DEFINITION OF STEM CELL

Stem cell is defined as somatic cells which is any cells of the body that will divide
themselves and undergo differentiation to hold specific functions. A stem cell is well known
to be a major role in replacing the damaged cells and tissues and found in most multicellular
organisms. As the stem cell grows, it will provide a new cell for the body and replace any
particular cells that are found damaged or lost due to accidents or disease. The cell retains the
ability to divide over and over again to produce a new cell. As they divide, the cells will
transform to a very high specialized cell that perform specific function as in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Stem cells are categorized by self-renewal and potency. Potency means the ability of
the cells to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and will undergo differentiate into
a various range of specialized cell types. Stem cells may replicate through two types of cell
divisions either symmetric or asymmetric as shown in Figure 2. Symmetric cell division is
when both daughter cells are matched to their parent stem cells. While the asymmetric cell
division can be described when one of two cells is identical to parent stem cells and the
second enters differentiation into more specialized cell production.
 Figure 2
For the potency, stem cells can be divided according to their regenerative potential
which are totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent and unipotent. Totipotent cells
have capacity to separate into cell linages from every one of the three germ layers
(mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm) including placental cell, and this ability has just zygote
and first blastomere in human creature. During divisions, morula and afterward blastocyst is
framed. Cells creating blastocyst's internal cell mass (ICM) have pluripotent properties.
Incited pluripotent stem cells (iPS) have capacity to separate into cells from every one of the
three germ layers, except for extrafetal tissues, placenta for instance. In human living being,
just early stage undeveloped cells, which structure ICM, have pluripotent capacity.
Multipotent stem cell separate into numerous kinds of cells that start from a similar germ
layer. (Marek J. 2019)

Figure 3: Stem cell potency

EMERGING TRENDS IN STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY

Conventional culture strategies regularly include reinventing somatic cells to

pluripotency by sequential entry under follower culture conditions on feeder cells or on
extracellular grid mix. The stem cells utilizing these methodologies liable to be tainted by
pathogens therefore these methodologies are require partition of feeder cells from the cell
kind of intrigue which increment costs and are inclined to separate changeability. As of late,
numerous new separation and culture technologies have been created to get undeveloped cells
for their wide application prospects in disease mechanism and its treatment including
suspension innovation and atomic imaging techniques.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) draw increasingly more consideration as a

result of their remedial focal points in empowering the age of top notch disease models,
induction of individual-explicit iPSC lines, improving the consistency of medication activity,
and as a wellspring of cells for regenerative drug. An approach is bulit to acquire incited
pluripotent stem cells in ceaseless adherence-and network free suspension culture framework,
which can possibly quicken and institutionalize iPSCs explore. The quality articulation
investigation indicated high relationship between the two procedures incorporating
reconstructing in suspension culture and that in routine follower culture with respect to
trademark reinventing qualities. (Xibo M. 2012)

Atomic imaging, including bioluminescence imaging (BLI), fluorescence molecular

imaging (FMI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emanation computed
tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can portray and measure
natural procedure at the cell and sub-atomic level in unblemished living subjects. It as a rule
misuses explicit sub-atomic tests as the wellspring of picture complexity to distinguish the
illness and assess medicate viability. As of late, with the advancement of sub-atomic imaging
including imaging frameworks and imaging calculations, sub-atomic imaging has been
generally applied in numerous zones, for example, tumor study, medicine improvement and
stem cell study. The bioluminescence imaging framework for instance, has been created from
two-dimensional framework to three-dimensional frameworks. Fluorescence imaging
framework has likewise been incredibly improved in imaging obtaining velocity and
solidness. In the meantime, numerous calculations had been created to improve the speed and
precision of picture recreation.
References

Xibo M. Qian Z. 2012. Development of New Technologies for Stem Cell Research. Journal
of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2012/741416/.
Retrieved on 7 December 2019.

Marek J. 2019. Stem Cells and Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine. (5-16).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128122587000022. Retrieved on 7
December 2019.