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Hardy Cross Method PDF
Hardy Cross Method PDF
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Chapter 4
Water Distribution Systems
1
Introduction
To deliver water to individual consumers with appropriate
quality, quantity, and pressure in a community setting requires
an extensive system of:
Pipes.
Storage reservoirs.
Pumps.
Other related accessories.
HGL or EGL
Source
(Consumers)
(Reservoir)
Gravity-Supply System
4
Advantages of Gravity supply
HGL or EGL
Source
• No energy costs.
• Simple operation (fewer mechanical parts,
independence of power supply, ….)
• Low maintenance costs.
• No sudden pressure changes
5
Pumped Supply
Used whenever:
• The source of water is lower than the area to which we need to
distribute water to (consumers)
• The source cannot maintain minimum pressure required.
pumps are used to develop the necessary head (pressure) to
distribute water to the consumer and storage reservoirs.
HGL or EGL
(Consumers)
Source
(River/Reservoir)
Pumped-Supply System 6
Disadvantages of pumped supply
Complicated operation and maintenance.
Dependent on reliable power supply.
Precautions have to be taken in order to enable permanent supply:
• Stock with spare parts
• Alternative source of power supply ….
HGL or EGL
(Consumers)
Source
(River/Reservoir)
7
Combined Supply
(pumped-storage supply)
• Both pumps and storage reservoirs are used.
• This system is usually used in the following cases:
1) When two sources of water are used to supply water:
Pumping
Gravity Source (1)
HGL
HGL
Pumping station
City
Source (2)
8
Combined Supply (Continue)
2) In the pumped system sometimes a storage (elevated)
tank is connected to the system.
• When the water consumption is low, the residual water is
pumped to the tank.
• When the consumption is high the water flows back to
the consumer area by gravity.
Low consumption
High
Elevated
consumption
tank
Pumping station
Pipeline
City
Source
9
Combined Supply (Continue)
3) When the source is lower than the consumer area
• A tank is constructed above the highest point in the area,
• Then the water is pumped from the source to the storage
tank (reservoir).
• And the hence the water is distributed from the reservoir
by gravity.
Pumping
HGL
Gravity
HGL
Reservoir
Pumping Station
City
Source 10
Distribution Systems
(Network Configurations )
11
Branching System (tree system)
Submain Dead End
Main
pipe
Source
Branching System
Advantages:
• Simple to design and build.
• Less expensive than other systems.
12
Disadvantages:
Dead End
Source
Grid System
Advantages:
• The grid system overcomes all of the difficulties of
the branching system discussed before.
• No dead ends. (All of the pipes are interconnected).
• Water can reach a given point of withdrawal from
several directions.
14
Disadvantages:
15
Combined System
Combined System
Preliminary Studies
Network Layout
Hydraulic Analysis
18
Preliminary Studies:
Must be performed before starting the actual design:
19
Water Demand Studies:
Water consumption is ordinarily divided into the
following categories:
Domestic demand.
Agricultural demand.
Fire demand.
20
Domestic demand
• It is the amount of water used for Drinking, Cocking,
Gardening, Car Washing, Bathing, Laundry, Dish Washing,
and Toilet Flushing.
• The average water consumption is different from one
population to another. In Gaza strip the average
consumption is 70 L/capita/day which is very low compared
with other countries. For example, it is 250 L/c/day in
United States, and it is 180 L/c/day for population live in
Cairo (Egypt).
• The average consumption may increase with the increase in
standard of living.
• The water consumption varies hourly, daily, and monthly
21
The total amount of water for domestic use is a function of:
Population increase
Qdomestic = Qavg * P
22
Industrial and Commercial demand
23
Agricultural demand
• It depends on the type of crops, soil, climate…
Fire demand
24
Fire demand Formulas
QF = fire demand l/s
QF 65 P (10.01 P ) P = population in thousands
25
Leakage and Losses
Unauthorized connections
26
Design Criteria
Pressure
Velocity
28
Pressure
• Pressure in municipal distribution systems ranges from 150-
300 kPa in residential districts with structures of four stories
or less and 400-500 kPa in commercial districts.
• Also, for fire hydrants the pressure should not be less than
150 kPa (15 m of water).
• The size of the small distribution mains is seldom less than 150 mm (6
in) with cross mains located at intervals not more than 180 m.
31
Design Period for Water supply Components
• The economic design period of the components of a
distribution system depends on
• Their life.
• First cost.
• And the ease of expandability.
32
Average Water Consumption
• From the water demand (preliminary) studies,
estimate the average and peak water
consumption for the area.
33
Network Layout
• Next step is to estimate pipe sizes on the basis
of water demand and local code requirements.
• The pipes are then drawn on a digital map
(using AutoCAD, for example) starting from
the water source.
• All the components (pipes, valves, fire
hydrants) of the water network should be
shown on the lines.
34
Pipe Networks
• A hydraulic model is useful for examining the impact
of design and operation decisions.
Loop
37
Hydraulic Analysis
After completing all preliminary studies and
layout drawing of the network, one of the
methods of hydraulic analysis is used to
• Size the pipes and
• Assign the pressures and velocities
required.
38
Hydraulic Analysis of Water Networks
39
Hardy Cross Method
• This method is applicable to closed-loop pipe
networks (a complex set of pipes in parallel).
Qin Qout or Q 0
41
6. Around any loop in the grid, the sum of head losses must
equal to zero: hf 0
loop
42
7. After finding the discharge correction, (one for each
loop) , the assumed discharges Q0 are adjusted and another
iteration is carried out until all corrections (values of )
become zero or negligible. At this point the condition of :
h f 0.0 is satisfied.
loop
Notes:
• The flows in pipes common to two loops are positive in
one loop and negative in the other.
• When calculated corrections are applied, with careful
attention to sign, pipes common to two loops receive both
corrections.
43
How to find the correction value ( )
hF kQn
(1)
n 2 Darcy, Manning Q Qo
(2)
n 1.85 Hazen William
from 1 & 2
n nn 1 n 2 2
hf kQ k Qo k Qo nQo
n 1
Qo ....
n n
2
F 0
h
loop
kQ n
loop
hf
hf
.
185
Q
• If Darcy-Wiesbach is used to find the head losses, then
h f k Q2 (n = 2) , then
h f
hf
2 45
Q
Example
Solve the following pipe network using Hazen William Method CHW =100
63 L/s 1
24
11.4
4
3 2
37.8 L/s
pipe L D
1 305m 150mm
2 305m 150mm 5
3 610m 200mm
4 457m 150mm 25.2 L/s
5 153m 200mm 46
10.7 L
hf 1.852 4.87
Q1.852
C HW 100, Q in L/s
C HW D 1
1.852
10.7 L Q
hf 4
1.852 4.87
C HW D 1000 3 2
L
h f 6.02 10 9 4.87 Q1.852
D 5
h f K Q1.852
hF 0.28 hF 0.45
for pipe 2 in loop 1
1 0.24 2 0.57
hF 1.850.64 hF 1.850.43 1 2
n n
Qo Qo
for pipe 2 in loop 2
47
2 1
1
3 4
2
49
Iteration 1
50
for Iteration 1
kQon hf
Δ
o
nkQ n 1
n
hf
Qo
1.01
Δ1 0.014
1.8538.86
0.84
Δ2 0.006
1.8579.41
4.1
Δ3 0.022
1.85101.71
1.53
Δ4 0.005
1.85154.75 51
Iteration 2
52
Iteration 3
53
Example
• The figure below represents a simplified pipe network.
• Flows for the area have been disaggregated to the nodes,
and a major fire flow has been added at node G.
• The water enters the system at node A.
• Pipe diameters and lengths are shown on the figure.
• Find the flow rate of water in each pipe using the Hazen-
Williams equation with CHW = 100.
• Carry out calculations until the corrections are less then
0.2 m3/min.
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
General Notes
• Occasionally the assumed direction of flow will be incorrect. In such
cases the method will produce corrections larger than the original
flow and in subsequent calculations the direction will be reversed.
• Even when the initial flow assumptions are poor, the convergence
will usually be rapid. Only in unusual cases will more than three
iterations be necessary.
• The method is applicable to the design of new system or to evaluate
the proposed changes in an existing system.
• The pressure calculation in the above example assumes points are at
equal elevations. If they are not, the elevation difference must be
includes in the calculation.
• The balanced network must then be reviewed to assure that the
velocity and pressure criteria are satisfied. If some lines do not meet
the suggested criteria, it would be necessary to increase the 64
diameters of these pipes and repeat the calculations.
Summary
• Assigning clockwise flows and their associated head
losses are positive, the procedure is as follows:
Assume values of Q to satisfy Q = 0.
Calculate HL from Q using hf = K1Q2 .
If hf = 0, then the solution is correct.
If hf 0, then apply a correction factor, Q, to all
Q and repeat from step (2).
For practical purposes, the calculation is usually
terminated when hf < 0.01 m or Q < 1 L/s.
A reasonably efficient value of Q for rapid
convergence is given by;
Q
H L
2
H
L
Q
65
Example
• The following example contains nodes with different
elevations and pressure heads.
• Neglecting minor loses in the pipes, determine:
• The flows in the pipes.
• The pressure heads at the nodes.
66
Assume T= 150C
67
Assume flows magnitude and direction
68
First Iteration
• Loop (1)
L D Q hf hf/Q
Pipe f
(m) (m) (m3/s) (m) (m/m3/s)
AB 600 0.25 0.12 0.0157 11.48 95.64
BE 200 0.10 0.01 0.0205 3.38 338.06
EF 600 0.15 -0.06 0.0171 -40.25 670.77
FA 200 0.20 -0.10 0.0162 -8.34 83.42
S -33.73 1187.89
33.73
0.01419 m3 /s 14.20 L/s
2(1187.89) 69
First Iteration
• Loop (2)
L D Q hf hf/Q
Pipe f
(m) (m) (m3/s) (m) (m/m3/s)
BC 600 0.15 0.05 0.0173 28.29 565.81
CD 200 0.10 0.01 0.0205 3.38 338.05
DE 600 0.15 -0.02 0.0189 -4.94 246.78
EB 200 0.10 -0.01 0.0205 -3.38 338.05
S 23.35 1488.7
23.35
0.00784 m3 /s 7.842 L/s
2(1488.7) 70
14.20
Second Iteration
14.20 14.20 7.84
• Loop (1)
14.20
L D Q hf hf/Q
Pipe f
(m) (m) (m3/s) (m) (m/m3/s)
AB 600 0.25 0.1342 0.0156 14.27 106.08
BE 200 0.10 0.03204 0.0186 31.48 982.60
EF 600 0.15 -0.0458 0.0174 -23.89 521.61
FA 200 0.20 -0.0858 0.0163 -6.21 72.33
S 15.65 1682.62
15.65
0.00465 m3 /s 4.65 L/s
2(1682.62) 71
7.84
Second Iteration
14.20 7.84 7.84
• Loop (2)
7.84
L D Q hf hf/Q
Pipe f
(m) (m) (m3/s) (m) (m/m3/s)
BC 600 0.15 0.04216 0.0176 20.37 483.24
CD 200 0.10 0.00216 0.0261 0.20 93.23
DE 600 0.15 -0.02784 0.0182 -9.22 331.23
EB 200 0.10 -0.03204 0.0186 -31.48 982.60
S -20.13 1890.60
20.13
0.00532 m3 /s 5.32 L/s
2(1890.3) 72
Third Iteration
• Loop (1)
L D Q hf hf/Q
Pipe f
(m) (m) (m3/s) (m) (m/m3/s)
AB 600 0.25 0.1296 0.0156 13.30 102.67
BE 200 0.10 0.02207 0.0190 15.30 693.08
EF 600 0.15 -0.05045 0.0173 -28.78 570.54
FA 200 0.20 -0.09045 0.0163 -6.87 75.97
S -7.05 1442.26
7.05
0.00244 m3 /s 2.44 L/s
2(1442.26) 73
Third Iteration
• Loop (2)
L D Q hf hf/Q
Pipe f
(m) (m) (m3/s) (m) (m/m3/s)
BC 600 0.15 0.04748 0.0174 25.61 539.30
CD 200 0.10 0.00748 0.0212 1.96 262.11
DE 600 0.15 -0.02252 0.0186 -6.17 274.07
EB 200 0.10 -0.02207 0.0190 -15.30 693.08
S 6.1 1768.56
6.1
0.00172 m3 /s 1.72 L/s
2(1768.56) 74
After applying Third correction
75
Velocity and Pressure Heads:
Q V hf
pipe
(l/s) (m/s) (m)
13.79 23.85
AB 131.99 2.689 13.79
B 56.21 25 31.21
D 31.15 20 11.15
F 63.48 25 38.48
77
Example
For the square loop shown, find the discharge in all the pipes.
All pipes are 1 km long and 300 mm in diameter, with a friction
factor of 0.0163. Assume that minor losses can be neglected.
78
•Solution:
Assume values of Q to satisfy continuity equations all
at nodes.
The head loss is calculated using; HL = K1Q2
HL = hf + hLm
But minor losses can be neglected: hLm = 0
Thus HL = hf
Head loss can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach
equation
L V2
hf
D 2g
79
L V2
HL hf
D 2g
1000 V2
H L 0.0163 x x
0.3 2 x 9.81
Q2 Q2
H L 2.77 2.77 x
2 2
A 2
x 0.3
4
H L 554Q 2
H L K' Q 2
K ' 554
First trial
82
حب الدنيا
أن
اعمم ّ
جمود العين من قسوة القمب،
وقسوة القمب من كثرة الذنوب،
وكثرة الذنوب من نسيان الموت،
ونسيان الموت من طول األمل،
وطول األمل من شدة الحرص،
وشدة الحرص من حب الدنيا،
وحب الدنيا رأس كل خطيئة.
83
تهادوا تحابوا
84
تقوى هللا مفتاح كل نجاح
85