Sears Manufacturing Company

Engineering Specification
ES0117
Welding Standards
SCOPE: This specification covers weld symbols, joint geometry, approved processes,
process application and general quality requirements in accordance with the
following standards:
ANSI/AWS A3.0-94 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions.
ANSI/AWS D1.1-2000 Structural Welding Code, Steel.
ANSI/AWS A2.4-98 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and
Nondestructive Examination.

PURPOSE: To create a working standard for all departments within Sears Mfg. Co. as
well as our Sub-contractors, Vendors and Customers.

SECTION I: WELDING SYMBOLS

SECTION II: JOINT GEOMETRY
SECTION III: APPLICATION
SECTION IV: GENERAL QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
APPENDIX I: SPECIFIC QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
APPENDIX II: RESISTANCE WELD MANUAL
APPENDIX III: GMAW WELD MANUAL
APPENDIX IV: ROBOTIC WELD MANUAL

DESCRIPTION DATE REV.NO. NUMBER

WELDING STANDARDS 01/10/01 RELEASED ES0117

Page 1
 SECTION I: WELDING SYMBOLS
BASIC SYMBOL REQUIREMENTS:

1. This standard makes a distinction between the terms “weld symbol” and “welding symbol”. The weld
symbols, shown in the next illustration, indicate the type of weld and are only a feature of a welding
symbol. The welding symbol is a method of representing the weld in drawings and specifies the size and
type of weld required as well as the filler metals and welding process used.

GR OOVE WELD SYMBOLS

SCARF SQUARE V BEVEL U J FLARE-V FLARE-BEVEL

PLUG SPOT BACK

FILLET OR STUD OR SEAM OR SURFACING EDGE
SLOT PROJECTION BACKING

2. This next illustration shows the components of a welding symbol and their required locations. Not all of
these elements need be used unless required for clarity.

FINISH SYMBOL CONTOUR SYMBOL

GROOVE ANGLE, INCLUDED ANGLE ROOT OPENING, DEPTH OF FILLING

OF COUNTERSINK FOR PLUG WELDS FOR PLUG AND SLOT WELDS

LENGTH OF WELD
GROOVE WELD SIZE PITCH (CENTER TO CENTER
F SPACING) OF WELDS
DEPTH OF BEVEL, SIZE OR
STRENGTH FOR CERTAIN WELDS
A FIELD WELD
SYMBOL
SPECIFICATION,
PROCESS, OR R
OTHER REFERENCE
ARROW OTHER
BOTH SIDES

SIDE

WELD ALL-
S (E) { } L-P AROUND SYMBOL
T
{ }
SIDE

WELD SYMBOL

TAIL (MAY BE OMMITTED

WHEN REFERENCE IS
(N)
REFERENCE LINE
NOT USED) NUMBER OF SPOT, SEAM, PLUG, STUD
SLOT OR PROJECTION WELDS
ARROW CONNECTING
ELEMENTS IN THIS AREA REMAIN AS SHOWN REFERENCE LINE TO ARROW
WHEN TAIL AND ARROW ARE REVERSED SIDE MEMBER OR ARROW
SIDE OF JOINT
WELD SYMBOL SHALL BE CONTAINED WITHIN
THE LENGTH OF THE REFERENCE LINE

Page 2
3. Supplementary symbols may be used in connection with the welding symbol to specify the desired weld.
WELD ALL BACKING CONTOUR
M ELT CONSUM ABLE OR FLA T
AROUND FIELD WELD
THROUGH I NSERT SPACE R OR CONVEX CONCAVE
FLUSH

BACKING

SPACE R

4. Finishing symbols may be used to specify the method or process used to finish a weld but not the degree
of finish. R
C = CHIPPING
R = ROLLING
H = HAMMERING G
G = GRINDING
M = MACHINING
M

5. The welding symbol, at a minimum, should have an arrow, reference line and weld symbol. Size and
weld length are generally required depending on weld type.
LEADER LINE WITH ARROW

X
REFERENCE LINE

WELD SYMBOL
WELD SIZE

6. The leader line and tail may be at either end of the reference line. The leader line may be at any angle to
reference line except 0 or 180 degrees.

145° 134°

7. Welding of more than one joint requiring the same size and type weld may be specified with one symbol
by attaching multiple leader lines.

8. Weld symbols may be combined for joints that require more than one type of weld.

FIRST OPERATION

FINAL OPERATION

Page 3
9. Two or more reference lines may be used to indicate a sequence of operations. The first operation is
specified on the reference line closest to the arrow.

THIRD OPERATION

SECOND OPERATION

FIRST OPERATION

10. Welding symbol size on full size drawings should meet these minimum dimensional requirements.
Welding symbols on reduced or scaled drawings should remain clearly visible. Refer to ANSI/AWS A2.4-
98 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination for complete requirements.
5 25 +/- 5

45°
6 3R 5

45°

6
3
3R

45°
45°
5 6 5

11. The leader line with arrow connects the welding symbol reference line to one side of the joint to be
welded. This side of the joint is called the “arrow side”. The opposite side of the joint is called the “other
side”. Placing the weld symbol on the lower side of the reference line specifies welding of the “arrow side”.
Placing the weld symbol on the upper side of the reference line specifies welding of the “other side”.
Placing an appropriate weld symbol on each side of the reference line specifies welding of both sides of the
joint.

ARROW SIDE OTHER SIDE BOTH SIDES

12. Symbols only apply between any change in direction of the welding, or to the extent of hatching or
dimension lines except when the “all around symbol” is used. A change of direction on formed components
shall be considered the tangent point of the radius.

JOINT
LENGTH
X X XX
X XX X
X X
X X
WELD ALL AROUND
JOINT LENGTH
10 REF

JOINT
LENGTH 10 REF TYP
Page 4
13. When specifying a welding process and method, place the appropriate abbreviations in the tail section
of the welding symbol. Refer to ANSI/AWS A-2.4-98 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Non-
destructive Examination for a complete list of process letter and method designations.

GMAW-RO SAW-ME

GAS METAL ARC WELDING - ROBOTIC SUBMERGED ARC WELDING - MECHANIZED

14. When only one member of a joint is to be prepared, the arrow shall have a break, and point toward that
member. If there is no preference as to which member is to be prepared, the arrow need not be broken.
"BROKEN ARROW"
POINTS TO SIDE THAT
RECIEVES JOINT PREPERATION

15. A weld, with a length less than the available joint length and not critical regarding location, may be
specified without indicating the location or orientation.
5 25 4 19 - 180º

35 WELDS CAN BE PLACED ANYWHERE AROUND

A 25 MM LONG WELD ANYWHERE THIS OBJECT PROVIDED THAT THEY ARE AT
IN THIS LENGTH IS ACCEPTABLE APPROXIMATELY 180 DEGREES CENTERS
16. A weld, with a length less than the available joint length whose location is significant, shall have the
location specified on the drawing. Location dimensions may be used in conjunction with welding symbols.
Location dimensions shall be considered and labeled as reference or “REF” on the drawing. The preferred
method is to indicate the welds with “XXXXX’s” or “///////////”, as this virtually eliminates interpretation
errors. Weld location tolerances are set forth in Appendix I of this document.

5 25 4 19 - 180º

18 REF 90° REF

70. NO WELD ZONE

PREFERRED

XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX

XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX

6 12 - 40
6 12 - 40
Page 5
17. Repetitions of identical welding symbols on a drawing may be avoided by designating a single welding
symbol as typical and indicating the number of times the weld occurs. The arrow must be pointing to the
representative joint.

SAME SIZE AND TYPE OF WELD

6
4X
6

ORIENTATION OF WELDING SYMBOL TO DRAWING VIEW

1. The arrow of the welding symbol shall point to a line on the drawing, which conclusively identifies the
proposed joint. It is recommended that the arrow point to a solid line (object line, visible line) however the
arrow may point to a dashed line (invisible line, hidden line). Note the following illustrations as to
preferred and non-preferred symbol locations.

PREFERRED ACCEPTABLE

ACCEPTABLE

THIS WELDING SYMBOL INDICATES

NON-PREFERRED THAT THE WELD GOES HERE

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT WELD TYPES

FILLET WELD REQUIREMENTS:

1. Dimensions of fillet welds shall be shown on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol.
3 25
6 38
NOTE 1 GMAW AC GTAW
3 25 6 51

2. Dimensions of double fillet welds shall be specified whether the dimensions are identical or different.

6 51 3 25 6 25
2X E 60 S-3 E 7018
6 51 6 51 6 51

Page 6
3. Due to the small size of our welds and weldments, the use of unequal leg lengths is not recommended.

4. When specifying a contour on a fillet-welding symbol, the symbol is always placed on the right side of
the fillet symbol. If post weld finishing is required to obtain the contour, the finishing method shall also be
specified with the proper letter and placed to the right of the contour symbol. Note that the method of
finishing may be specified, not the degree of finish.

R G M
FLAT BY ROLLING CONCAVE BY GRINDING CONVEX BY MACHINING

5. The size of weld shall be placed to the left of the weld symbol. The length and spacing shall be placed to
the right of the symbol. The length and pitch of welds shall be separated with a hyphen.
SIZE

6 25 - 75

PITCH OR CENTER
SIZE LENGTH TO CENTER SPACING
SIZE

6. Dimensions of chain intermittent fillet welds shall be specified on both sides of the reference line. The
segments of chain intermittent fillet welds shall be opposite one another across the joint. Refer to Appendix
I for weld location tolerance.

40 40 40
XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX

XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX

12

6 12 - 40
"CHAIN INTERMITTENT"
6 12 - 40

7. Dimensions of staggered intermittent fillet welds shall be specified on both sides of the reference line
and the fillet weld symbols shall be offset on opposite sides of the reference line as shown. The segments of
staggered intermittent fillet welds shall be symmetrically spaced on both sides of the joint as shown. Unless
specified by note or dimension, the welds can begin on either side of joint.

20 40 40
XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX
XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX
12 40

6 12 - 40
"STAGGERED INTERMITTENT"
6 12 - 40

Page 7
8. In the case of intermittent fillet welds, additional weld lengths, which are intended at the ends of the
joint, shall be specified by separate welding symbols and dimensioned on the drawing. When no weld
lengths are intended at the ends of the joint, the unwelded lengths should not exceed the clear distance
between weld segments and be so dimensioned on the drawing.
"INTERMITTENT WELDS WITH
ADDITIONAL INCREMENTS" 6 25 - 50

50 25 TYP 50 6 50
6 50

XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX

85 DRAWING MUST HAVE START

DIMENSION FOR INTERMITTENT WELDS

"INTERMITTENT WELDS WITH

NO END WELD SEGMENTS" 6 25 - 60

35 "CLEAR DISTANCE"
25 TYP BETWEEN WELD SEGMENTS

XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX

DRAWING MUST HAVE START DIMENSION FOR INTERMITTENT

WELDING, CAN NOT EXCEED "CLEAR DISTANCE"

9. Fillet welds may be used in holes or slots providing there is adequate clearance to satisfy the
requirements of a fillet weld. This should not be confused with a plug or slot weld where the hole or slot is
filled to a specific depth.

PLUG WELD REQUIREMENTS:

1. Holes in the arrow-side member of a joint to be plug welded shall be specified by placing the plug weld
symbol below the reference line. Holes on the other side member of a joint to be plug welded shall be
specified by placing the plug weld symbol above the reference line. Dimensions of plug welds shall be
placed on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol.

"ARROW SIDE" "WITH DIMENSIONS"

"OTHER SIDE" Ø 25
45°

2. The plug weld size shall be specified to the left of the plug weld symbol and shall be preceded by the
diameter symbol. The plug weld size is the diameter of the hole at the faying surface. The included angle of
countersink (if required) shall be located on the same side of the reference line and above or below the plug
weld symbol as appropriate. When the depth of filling is less than complete, it shall be specified inside the
plug weld symbol. The omission of a depth dimension shall specify complete filling.

6
45°
6
Ø 25
45°
SIZE ANGLE DEPTH OF FILLING
Ø 25

Page 8
3. The pitch (center to center distance) of plug welds in a straight line shall be specified to the right of the
plug weld symbol. When there is a specific number of plug welds desired, the number shall be specified in
parentheses on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol.

12

Ø 12 25
(3)
25 TYP
QUANTITY PITCH

4. Contour and post weld finishing symbols may be specified with the plug weld symbol to achieve desired
surface characteristics. Welds that require a flat but not flush surface require an explanatory note in the tail
of the welding symbol.
C
NOTE 3

G M

5. If the holes are pre-existing in the part to be welded, (punch press or stamped parts), dimensions for size
and pitch are not required. The quantity of welds can either be placed in the tail section, or in parentheses,
on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol. Refer to Appendix I for tolerances on plug
welds.

3X

PRE-EXISTING HOLES IN COMPONENTS

REQUIRE NO SIZE OR PITCH DIMENSIONS

6. The plug weld symbol shall not be used to designate fillet welds in holes.

SLOT WELD REQUIREMENTS:

1. Holes in the arrow-side member of a joint to be slot welded shall be specified by placing the slot weld
symbol below the reference line. Holes on the other side member of a joint to be slot welded shall be
specified by placing the slot weld symbol above the reference line. Dimensions of slot welds shall be
placed on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol.

"ARROW SIDE" "WITH DIMENSIONS"

12 25 - 100
"OTHER SIDE"
( 3)

Page 9
2. The slot weld width shall be specified to the left of the weld symbol. Slot weld width is the dimension of
the slot, measured in the direction of the minor axis, at the faying surface. The included angle of
countersink (if required) shall be located on the same side of the reference line and above or below the slot
weld symbol as appropriate. When the depth of filling is less than complete, it shall be specified inside the
slot weld symbol. The omission of a depth dimension shall specify complete filling.
LENGTH AND PITCH 6
45°
12 6 25 - 100
45°
WIDTH ANGLE DEPTH OF FILLING 12

3. The pitch (center to center distance) of slot welds in a straight line shall be specified to the right of the
slot weld symbol. When there is a specific number of slot welds desired, the number shall be specified in
parentheses on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol.

27 75

12 25 - 75

25 TYP

4. Location and orientation of slot welds must be specified with dimensions on drawings in addition to the
welding symbol unless the slots are pre-existing.

47 20

12 25 - 50
12 25 - 50

60 25

5. Contour and post weld finishing symbols may be specified with the slot weld symbol to achieve desired
surface characteristics. Welds that require a flat but not flush surface require an explanatory note in the tail
of the welding symbol.
C
NOTE 3

G M

Page 10
6. If the holes are pre-existing in the part to be welded, (punch press or stamped parts), dimensions for
size, pitch and location are not required. The quantity of welds can either be placed in the tail section, or in
parentheses, on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol. Refer to Appendix I for tolerances
on slot welds.

7. The slot weld symbol shall not be used to specify fillet welds in slots.

SPOT WELD REQUIREMENTS:

1. The spot weld symbol, relative to its location on the reference line, may or may not have arrow-side
member or other-side member significance.

"ARROW SIDE" "OTHER SIDE" "NO SIDE SIGNIFICANCE"

2. For applicable processes, the spot weld symbol shall be place below the reference line for arrow side
members. The symbol shall be placed above the reference line for other side members. The spot weld
symbol shall be placed on the reference line for no side significance. Dimensions shall be placed on the
same side of the reference line as the spot-weld symbol. In the case of no side significance, the dimensions
may be placed on either side of the reference line.
"ARROW SIDE" 1000 100
6 50 25 200
"OTHER SIDE"
"NO SIDE SIGNIFICANCE"
SIZE PITCH

3. The process reference shall be indicated in the tail of the welding symbol.

1000 100
RSW RPW 25 200 EBW
6 50

"RESISTANCE SPOT WELD" "RESISTANCE PROJECTION WELD" "ELECTRON BEAM WELDING"

4. The projection weld symbol shall be used with the projection welding process reference in the tail of the
welding symbol. The projection weld symbol shall be placed above or below (not centered on) the
reference line to designate which member receives the embossment. The embossments must be
dimensioned on the drawing. Refer to AWS Recommended Practices for Resistance Welding for projection
design information. If the projections are pre-existing on the components to be welded, (nuts, studs, screws
and sheet metal stampings), no dimensions for projections are required on the weld drawing.

5. The spot-weld size or shear strength shall be specified to the left of the spot weld symbol. The spot weld
size shall refer to the diameter of the weld at the faying surfaces and the shear strength shall refer to the
minimum yield strength.

SHEAR STRENGTH
RSW 800 RSW
6

SIZE Ø6
SIZE SHEAR STRENGTH

Page 11
6. The pitch (center to center distance) of spot welds in a straight line shall be specified to the right of the
spot weld symbol. When there is a specific number of spot welds desired, the number shall be specified in
parentheses on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol.
6

6
GTAW
25
(4)
25 TYP
QUANTITY PITCH

7. A group of spot welds may be located on a drawing by intersecting centerlines. The arrow shall point to
at least one of the centerlines passing through each weld location. When spot welds are to be randomly
located in a group, the area in which they are to be applied shall be clearly indicated.
10 21

6
RSW
50 (8)

10 55
110
165

8. When spot-welds extend less than the distance between abrupt changes in the direction of welding, or
less than the full length of the joint, the desired extent shall be dimensioned on the drawing.
(8)
6
RSW

35 200

9. Contour and post weld finishing symbols may be specified with the spot weld symbol to achieve desired
surface characteristics. Welds that require a flat but not flush surface require an explanatory note in the tail
of the welding symbol. Refer to Annex I for tolerance of spot welds.
G R

ROLL FLAT

Page 12
GROOVE WELD REQUIREMINTS:

1. Single-groove weld dimensions shall be specified on the same side of the reference line as the weld
symbol.
6
NOTE 1 SAW GTAW
6
90° 3

2. Each groove of a double-groove joint shall be dimensioned; however, the root opening need appear only
once.
90°
55°
6 3
10
NOTE 1 SAW GTAW
15 6
2 4
90°
45°

3. A broken arrow is to be used to specify which member is to have a bevel or J-groove edge shape for
single or double-bevel or double-J groove welds.
"BROKEN ARROW"
POINTS TO SIDE THAT
RECIEVES JOINT PREPERATION

4. On single groove welds, a straight arrow is used when either member may have the desired edge shape.

= OR

5. On double groove welds, a straight arrow is used when either or both members may have the desired
edge shape. The edge shape may be in one member on the arrow side and in the second member on the
other side of the joint.

= OR

OR

6. The depth of bevel, S, and groove weld size, ( E ), shall be placed to the left of the weld symbol. Note
that the size is in parentheses.
(8) 4 (6)

4 (6)
S (E)

(E) SIZE OF WELD "S" DEPTH OF BEVEL

ROOT OPENING

Page 13
7. For partial penetration welds where the weld size is specified and the depth of bevel is not, the size of
weld shall be specified in parentheses left of the weld symbol.
GROOVE SIZE UNSPECIFIED "T" OR MATERIAL THICKNESS

WELD SIZE IS
(8) 8 MINIMUM
(8)
8. For partial penetration welds where the depth of bevel is specified and the weld size is not, the bevel
depth is considered the minimum weld size.

8 8 MINIMUM WELD SIZE

9. For complete penetration welds where the weld size is specified and the depth of bevel is not, the size of
nonsymmetrical welds shall be in parentheses left of the weld symbol.
(6)
(8) 10 ( 10)

(12 )

16
( 10 )

( 16 )

6
10. For flair-groove welds, the depth of flair “S”, is considered as extending only to the tangent point of
the radius.

S
S

11. Depth of bevel and groove weld size shall be shown to the left of the weld symbol. Root opening size
shall be shown inside the weld symbol and on only one side of the reference line. Groove angle shall be
specified outside the weld symbol. Length and pitch dimensions shall be shown on the right of the weld
symbol and be separated with a hyphen.
ROOT OPENING SIZE GROOVE ANGLE
45° WELD LENG TH
WELD SIZE
R
S (E ) 25 - 100
BEVEL DEPTH

S (E ) 25 - 100
45° PITCH

Page 14
12. The groove radii and root faces of U and J groove welds shall be specified by a cross section, detail, or
other data with reference thereto in the tail of the welding symbol.
60°

60°
10 ( 12 )
DETAIL A
10 ( 12 ) 24 REF
3
60°

3R
10 REF TYP
60°
DETAIL A
13. Specific lengths of groove welds and their locations may be specified by symbols in conjunction with
dimension lines. No length dimensions are necessary when the weld is to extend entire length of the joint.
(8) (8)

50 105 28

14. Dimensions of chain intermittent groove welds shall be specified on both sides of the reference line.
The segments of chain intermittent groove welds shall be opposite one another across the joint. Refer to
Appendix I for weld location tolerance.

XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX

(9) 20 - 45
"CHAIN INTERMITTENT" (9) 20 - 45

15. Dimensions of staggered intermittent groove welds shall be specified on both sides of the reference
line and the groove weld symbols shall be offset on opposite sides of the reference line. The segments of
staggered intermittent groove welds shall be symmetrically spaced on both sides of the joint as shown.
Unless specified by note or dimension, the welds can begin on either side of the joint.

"TOP VIEW OF WELDMENT"

XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX

40 TYP

20 MILLIMETERS
OFFSET "STAGGERED
(6) 20 - 40
INTERMITTENT"
(6) 20 - 40

"BOTTOM VIEW OF WELDMENT"

XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX
40 TYP

Page 15
16. Contour and post weld finishing symbols may be specified with the groove weld symbol to achieve
desired surface characteristics. Welds that require a flat but not flush surface require an explanatory note in
the tail of the welding symbol. The concave finish symbol may not be used with groove welds.
G

NOTE 1

R
17. The back weld symbol is placed on the opposite side of the reference line from the groove weld
symbol. On single reference line welding symbols, “back weld” must be specified in the tail of the welding
symbol. If multiple reference line welding symbols are used, the back weld symbol is placed on a
subsequent reference line.

BACK WELD

"SINGLE REFERENCE LINE"

"MULTIPLE REFERENCE LINES"

18. The backing weld symbol is placed on the opposite side of the reference line from the groove weld
symbol. On single reference line welding symbols, “backing weld” must be specified in the tail of the
welding symbol. If multiple reference line welding symbols are used, the groove weld symbol is placed on
a subsequent reference line.

BACKING WELD

"SINGLE REFERENCE LINE" "MULTIPLE REFERENCE LINES"

19. If the groove to be welded is the result of piece part geometry, bevel depth dimensions are not required.
(3) (4)
(6) (6) (5)

6 5
3 4
EDGE WELD REQUIREMENTS:

1. In general, the edge weld symbol is used to specify edge welds on edge joints and flanged butt or
flanged corner joints. The full thickness or width of material must be fused.

FULL MATERIAL
THICKNESS
WELD SIZE
"4"

Page 16
2. When specified, the size of the edge weld shall be placed to the left of the edge weld symbol. The length
and pitch dimensions of the edge welding shall be placed to the right of the weld symbol. When no size is
given, all edges must be fused. When no length is given, the entire length of the edge joint is to be welded.

"ARROW SIDE ONLY" 4 50 - 100

5 25 - 75 4 50 - 100

PITCH "BOTH SIDES"

SIZE LENGTH

3. Edge welds may be specified on joints with more than two members. Specify the edge weld symbol in
the same manner as joints with two members.

WELD SIZE

4. Edge welding symbols may be used to specify welding on both sides of the joint and may be combined
with flare-bevel or flare-V groove welds.

5. All of the requirements for fillet welds apply to edge welds as far as location, staggered intermittent,
chain intermittent, additional weld lengths and drawing dimensional requirements. Refer to Appendix I for
tolerances on edge welds

STUD WELD REQUIREMENTS:

1. The stud weld symbol has arrow side significance only. The stud weld symbol shall be placed below the
reference line and the arrow must point to the surface to which the stud is to be welded.

Page 17
2. The stud size shall be placed to the left of the stud weld symbol. Pitch or center-to-center spacing of the
studs in a straight line shall be dimensioned to the right of the symbol. The number of studs may be
specified in parentheses below the stud weld symbol.

1/4 -20 X 1 3 M-8 X 30 75 M-6 X 20 45

(5)

STUD SIZE PITCH METRIC SIZE

QTY.

3. The first and last studs in a straight line must be located with dimensions.
M-8 X 20 25
(6)

28 35

4. Studs not in a straight line shall be positively located with dimensions.

M-6 X 30

75 45

150 150 45

NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SYMBOL REQUIREMENTS :

1. Nondestructive examination symbols consist of the same elements as standard welding symbols.
NUMBER OF EXAMINATIONS
REFERENCE LINE
LENGTH OF EXAMINATIONS
TAIL (N) EXAMINE IN FIELD
OTHER
{ SIDE } L
SPECIFICATION OR
T ARROW EXAMINE ALL AROUND
OTHER REFERENCE
{ SIDE }
EXAMINATION METHOD
LETTER DESIGNATIONS
ARROW

2. Examination method letter designations must be used to specify the type of examination desired.

ACOUSTIC EMMISSION___________AET
ELECTROMAGNETIC_____________MT
LEAK___________________________LT
MAGNETIC PARTICAL____________MT
NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHIC_______NRT
PENETRANT_____________________PT
PROOF__________________________PRT
RADIOGRAPH___________________RT
ULTRASONIC____________________UT
VISUAL_________________________VT

Page 18
3. Supplementary symbols may also be used in conjunction with examination symbols.

EXAMINE ALL AROUND RADIATION DIRECTION FIELD EXAMINATION

4. Examinations to be made on the arrow side shall have the letter designations placed below the reference
line. Examinations to be made on the other side shall have the letter designations placed above the
reference line. Examinations that are required on both sides require the placement of the appropriate
symbols above and below the reference line.
VT RT
AET PT
"ARROW SIDE" "OTHER SIDE" "BOTH SIDES"

5. Examinations to be made that have no side significance, or there is no preference as to which side the
inspection is to be performed, the letter designations may be placed in the reference line.

PT LT + PT
VT

6. Examination combinations may be specified for arrow, other, both and no side significance. The letter
designations must be separated with the “+” symbol.

AET + PT VT
LT + UT UT
LT + PT

7. Examination symbols may be combined with welding symbols using multiple reference lines.
PT
MT RT

3 75

8. The direction of penetrating radiation may be specified by adding the desired angle and symbol to the
drawing.

45°

NRT 90°
RT

Page 19
 SECTION II: JOINT GEOMETRY
1. The five basic joints are illustrated below.

BUTT JOINT

T- JOINT

CORNER JOINT

EDGE JOINT

LAP JOINT

2. These are the five basic flange joints.

FLANGED BUTT JOINTS

FLANGED EDGE JOINTS

FLANGED T- JOINTS
FLANGED LAP JOINTS
FLANGED CORNER JOINT

Page 20
 SECTION III : APPLICATION
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS :

1. Weld symbols on square and rectangular tubing shall be applied in the following manner. All around
symbols are not recommended for this joint type.

(5)
3

2. Skewed T – Joints with a dihedral angle of less than 70 degrees and more than 110 degrees are
considered groove welds. Skewed T – Joints between 70 and 110 degrees require a fillet weld symbol.
Strength calculations for skewed T – Joints (Z-Loss) can be found in AWS. D 1.1-2000.
40°

110°

70° OVER 110°

3. V- Groove joints formed by the mating of two parts over an included angle of 135 degrees are
considered to be closed square groove welds.

135° AND
ABOVE

4. Flare groove joints formed by the mating of two parts, one of which must be circular in shape, require
the flare bevel symbol if the round member is less than 100 millimeters diameter (50 mm radius).

OR

50 RADIUS
LESS THAN OR MORE
50 RADIUS

Page 21
5. Flare groove welds are a special case due to the depth of bevel and groove angle. These are functions of
the curvature of the base metal or component and are beyond the usual control of the designer or the
welder. Complete joint penetration is usually not possible due to the curvature of these surfaces. Weld size
must be specified on joints of this nature.

WELD SIZE
WELD SIZE

DIAMETER RADIUS

6. Weld all around symbols may be used when the desired weld is continuous and has no change in size,
geometry or weld type. The joint may require welding in more than one position or direction and may lie in
more than one plane. The weld all around symbol should not be used to specify double fillet or symmetrical
double groove welds on both sides of the same thickness of material.

7. Complete joint penetration welds are defined as “penetration of weld metal through the thickness of a
groove joint”. This generally requires back gouging, use of a backing plate or backing welds, and or
preparation of the base metal by grinding or machining. The simplest way to specify a complete joint
penetration weld is to show no dimension to the left of the weld symbol. Another method is to place the
letters “CJP” in the tail section of the welding symbol.

BACKGOUGE
OTHER SIDE

AS SPECIFIED AS PREPARED BEFORE WELDING

V-GROOVE WELD COMPLETE BACKGOUGING COMPLETE

WELDING COMPLETE

JOINT WITH BACKING BEFORE WELDING JOINT WITH BACKING WELD

Page 22
8. Partial joint penetration welds are defined as a joint root condition in a groove weld in which incomplete
joint penetration exists. Most fillet welds can also be considered partial penetration welds as the depth of
fusion rarely extends through the material thickness. Placing the letters “PJP” in the tail of the welding
symbol may specify partial joint penetration welds.

6 (6)
6 (6)
6

6 6
6

9. Fillet welds that require a specific penetration shall be specified by using the square groove symbol in
combination with the fillet weld symbol.

1
5
5
PENETRATION DEPTH FILLET WELD SIZE
1

10. Gaps between mating parts are necessary to accommodate piece part variation and still allow the parts
to be fixtured properly. The recommended gap to be designed into each joint is .5mm “all parts nominal”
unless process capability shows a lesser gap is allowable. Refer to Appendix I: Specific Quality
Requirements for weld size increase due to excessive gaps.

DESIRED DIMENSION

PART "A" PART "C"

PART "B"

.5 MILLIMETER
GAP TYPICAL
2X
4
.5 GAP TYP

DESIRED DIMENSION
6.8 R 19.5 R
12.7 DIA
19. DIA

5
5
Page 23
 SECTION IV: GENERAL QULAITY REQUIREMENTS
WELD GEOMETRY:

1. Groove weld geometry and definitions:

D F

C
B
A
G
A. ROOT OPENING: The separation at the joint root between the work-pieces.
B. ROOT FACE: The groove face adjacent to the root of the joint.
C. GROOVE FACE: The surface of a member included in the groove. Both the root face and the groove
face are considered “faying surfaces”.
D. BEVEL ANGLE: The angle formed between the prepared edge of a member and a plane perpendicular
to the surface of the member.
E. GROOVE ANGLE: The total included angle of the groove between work-pieces to be joined by a
groove weld.
F. BEVEL DEPTH: The depth of groove preparation measured perpendicular to the surface of a member.
G. PLATE THICKNESS: The thickness of the plate welded.
N
J
H O O

I P K L M Q

H. JOINT PENETRATION: The distance from the surface of the plate to the weld root. This is also
considered the weld size. Refer to “S” in the next illustration.
I. ROOT PENETRATION: The distance from the end of preparation to the weld root. In the case of square
groove welds, the entire joint penetration is considered root penetration.
J. WELD REINFORCEMENT: The distance from the surface of the plate to the face of the weld. Note that
this does not add strength to the joint and that excessive reinforcement is undesirable.
K. BOND LINE: The transition line between base metal and weld metal. Sometimes called the weld
interface.
L. WELD ROOT: The furthest extent of penetration by weld metal into a base metal. Sometimes described
as the points at which the root surface intersects the base metal surfaces.
M. HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE: The area adjacent to a weld where the mechanical or physical properties of
the base metal have been altered by the heat of welding.
N. WELD FACE: The exposed surface of the weld metal.
O. WELD TOE: The junction formed by the weld face and the base metal.
P. BASE METAL: The metal to be welded.
Q. WELD METAL: The solidified filler material used to make a weld.

Page 24
 U
(5)
(5) S
R

T
R. WELDING SYMBOL: The welding symbol is made of several elements and illustrates the desired
weld for the particular joint. The welding symbol, at a minimum, must have a reference line and arrow.
S. WELD SIZE: The actual depth of penetration by weld metal into a base metal. This may also be
considered the weld throat.
T. INCOMPLETE PENETRATION: The area that is left un-fused at the weld root.
U. WELD SYMBOL: A graphical representation of the desired weld or weld joint.

2. Fillet weld geometry and definitions:

C
B
A E
D

B F

A. ROOT OPENING: The separation distance at the joint root between the work pieces.
B. LEG LENGTH: The distance from joint root to the weld toe, measured parallel to the surface.
C. WELD FACE: The exposed surface of the weld metal.
D. WELD TOE: The junction formed by the weld face and the base metal.
E. BASE METAL: The metal to be welded.
F. WELD METAL: The solidified filler material used in making a weld.

G+B B
G

G+B G
B

CONVEX FILLET CONCAVE FILLET

G. WELD SIZE: For equal length fillet welds, the leg lengths of the largest isosceles right triangle that can
be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section. For un-equal leg fillet welds, the leg lengths of the largest
right triangle that can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section.

Page 25
 I I+K
H H
J
L

CONVEX FILLET CONCAVE FILLET

H. THEORETICAL THROAT: The distance from the beginning of the joint root perpendicular to the
hypotenuse of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed within the cross section of a fillet weld.
I. EFFECTIVE THROAT: The minimum distance, minus any convexity, between the weld root and the
face of a fillet weld.
J. CONVEXITY: The maximum distance from the face of a convex weld perpendicular to a line joining
the weld toes. This is sometimes referred to as “reinforcement”.
K. ACTUAL THROAT: The shortest distance between the weld root and the weld face.
L. CONCAVITY: The maximum distance from the face of a concave fillet weld perpendicular to a line
joining the weld toes.

M. HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE: The area adjacent to a weld where the mechanical or physical properties of
the base metal have been altered by the heat of welding.
N. BOND LINE: The transition line between base metal and weld metal. Sometimes called the weld
interface.
O. WELD ROOT: The point at which the root surface intersects the base metal surfaces.
P. INCOMPLETE PENETRATION: The area left un-fused at the weld root.

R
Q

Q
Q

Q. DEPTH OF FUSION: The distance that fusion extends into the base metal from the surface melted
during welding.
R. FUSION FACES: A surface of the base metal that will be melted during welding. This is more correctly
referred to as “faying surfaces”.

Page 26
3. Common weld discontinuities and defects.

A “discontinuity” refers to an interruption of the typical structure of a material, such as a lack of

homogeneity in its mechanical, metallurgical, or physical characteristics. A discontinuity is not necessarily
a defect.
A “defect” refers to a condition, or conditions, that render a part unable to meet applicable minimum
acceptance standards or specifications. Appendix I defines our minimum acceptance standards.

CRACKS: A fracture type discontinuity characterized by a sharp tip and a high ratio of length and width to
opening displacement.

2,5,13 2,10,13 9 1

13

2,5,8,13
4
3,11 3,6 3
6,13 7,13

1. CRATER CRACK 8. THROAT CRACK

2. FACE CRACK 9. TOE CRACK
3. HEAT AFFECTED ZONE CRACK 10. TRANSVERSE CRACK
4. LAMELLAR TEAR 11. UNDERBEAD CRACK
5. LONGITUDINAL CRACK 12. WELD INTERFACE CRACK
6. ROOT CRACK 13. WELD METAL CRACK
7. ROOT SURFACE CRACK

INCLUSIONS: Entrapped foreign, solid material, such as slag, flux, tungsten, or oxide.

SLAG INCLUSIONS

INCOMPLETE FUSION: A weld discontinuity in which fusion did not occur between weld metal and
fusion faces or adjoining weld beads.

INCOMPLETE FUSION

Page 27
INCOMPLETE JOINT PENETRATION: A joint root condition in a groove weld in which weld metal
does not extend through the joint thickness.

INCOMPLETE JOINT PENETRATION

OVERLAP: The protrusion of weld metal beyond the weld toe or weld root.

OVERLAP

POROSITY: Cavity-type discontinuities formed by gas entrapment during weld solidification.

SCATTERED SURFACE POROSITY

CLUSTERED SUBSURFACE POROSITY

SCATTERED SUBSURFACE POROSITY

CLUSTERED SURFACE POROSITY

UNDERCUT: A groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the weld toe or weld face and left unfilled
by weld metal.

UNDERCUT

UNDERCUT
DEPTH

Page 28
WELD PROFILE: Surface geometry of the solidified weld metal.
DESIRABLE FILLET WELD PROFILES

CONCAVE CONVEX

SIZE SIZE

SIZE SIZE
CONVEXITY
CONCAVITY

UNACCEPTABLE FILLET WELD PROFILES

INSUFFICIENT EXCESSIVE EXCESSIVE OVERLAP INSUFFICIENT INCOMPLETE

THROAT CONVEXITY UNDERCUT LEG FUSION

DESIRABLE GROOVE WELD PROFILES

THICKNESS REINFORCEMENT

REINFORCEMENT

UNACCEPTABLE GROOVE WELD PROFILES

EXCESSIVE INSUFFICIENT EXCESSIVE

OVERLAP
REINFORCEMENT THROAT UNDERCUT

For minimum acceptance standards of weld and weld profiles, refer to Appendix I: Specific Quality
Requirements.
Tim Tompkins
Welding Engineer
Sears Manufacturing Company

Page 29
 APPENDIX I
SPECIFIC QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
1. Weld Profile and Size Requirements:
DESIRABLE FILLET WELD PROFILES MAXIMUM CONVEXITY OF FILLET WELDS
CONCAVE CONVEX WIDT H OF WELD F AC E OR
MAX CON VEXITY
IND IVID UAL SURF ACE BEAD "W"

W
W = 8 mm OR LESS 1.6 mm
SIZE SIZE W = 8 mm TO 25 mm 3 mm
W = 25 mm OR OVER 5 mm

ANY AMOUNT OF CONCAVITY IS ACCEPTABLE PROVIDED

SIZE SIZE SIZE REQUIREMENTS ARE SATISFIED
CONVEXITY

UNACCEPTABLE FILLE T WE LD PROFILES

SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE

INSUFFICIENT EXCESSIVE EXCESSIVE OVERLAP INSUFFICIENT INCOMPLETE

THRO AT CONVEXITY UNDERCUT LEG FUSION

ACCEPTABLE GROOVE WELD PROFILES

T R
R

R UNACCEPTABLE GROOVE WELD PROFILES

EXCESSIVE INSUFFICIENT EXCESSIVE OVERLAP

REINFORCEMENT THROAT UNDERCUT

Weld length tolerances shall be: Weld length 0 to 13 mm + 3. mm

Weld length 13.1 to 26 mm + 6. mm
Weld length 26.1 and up + 9. mm

Fillet weld size tolerance shall be: Weld size 1 to 5 mm. + 2. mm

Weld size 5.1 and up + 3. mm

Weld pitch / spacing of welds: Weld pitch up to 50 mm. +/- 6.mm

Weld pitch 50~100 mm. +/- 12 mm
Weld pitch over 100 mm. +/- 18 mm

Page 1
• All welds must meet the profile and size requirements outlined above.
• Maximum groove weld reinforcement is 2 mm.
• Maximum protrusion of flat/flush weld to be 1.5 mm unless otherwise specified.
• No excessively rough or uneven weld face surfaces.
• Craters must be filled to meet weld size requirements.

2. Cracks:
Defined as “A fracture type discontinuity characterized by a sharp tip and a high
ratio of length and width to opening displacement.”
• No cracks allowed.

3. Inclusions:
Defined as “Entrapped foreign solid material, such as slag, flux, tungsten or
oxide.”
• No inclusions allowed.

4. Incomplete Fusion:
Defined as “A weld discontinuity in which fusion did not occur between weld
metal and fusion faces (base metal) or adjoining weld beads.
• All welds must show complete fusion along the interface area. (Bond line)

5. Overlap:
Defined as “The protrusion of weld metal beyond the weld toe or weld root.”
• No overlap allowed.

6. Porosity:
Defined as “Cavity-type discontinuities formed by gas entrapment during
solidification or in a thermal spray deposit.”
• For groove and fillet welds, the sum of visible piping porosity 1/32 inch or greater in
diameter shall not exceed 1/8 inch in any linear inch of weld and not exceed 3/8 inch
in any 12 inch length of weld.

7. Undercut:
Defined as “A groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the weld toe or weld
face and left unfilled by weld metal.”
• Maximum allowable undercut is .8 mm.

8. Incomplete joint penetration:

Defined as “A joint root condition in a groove weld in which weld metal does not
extend through the joint thickness.” Note; This only applies to complete joint penetration
(CJP) welds. All of our groove welds are partial joint penetration (PJP).
• All complete penetration groove welds (CJP) must have penetration through the
entire thickness of the joint.

Appendix I: ES0117
Tim Tompkins
6/20/01