04th C. DU[100]
Simhasana[120] िसंहासन Lion Sitting Meditation[120]
10th C. V[63]

Sukhasana[125] सुखासन Easy Sitting Meditation[126] 04th C. DU[127] Easy

Supta
सु पादाङ् गु ासन Big toe supine Reclining 20th C. TK[50][70]
Padangusthasana[128]

Supta Virasana[129] सु वीरासन Reclined hero Reclining 20th C. TK[130] Saddle

Forward 20th C. Rajah of

Salute to the
bend,
Surya Namaskar[131][132] सुय नम ार Sun Standing Aundh,[133] then
backbend
Sun Salutation
sequence TK[15]

Auspicious
Svastikasana[134] कसन Sitting Meditation[134] 08th C. PSV[52] Square
Lucky mark

Tadasana[135] ताडासन Mountain Standing 20th C. TK[50]

19th C. ST[46] (as

Tittibhasana[136] िटि भासन Firefly Balancing
Mālāsana)

Trikonasana, ि कोणासन,
Triangle Standing 20th C. TK[138]
Utthita Trikonasana[137] उ त ि कोणासन

Trivikrama's 13th - 18th C. in

pose Bharatnatyam dance
Standing splits statues of Eastern
Standing,
Trivikramasana[139] ि िव मासन Supta
Balancing Gopuram, Nataraja
Trivikramasana Temple,
(reclining
Chidambaram[140]
variant)

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Effect Yin Yoga

Suitable for
Asana Sanskrit English Type on Described[c] Image
meditation variant[13][d]
spine

Balance /
Tulasana[141] तुलासन Balancing 20th C. LoY[142]
Scales

Upavishta Konasana[143] उपिव कोणासन Open Angle Sitting 20th C. TK[70] Dragonfly

Upwards-
Urdhva Dhanurasana[144] ऊ धनुरासन, 19th C. ST[145] (as
facing bow, Inversion Backbend
Chakrasana च ासन Wheel Paryaṇkāsana)

Urdhva Mukha Upward-Facing

ऊ मुख ानासन Reclining Backbend 20th C. TK[50]
Shvanasana[146] Dog

Ushtrasana[147] उ ासन Camel Kneeling Backbend 20th C. LoY[148]

15th C. HYP
(squatting)[150]
Awkward or 17th C. GhS[45]
Utkatasana[149] उ टासन Standing
Powerful
20th C. TK[151]
(chair-like)

20th C. TB (as
Standing Forward
Uttanasana[152] उ ानासन Standing Padahastasana)[153];
Forward Bend bend
TK[50][70]

Standing Big
Toe Hold
Utthita उ त (I: leg to the
Standing 20th C. TK[50][70]
Hastapadangusthasana[154] ह पादाङ् गु ासन side;
II: leg to the
front[154])

Utthita Extended Side

उ तपा कोणासन Standing 20th C. TK[50][70]
Parsvakonasana[155] Angle

17th C. GhS[45] (may

Vajrasana[156] व ासन Thunderbolt Kneeling Meditation[157]
mean Virasana[116])

Vasishta's
Vasishtasana[158] विस ासन pose, Balancing 20th C. TK[159]
Side plank

20th C. TK?,
Viparita Dandasana[160] िवपरीत द ासन Inverted Staff Inversion Backbend
LoY[160]

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Effect Yin Yoga

Suitable for
Asana Sanskrit English Type on Described[c] Image
meditation variant[13][d]
spine

14th C. ShS 4.45-

47[124]
Inverted 15th C. HYP 3.78-
Viparita Karani[161] practice Legs-Up-the-
िवपरीतकरिण Inversion 81[124]
Uttanapadasana (variant) Legs up the Wall
17th C. GhS 3.33-
wall
35[124] and other
texts[138][j]

Viparita Reversed
िवपरीतवीरभ ासन Standing 21st C. PL[162]
Virabhadrasana[162] Warrior[k]

Virabhadrasana I[163] वीरभ ासन Warrior I Standing 20th C. TK[164][165]

Virabhadrasana II[166] वीरभ ासन II Warrior II Standing 20th C. TK[164][165]

Virabhadrasana III[167] वीरभ ासन III Warrior III Standing 20th C. TK[164][165]

04th C. DU[100]
Virasana,[168] वीरासन,
Hero, 08th C. PSV[52]
Hero's Kneeling Meditation[169][170] (these may refer to a
Dhyana Virasana[169] ान वीरासन Meditation different meditation
pose)

Standing,
Vrikshasana[171] वृ ासन Tree 17th C. GhS[45]
Balancing

20th C. LoY[173]
(13th - 18th C. in
Bharatnatyam dance
statues of Eastern
Vrischikasana[172] वृि कासन Scorpion Inversion Backbend
Gopuram, Nataraja
Temple,
Chidambaram but
not yoga[140])
17th C. HR 3.70
17th C. GhS 3.84 as
Yoganidrasana[174] Yogic sleep Forward
योगिन ासन Noose Mudra
Reclining
bend
a Mudra
Pasini Mudra 18th C. painting,
Mysore[175]

See also
Mudra
List of mudras
Pranayama
Surya Namaskar, a popular sequence of asanas

Notes
c. Sjoman notes that the names of asanas have been used "promiscuous[ly]", making
a. 84's symbolism may derive from its astrological and numerological properties: it is the
their history difficult to trace: the presence of matching names is not proof of continuity,
product of 7, the number of planets in astrology, and 12, the number of signs of the
since the same name may mean a different pose, and a pose may have been known
zodiac, while in numerology, 7 is the sum of 3 and 4, and 12 is the product, i.e. 84 is
by other names at different times.[5] The dates here are therefore based on documents
(3+4)×(3×4).[4]
which provide actual descriptions of the asanas.
b. PL, Post-Light on Yoga poses, are marked as '21st C.' to sort late 20th as well as 21st
d. The Yin Yoga variants are similar but not identical to their 'Yang' equivalents.[13]
century asanas after TK and LoY.

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e. GhS uses the name Garuḍāsana for a different pose. i. Several sitting meditation poses have been called Muktasana.
f. Not yet yoga in 1896 as Jhūla pose in Vyayama Dipika gymnastics book[85] j. Viparita Karani is an inverted practice rather than an asana; the ShS, HYP and GhS
g. LoY has the legs as in Gomukhasana, not in Padmasana.[86] descriptions suggest the actual posture used was a headstand.

h. LoY quotes and interprets GhS 2.40 as meaning a variant of Salabhasana, the legs k. This is a well-documented example of a post-Light on Yoga (1966) pose, created as a
variation of the 20th century Warrior poses. Hundreds of less common variations of
stretched out and raised, the arms as GhS states on the head, also raised;[88]
other poses have been created in the same time frame.
Saraswati has the head supported with elbows on the ground;[87]a a widespread
modern form has feet and head on the ground.

References
1. Singleton 2010, pp. 4–5. 35. Srinivasa 2002, pp. 98–122 asanas listed; Figures of 75. Mehta 1990, p. 112.
2. Murugan 2012. asanas in unnumbered pages between pages 153 and 76. Bernard 2007, p. 111.
154; asanas named but not described in text listed on
3. Bühnemann, Gudrun (2007). Eighty-Four Asanas in 77. Iyengar 1979, pp. 220-221.
pages 157–159.
Yoga: A Survey of Traditions (https://ia800103.us.archi 78. Iyengar 1979, p. 276.
ve.org/17/items/EightyFourAsanasInYogaGudrunBuhn 36. Lidell 1983, p. 39.
79. Iyengar 1979, pp. 330-336.
emann_201801/Eighty-Four-Asanas-in-Yoga-Gudrun-B 37. "Balasana - Child Pose" (http://akashayogaacademy.co
uhnemann.pdf) (PDF). New Delhi: D. K. Printworld. m/inspiration/teachings/asanas/child-pose/). Akasha 80. Mehta 1990, p. 62.
pp. 47, 151. ISBN 978-8124604175. Yoga. Retrieved 13 January 2019. 81. Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 104–105.
4. Rosen, Richard (2017). Yoga FAQ: Almost Everything 38. Sjoman 1999, pp. 15, 70; plate 1 (pose 6). 82. Mehta 1990, p. 68.
You Need to Know about Yoga-from Asanas to Yamas 39. Sjoman 1999, p. 69. 83. Lidell 1983, p. 120.
(https://books.google.com/books?id=0oBPDQAAQBAJ 84. Mehta 1990, p. 124.
40. Mehta 1990, p. 77.
&pg=PA171). Shambhala. pp. 171-. ISBN 978-0-8348-
41. Iyengar 1979, pp. 251-254. 85. Sjoman 1999, p. 55.
4057-7.
42. Mehta 1990, p. 86. 86. Iyengar 1979, pp. 116.
5. Sjoman 1999, p. 59.
43. Iyengar 1979, pp. 126-128. 87. Saraswati 1996, p. 90.
6. "Muktasana" (https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/71
90/muktasana). Yogapedia. Retrieved 23 November 44. Mehta 1990, p. 93. 88. Iyengar 1979, pp. 100-101.
2018. 45. Mallinson, James (2004). The Gheranda samhita: the 89. Iyengar 1979, pp. 262-267.
7. Sjoman 1999, p. 57. original Sanskrit and an English translation (https://boo 90. Mallinson 2004, pp. 16–17.
8. Lidell 1983, p. 166. ks.google.com/books?id=73DzK3kTIgEC). YogaVidya. 91. Mehta 1990, pp. 63, 70, 73.
pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-9716466-3-6.
9. "Cat Pose — Marjariasana" (http://akashayogaacadem 92. Krishnamacharya 2006, p. 115.
y.com/inspiration/teachings/asanas/cat-pose/). Akasha 46. Sjoman 1999, p. 76.
93. Mehta 1990, p. 83.
Yoga. Retrieved 13 January 2019. 47. Mehta 1990, p. 129.
94. Saraswati 1996, p. 326.
10. Iyengar 1979, pp. 179-205. 48. Iyengar 1979, pp. 280-282.
95. Lidell 1983, p. 149.
11. McCrary, Meagan (15 July 2015). "#YJ40: 10 Poses 49. Mehta 1990, p. 89.
96. Goldberg 2016, p. 223.
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External links
Beyogi Library of Yoga Poses (https://beyogi.com/learn-yoga/poses/)
Jack Cuneo Light on Yoga Project (http://www.jackcuneo.com/loyp-gallery/)
Steve Watson The Yoga Asanas before the Modern Period (http://stevewatson.info/blog/2014/12/17/the-yoga-asanas-before-the-modern-period/)

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