ძალადობრივ ექსტრემიზმთან დაკავშირებული საკითხების გაშუქება

სახელმძღვანელო მედიისთვის
ძალადობრივ ექსტრემიზმთან
დაკავშირებული საკითხების გაშუქება
თბილისი, 2019
avtori: laSa qavTaraZe
redaqtori: nata ZveliSvili

kvlevis konsultanti: mariam ToxaZe
kvlevis kontributorebi: giorgi goguaZe, levan doliZe
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo momzadda saqarTvelos strategiisa da

ganviTarebis centris mier, saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qa-
rtiasTan partniorobiT, „adgilobrivi sazogadoebis mxardaWeris
iniciativis“ proeqtis farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo departamentis, globaluri CarTu-
lobis centris (GEC) ZalisxmeviT. proeqti saqarTveloSi xorcield-
eba PH International - is saqarTvelos ofisis da saqarTvelos strategiis
da ganviTarebis centris (GCSD) partniorobiT.
publikaciis Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi

eTikis qartia. saqarTvelos strategiis da ganviTarebis centris wer-
ilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe dokumentis arcerTi nawili ar SeiZleba ga-
daibeWdos nebismieri, maT Soris, eleqtronuli an meqanikuri formiT.
dokumentSi gamoxatuli mosazrebebi ekuTvnis avtors da SesaZloa ar
gamoxatavdes saqarTvelos strategiis da ganviTarebis centris pozi-
cias.
Zaladobriv eqstremizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba
სარჩევი
შესავალი 6
1. რადიკალიზაცია და ძალადობრივი
ექსტრემიზმი 10
1.1 მედია და ტერორიზმი 17

1.2 მედია და რადიკალური მემარჯვენე ჯგუფები 21
1.3 ქართული კონტექსტი 25
2. მედია, ტერორიზმი და ჯგუფების გაშუქება 32
2.1 გაშუქების კუთხე და კონტექსტი - ნორმალიზების

საფრთხე 33
2.2 რომანტიზებისა და გმირებად წარმოჩენის
საფრთხე 39
2.3 მოძალადეთა მიმართვები და პანიკის
დათესვა მოსახლეობაში 44
2.4 პირდაპირი ეთერი 48
2.5 სტერეოტიპები 54
2.6 ამბების ვიზუალური მხარე 58
2.7 ტერმინოლოგია 62
2.8 სოციალური მედია 66
ძალადობრივ ექსტრემიზმთან და ტერორიზმთან

დაკავშირებულ ტერმინთა მოკლე ლექსიკონი 72
გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა 79
შესავალი
„ar arsebobs Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis zogadi niSnebi,

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli demografiuli profili an
tipuri gza misken,“ - aRniSnaven mkvlevrebi endriu hoskinsi da
endriu olaflini mediasa da radikalizaciis miTebze saubri-
sas (2009:109). Tumca, amiT isini Zaladobrivi eqstremizmisa da
radikalizmis arsebobas ki ar gamoricxaven, aramed xazs usvamen
sakiTxis kompleqsurobas da masze saubris sirTules, upirveles
yovlisa, mediis konteqstSi.
mediisa da Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis urTierTmimarTebas
xSirad aRweren xolme sityviT „simbiozuri“, riTac xazs usvamen,
rom erTi mxriv, media midrekilia dauzareblad gaaSuqos ide-
ologiurad motivirebuli Zaladobis SemTxvevebi, meore mxriv
ki, moZaladis erT-erTi mTavari mizani SeiZleba iyos mediis yur-
adRebis miqceva sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb informaciis rac SeiZleba
farTod gasavrceleblad (Spencer 2012). am SedarebaSi SesaZloa
iyos simarTlis marcvali, magram amavdroulad, es realobis
gamartivebacaa, radgan mediis upirvelesi movaleoba swored
informaciis gavrcelebaa - iqneba es terorizmis, neonacisturi
jgufebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis Tu individualuri motiv-
iT Cadenili kriminalis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis mier gamocemuli
saxelmZRvanelo wesebi terorizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis
gaSuqebisas sworad SeniSnavs, rom „sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba
miiRos informacia terorizmTan da mosalodnel safrTxeebTan
dakavSirebiT, Tumca medias akisria pasuxismgebloba, uneburad
ar gaxdes xelSemwyobi teroristuli Sinaarsis mimarTvebis Tu
mowodebebis tiraJirebisa“. (qartia.ge, 2019)
swored Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis es rekomendacia gas-
devs gamWol xazad winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos, romelic Seec-
saxelmZRvanelo mediisTvis
deba, qarTuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, isaubros mediisa

da Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis urTierTmimarTebaze rogorc
Teoriul, ise praqtikul WrilSi. saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia
JurnalistebisaTvis, mediaSi momuSave profesionalebisaTvis,
aqtivistebisTvis, masobrivi komunikaciebis studentebisaT-
vis da sxva dainteresebuli adamianebisaTvis, visTvisac mniS-
vnelovania icodes Tu rogor unda gaaSuqos mediam Zaladobriv
eqstremizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ise, rom xeli Seuwyos
sazogadoebis informirebas da amavdroulad, uneburad ar iqces
Zaladobriv eqstremizmSi CarTuli adamianebis Tu jgufebis
mokavSired.
dasawyisSive unda iTqvas, rom saxelmZRvaneloSi yuradReba
gamaxvilebuli iqneba ara mxolod religiuri niSniT motivire-
bul terorizmze, rogorc Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis gamovline-
baze, aramed radikalur memarjvene jgufebsa da neonacistur
gaerTianebebzec, romelTa aqtiurobac gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi
saqarTveloSi gasuli ramdenime wlis manZilze gaxda. radikali-
zaciis es formebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba bevri niSniT, Tum-
ca, maT Soris msgavsebis danaxvac SesaZlebelia, rac Zaladobrivi
meTodebis gamoyenebaSi gamoixateba.
Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis Tanmdevi procesebi ki gamowvevas
qmnis ara mxolod saxelmwifosTvis, konkretuli sazogadoebrivi
jgufebis Tu mTlianad sazogadoebisTvis, aramed mediisTvi-
sac. terorizmis Tu memarjvene radikaluri jgufebis gaSuqebi-
sas mediam ara mxolod sajaro interesi unda daakmayofilos da
sazogadoebas miawodos gadamowmebuli, zusti da amomwuravi
informacia, aramed man aseve unda sces pativi adamianis fundamen-
tur uflebebs, adamianebis pirad cxovrebas da Tavidan airidos
sazogadoebrivi jgufebis stereotipizaciisa da diskriminaciis
safrTxeebi. garda amisa, Jurnalistebi msgavs sensitiur Temebze
muSaobisas yuradRebiT unda iyvnen, rom TavianTi saqmianobiT
moZaladeebi gmirebad ar warmoaCinon da xeli ar Seuwyon maT
gandidebas.
am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo

sam nawiladaa gayofili. pirvel nawilSi, yuradReba gamaxvile-
buli iqneba cnebebis Teoriul Taviseburebebze, maT Soris iseT
terminebze rogoricaa terorizmi, radikalizacia, eqstremizmi
da a.S. es cnebebi ar aris neitraluri Rirebulebis mqone sityvebi,
maTi gamoyenebisas, rogorc wesi, garkveuli SinaarsiT vtvir-
TavT konkretul movlenebsa Tu individebs. amitomac yovelTvis
mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom aRniSnul terminebi sifrTxiliT
unda gamoviyenoT. garda amisa, saxelmZRvanelos pirveli nawili
yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs mediisa da terorizmis, iseve rogorc
mediisa da neonacisturi jgufebis urTierTmimarTebaze Teo-
riul doneze, mimoixilavs am Temebze arsebul literaturas da
mokled mogawvdiT informacias qarTul konteqstze rogorc
terorizmTan, ise radikalizebuli memarjvene jgufebTan daka-
vSirebiT.
saxelmZRvanelos meore nawils praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs
da masSi Semavali TiToeuli qveTavi sami nawilisagan Sedgeba:
Zaladobriv radikalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli Temebis gaSuqebi-
sas, arsebuli saerTaSoriso rekomendaciebis mimoxilva, Temis
gaSuqebis konkretuli magaliTi mediidan da SekiTxvebi msje-
lobisaTvis.
saxelmZRvanelos bolos, mocemulia mokle ganmartebi-
Ti leqsikoni, romelic Tavs uyris im sityvebs, rac SesaZloa,
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyenebodes terorizmTan Tu neonacisturi
jgufebis gaSuqebasTan kavSirSi da romlebsac SesaZloa, Sinaar-
sobrivi bundovaneba axasiaTebdeT. leqsikonSi gamoyenebuli
sityvebi sxvadasxva wyaros eyrdnoba, rac miTiTebuli iqneba
yoveli ganmartebis bolos.
cxadia, es saxelmZRvanelo, Tavisi masStabidan gamomdin-
are, srulad ver dafaravda yvela im problemur sakiTxs, rome-
lic arsebobs Zaladobrivi eqstremizmisa da radikalizaciis
gaSuqebisas. magaliTad, saxelmZRvanelo gverds uvlis iseTi
Temebis dawvrilebiT ganxilvas, rogoricaa Zaladobrivi SemTx-
vevebis msxverplebTan Jurnalistebis komunikacia, mediis muSao-

ba deradikalizaciisTvis, Jurnalistebis winaSe arsebuli ada-
mianuri sirTuleebi da gamowvevebi, romlebTan gamklavebac
uwevT sensitiur Temebze muSaobisas da a.S. miuxedavad amisa,
vimedovnebT, rom es saxelmZRvanelo qarTul realobaSi gaaCens
sawyis codnas Zaladobriv eqstremizmsa da radikalizaciasTan
dakavSirebuli ambebis maRali standartiT gaSuqebisTvis da xels
Seuwyobs profesiuli diskusiebis wamowyebas am TemasTan dakav-
Sirebul konkretul sakiTxebze.
1. რადიკალიზაცია და
ძალადობრივი ექსტრემიზმი
terminebi, romelTa gamoyenebac xSirad mogviwevs saxelmZ-

RvaneloSi ar aris ubralod aRweriTi, neitraluri termine-
bi. isini didwilad konteqstze arian damokidebuli da rogorc
socialur mecnierebebsa da mecnierebis filosofiaSi uwodeben
xolme, arsebiTad sadavo konceptebia (Gallie, 1955). Sotlandieli
mecnierisa da filosofosis uolter galies mier Camoyalibebu-
li arsebiTad sadavo konceptebi gulisxmobs, rom aseTi sityvebi
ara neitralur, aramed SefasebiT mniSvnelobebs atareben, aRniS-
naven Sinaarsobrivad kompleqsur sakiTxebs da aRniSnuli sakiTx-
ebisTvis garkveuli Sefasebis miniWeba damokidebulia cvalebad
garemoebebze. Sesabamisad, isini interpretaciis sagnebi arian
da ar gaaCniaT erTi, sayovelTaod SeTanxmebuli mniSvneloba.
magaliTad, aseTi cnebebia „demokratia“, „socialuri samarTlia-
noba“, „xelovneba“ da a.S. arsebiTad sadavo konceptebi sxvadasxva
droSi, sxvadasxva sivrcesa da sazogadoebaSi SesaZloa sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobas iZendnen (ibid).
swored amgvar terminebad SeiZleba ganvixiloT is sityvebi,
sityvebi, romliTac aRiwerebian xolme individebi Tu sazoga-
doebrivi jgufebi mediaSi, akademiur Tu sajaro sivrceSi da
romelTa gaSuqebis Sesaxebac iqneba saubari am saxelmZRvanelos
meore nawilSi: radikalizacia da (Zaladobrivi) eqstremizmi.
Tumca, vidre am sakiTxebis mediaSi gaSuqebaze visaubrebdeT, saW-
iroa, am terminebis Teoriul gagebas SeZlebisdagvarad movfinoT
naTeli.
dasawyisSive unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT xsenebuli es ori
termini erTmaneTis sinonimebi ar aris da Sesabamisad, isini
ar unda gavaigivoT. rogorc barqaia da janeliZe Teoriuli
da empiriuli literaturis moSveliebiT aRniSnaven 2018 wels
10
gamoqveynebul kvlevaSi, „usafrTxoebis mzeris qveS: istoria,

politika da religia pankisis xeobaSi“, eqstremizmis prevenci-
is individualur fsiqologiur-Teologiuri programebisa Tu
iniciativebis erT-erTi problema swored am terminebis (plus
terorizmi) gaigivebaa. garda amisa, xazgasmulia isic, rom ar
arsebobs empiriuli monacemebi, romlebic dazustebiT ityoda,
rom erTi mxriv, eqstremistuli ideologia iwvevs terorizms an
rom radikalizacia aucilebeli winapirobaa terorizmisTvis
(barqaia da janeliZe, 2018). kvlevis avtorebi TavianT msjelobas
terminologiur problemaze Semdegi daTqmiT iwyeben: „xandaxan
isec xdeba xolme, rom sityvebi, romlebsac adamianebis, Tu maTi
cxovrebis wesis aRsawerad viyenebT, ase cxadi da uvnebeli rom
gveCveneba erTi SexedviT, imTaviTve gamoavlenen xolme maTsave
Sinagan winaaRmdegobriobas da sicxadis elfersac kargaven, ra
wamsac umartives, maTsave sazrisTan dakavSirebul SekiTxvebs
davsvamT“ (ibid, 72). swored ase xdeba, rodesac magaliTad, „radi-
kalizaciaze“ vsaubrobT.
radikalizacia
araerTi avtori aRniSnavs, rom termini radikalizacia bolo

ori aTwleulis manZilze Warbad aris gamoyenebuli rogorc
mediateqstebSi, ise akademiur literaturaSi. Tumca, igi, xSirad,
saerTod ar aris ganmartebuli anda misi definicia bundovania. es
saxelmZRvanelo kritikulad uyurebs termin „radikalizaciis“
gamoyenebas, rodesac misi gaTanabreba xdeba fundamentalizmTan,
indoqtrinaciasTan, eqstremistul an Zaladobriv aqtebTan (Alava
et al. 2017). sityva radikalizmis warmomavlobidan da istoriidan
gamomdinare, xazi unda gaesvas sityvis, rogorc pozitiur, ise
negatiur gagebas.
radikalizacia SesaZloa, gagebuli iyos rogorc „visime
ganmtkiceba sakuTar codnaSi, SexedulebebSi, Rirebulebebsa
da rwmenebSi, romelic gansazRvravs mis qmedebebs“. am gagebiT
11
nebismieri revoluciuri samecniero Teoria Tu politikuri

brZola (magaliTad, sufraJistuli moZraoba, marqsizmi, gandis
brZola britanuli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg da a.S.) SesaZloa
radikalurad Sefasdes (ibid). amgvarad, aucilebelia ganvasx-
vavoT rogorc radikalur ideebi da radikalur qmedebebi, ise
radikaluri qmedebebi da radikaluri Zaladobrivi qmedebebi
erTmaneTisagan.
UNCESCO-s mier gamocemuli kvlevis angariSi Youth and Violent
Extremism on Social Media, radikalizmis ganmartebisas sam sxvadasx-
va avtors eyrdnoba. Khosrokhavar (2014) ufro metad mikro-do-
neze ganmartavs koncepts, ramdenadac igi Zaladobriv radi-
kalizacias xedavs rogorc Zaladobrivi qmedebebisadmi piris
indoqtrinacias emociur da kognitur doneze (Alava et al. 2017).
misi ganmartebis mixedviT, pirovnebis radikalizaciis process
zurgs umagrebs eqstremistuli ideologia, romelic arsebuli
politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli wesrigis Secvlas isaxavs
miznad.
germaneli sociologi vilhelm heitmeieri, romelic ufro
metad memarjvene radikalizms swavlobda, terminis ganmartebi-
sas socialuri dezintegraciis Teorias iyenebs. misi midgomis
mixedviT, radikalizaciis procesi aris pirad gamocdilebebsa
da socialur pirobebze dafuZnebuli socialuri ukmayofilebis
Sedegi. igi wers, rom „praqtikaSi, memarjvene eqstremistuli
orientacia xSirad dafuZnebulia politikuri demokratiis,
individualuri Tavisuflebebis, SesaZleblobebisa da Tanaswo-
robis Seusrulebel pirobebze“ (Heitmeyer, 1989, p. 164-76 in Alava
et al. 2017).
kidev erTi avtori Smidi, romelic radikalizacias individu-
alur da koleqtiur doneze ekosistemebis CarCoSi ikvlevs, yur-
adRebas amaxvilebs politikur polarizaciaze (2013). es midgoma
gamoirCeva imiTac, rom aqcents akeTebs xSirad mxedvelobidan
gamorCenil iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa demokratiuli dialogis
rRveva da maTSi moqalaqeTa CarTuloba. igi yuradRebas amax-
12
vilebs imaze Tu rogor xdeba gabatonebuli, koleqtiuri, ide-

ologiuri diskursebis mier „Cveni“ da „sxvebis“ xatebis Seqmna
(magaliTad, „qafirebi“ islamistur radikalizaciaSi, an „Rorebi,
velurebi“ memarjvene radikalizebul jgufebSi).
amgvarad, alava da sxv. (2017) gamoyofen sam ZiriTad dones
radikalizaciis konceptualizaciisas: a) individis SesaZlo
swrafvas ideologiis mniSvnelobisa da fundamentebTan dab-
runebisaken; b) individis, rogorc jgufis wevris mier ideologi-
is Zaladobrivi xerxebiT gamoxatvas; da g) socialuri sivrcis
polarizacias da erTgvari gantevebis vacebis Ziebas koleqtiur
„sxvaSi“, rac maTi fizikuri devniT sruldeba xolme.
kidev erTi avtori, asta maskaliunaite, romelic teroristu-
li radikalizaciis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli codnis mimoxil-
vas gvTavazobs, aRniSnavs, rom radikalizacia aris „procesi, rom-
lis meSveobiTac, adamiani SeiTvisebs rwmenaTa sistemas, romelic
amarTlebs Zaladobis gamoyenebas socialuri cvlilebis misaRw-
evad da romelsac Tan axlavs politikuri miznebiT Zaladobrivi
saSualebebis gamarTleba da gamoyeneba“ (2015: 9). maskaliunaite
xazs usvams, rom radikalizacia aris procesi, romelic nebismier
etapze SeiZleba, Sewydes anda romelmac ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
gza hpovos. Zaladobriv qmedebebSi CarTvisas, mniSvnelovani gav-
lena aqvs socialur kavSirebs, xolo ideologia, rogorc aseTi,
ar SeiZleba, miviCnioT apriori gadamwyvet faqtorad piris Zal-
adobriv procesSi CarTvis dros (ibid).
kaliasi, zeigeri da ozTurqi (2018) ki ultra memarjvene
jgufebTan kavSirSi radikalizacias ganmartaven rogorc kog-
nitur da qceviT etapobriv, dinamikur transformacias, romelic
sazogadoebis Zireuli Rirebulebebis sawinaaRmdegod ganawyobs
individsa Tu jgufs da romelic radikaluri saSualebebiT fun-
damenturi cvlilebebis miRwevisaken iswrafvis.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, radikalizaciaze saubrisas
aucilebelia, gaimijnos Tavad radikalizacia, Zaladobrivi
radikalizacia (Zaladobis legitimacia) da Zaladobis aqte-
13
bi (Alava et al. 2017). Tumca, es saxelmZRvanelo radikalizaciis

procesze metad yuradRebas Zaladobriv radikalizaciasa da
Zaladobis aqtebis gaSuqebas uTmobs. borumis ganmartebiT, Zal-
adobriv radikalizaciasa da terorizmSi CarTuloba, saukeTe-
so SemTxvevaSi, unda davinaxoT rogorc aqtiuri, dinamikuri
fsiqo-socialuri procesi, romelic minimum sam etaps moicavs:
a) CarTvis process; b) CarTulobas - monawileoba calsaxad ter-
oristul qmedebebSi; da g) gamoTiSvas (rac, SesaZloa, sulac ar
gulisxmobdes deradikalizacias).
eqstremizmi
radikalizaciis gaazrebis istoria axlo kavSirSia Zalado-

brivi eqstremizmis (VE) gagebasTan. radikalizaciis msgavsad,
Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis Sesaxeb literaturis koncentraciac
2004-2005 wlebidan xdeba (barqaia da janeliZe, 2018). aRniSnuli
terminebis xSiri gamoyeneba terorizmTan gamklavebaSi alter-
natiuli gzebis Ziebis gaaqtiurebis paralelurad xdeba, rac
11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg „terorizmis winaaRmdeg omis“
gamocxadebis erTgvari logikuri Sedegi iyo. Sesabamisad, Zal-
adobrivi eqstremizmis Sesaxeb arsebuli literatura, radika-
lizaciis msgavsad, ZiriTadad, masTan gamklavebis konteqstSia
dawerili.
Tumca, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, igi ar SeiZleba gauTanabrdes
radikalizaciis cnebas. sulac araa aucilebeli, rom radikali-
zebuli adamiani Zaladobriv eqstremizmSi CaerTos, xolo Zal-
adobriv eqstremizmSi CarTuli adamianebi SesaZloa, ar iyvnen
ideologiurad radikalizebulebi. rendi borumis sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, „radikalizeba eqstremistuli rwmenebis ganviTarebiT an
SeTavsebiT, romelic amarTlebs Zaladobas, SesaZloa, erT-erTi
gza iyos terorizmSi CasarTavad, magram is namdvilad ar aris
erTaderTi“ (2011: 38).
14
rogorc saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis da ganviTarebis centris

gamocemul politikis dokumentSi vkiTxulobT, radikalizaciis
msgavsad arc Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis erTiani, SeTanxmebuli
gansazRvreba arsebobs akademiur literaturasa Tu oficialur
dokumentebSi (goguaZe 2018). gaeros „Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis
samoqmedo gegmaze“ dayrdnobiT, dokumenti aRniSnavs, rom „Zal-
adobrivi eqstremizmi warmoadgens seriozul safrTxes organi-
zaciis [gaeros - l.q.] principebisa da miznebisaTvis, is aferxebs
msoflioSi mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas, adamianis uflebebsa
da mdgrad ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli fenomeni ar aris axali, arc
erTi konkretuli regionis, kulturis an sistemis maxasiaTebeli
niSani.“
Partnership for Conflict, Crime and Security Research-is (PaCCS) mier
gamoqveynebul dokumentSi, romelic Zaladobriv eqstremizm-
Tan media da komunikaciuri strategiebiT gamklavebas Seexeba,
aRniSnuli fenomeni mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli e.w. identobaze
dafuZnebul ZaladobasTan (IBV) (Ferguson 2016). amgvari Zaladoba
dokumentSi ganmartebuli rogorc „Zaladoba, adamianis an ada-
mianTa jgufis misamarTiT (damnaSavis mier aRqmuli) maTi iden-
tobis niSniT, erTeuli siZulviliT motivirebuli danaSaulidan
moyolebuli, genocidamde“. Zaladobriv eqstremizmTan dakav-
SirebiT ki PaCCS aRniSnavs, rom es aris qmedebebis, rwmena-war-
modgenebis, strategiebis erToblioba, romelic mxars uWers an
iyenebs Zaladobas politikuri, ideologiuri an identobis sxva
niSniT.
Sesabamisad, Zaladobrivi eqstremizmi ar SeiZleba, rom
mxolod islamisturi terorizmis prizmaSi davinaxoT.
memarjvene jgufebi
Zaladobriv eqstremizmze saubari bolo ramdenime aTwleu-

lis manZilze sul ufro gaxSirda radikaluri memarjvene jgufe-
bis (far right) konteqstSi. zogierTi mkvlevari termin „memarjvene
15
terorizmsac“ (right-wing terrorism) iyenebs (Koehler, 2015). amgvari

Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis gamovlinebebisadmi mediisa da saer-
TaSoriso yuradReba naklebad aris xolme koncentrirebuli da
isini erTeul SemTxvevebad ganixileba.
2011 wels, germaniaSi, aRmoaCines dajgufeba „nacional-so-
cialisturi andergraundi“, romlis wevrebmac 10-mde adamiani
mokles da 2 afeTqeba ganaxorcieles 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca
isini SeumCnevelni darCnen mTeli am xnis manZilze. imave wels,
norvegiaSi kunZul utoiaze andres breivikma 77 adamiani mokla.
2012 wels, maikl peijma viskonsinis sikxur taZarSi 6 adamiani mok-
la, 2015 wels ki dilan rufma 9 Savkaniani morwmune mokla Carl-
stonis afrikul meTodistur saepiskoposo eklesiaSi. araerTi
msgavsi SemTxveva dafiqsirda dasavleT, aRmosavleT evropa-
sa Tu ruseTSi bolo aTwleulebis manZilze. miuxedavad amisa,
memarjvene ideologiiT motivirebul Zaladobriv eqstremizms
kvlavac naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba xolme sajaro debatSi mag-
aliTad, islamistur terorizmTan SedarebiT.
Tumca, amgvari eqstremizmisadmi sajaro debatis koncentri-
rebas arTulebs masSi CarTuli jgufebis siWrele da mraval-
ferovneba. rogorc kaliasi, zeigeri da ozTurqi (2018) aRniSnaven
termini „far-right“ sakmaod rTulad mosaxelTebelia, ramdenadac
igi ideologiurad, diskursulad da qcevis mixedviT araerT-
gvarovan jgufebs aerTianebs. is SeiZleba moicavdes rogorc
araZaladobriv, ise naklebad Zaladobriv da gansakuTrebulad
Zaladobriv memarjvene jgufebs. ase rom, termini „radikaluri
memarjvene“ ufro xSirad qolga terminad gamoiyeneba da aer-
Tianebs individebsa Tu jgufebs, romlebic ultranacionalis-
tur, antisaimigracio, antigenderuli, antimultikultural-
istur da antiglobalistur identobis politikas uWeren mxars.
aseTi jgufebi ki SesaZloa, umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoSic
SeiZleba vixiloT, tradiciul, institucionalizebul religieb-
Sic da fexburTis stadionebzec.
16
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos meore nawili radikalizebisa

da eqstremizmis mxolod da mxolod im aspeqtze amaxvilebs yur-
adRebas, romelic sakuTar TavSi moicavs individebsa Tu jgufe-
bze Zaladobis niSnebs. es Zaladobrivi meTodebi ki garkveuli
ideologiuri, politikuri Tu identobis niSniT e.w. „sxvebze“
zegavlenis moxdenas, represirebas da sajaro sivrcidan maT gan-
devnas isaxavs miznad.
es saxelmZRvanelo ver CauRrmavdeba radikaluri memarjvene
jgufebis warmoSobis, gaaqtiurebisa da meinstrimul politikaSi
maTi aRzevebis calkeul SemTxvevebs. iseve, rogorc aq detalu-
rad ver ganvixilavT Zaladobriv radikalizmsa da eqstremizmSi
adamianebis CarTvis motivaciebisa Tu mizezebis Sesaxeb arse-
bul Teoriul literaturas. nacvlad amisa, momdevno qveTavebSi
saxelmZRvanelo aqcents akeTebs mediisa da terorizmis, iseve
rogorc mediisa da radikaluri memarjvene jgufebis urTierT-
mimarTebaze, romlis Semdegac, mokled mimovixilavT saqarTve-
loSi arsebul mdgomareobas da saxelmwifos gacxadebul xedvas
aRniSnul Temaze.
1.1 მედია და ტერორიზმი
zogadad, mediasa da terorizms Soris urTierToba kargad

aris Seswavlili akademiur literaturaSi gasuli ramdenime
aTwleulis manZilze, Tumca, midgoma araerTgvarovania. rogorc
mkvlevrebis nawili aRniSnavs, am ors Soris erTgvari „simbio-
zuri“ urTierTobaa Camoyalibebuli (Spencer, 2012). erTi mxriv,
terorizms sWirdeba media, raTa gaavrcelos informacia. meore
mxriv, medias yovelTvis izidavda tragikuli an saSiSi istoriebi
da aseTi ambebi yovelTvis moxvdebian sainformacio gamoSve-
bebisa Tu vebgverdebis saTaveSi (Archetti; 2013). mkvlevarTa meo-
re nawili ki yuradRebas amaxvilebs mediisa da xelisuflebebis
17
urTierTobebze terorizmis konteqstSi da miiCnevs, rom media

teroristebze ufro metad xelisuflebebTanaa srul harmoni-
aSi, ramdenadac uapelaciod avrcelebs SiSis atmosferosa da
sagangebo mdgomareobis gancdas farTo sazogadoebaSi, rac xSi-
rad mTavrobaTa interesebSi Sedis (Archetti, 2013; Altheide, 2007).
zogierTi ki miiCnevs, rom mTel am procesSi media arc teror-
istuli aqtebis Camdenebis da arc mTavrobebis interesebs ar
atareben, maT sakuTari interesebi da sakmarisi Zalaufleba aqvT
sasurveli alternatiuli realobis Sesaqmnelad (ibid).
amis mizezi, albaT, Tavad terorizmis ganmartebaSi unda veZe-
boT. radikalizaciisa da Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis msgavsad,
verc terorizmis SemTxvevaSi SexvdebiT erTian, sayovelTaod
SeTanxmebul ganmartebas. biernacki Tavis mimoxilvaSi Media and
Terrorism ramdenime mniSvnelovan aspeqts gamohyofs terorizmis
ganmartebaze saubrisas (2002). igi iSveliebs rogorc socialuri
mecnierebebis midgomebs, romlis mixedviTac terorizmi social-
urad konstruirebuli terminia, amitom mas rogorc Rirebule-
brivad neitralur terminad ver miviCnevT; aseve arasrulia ofi-
cialuri institucionaluri ganmartebebi, magaliTad, gaeros
generaluri asambleis mixedviT terorizmi es aris: „kriminaluri
aqtebi gamiznuli an gankuTvnilia politikuri miznebiT teror-
is, SiSis dasanergad farTo sazogadoebaSi, adamianTa jgufebSi
an konkretul individebSi... miuxedavad imisa Tu ra politikuri,
filosofiuri, ideologiuri, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri
Tu sxva niSniT iqneba is gamarTlebuli“(citirebuli Koh 2002:
148).
Tumca, iqve aRniSnulia, rom aseTi ganmarteba gamotovebs
istoriulad yvelaze cnobili tipis teroris, saxelmwifosgan
sanqcirebuli teroris Sinaarss (mag. safrangeTis revoluciis
dros). amitomac, magaliTad, paltci da vinsoni ganasxvaveben
saxelmwifo terorizms, romelic mimarTulia sakuTari xalxis
mimarT, saxelmwifosgan mxardaWeril terorizms, romelic sxva
saxelmwifos xalxebzea mimarTuli da amboxebulTa (insurgent)
18
terorizms, romelic xorcieldeba arasaxelmwifoebrivi subi-

eqtebis mier. is, rac yvela am tipis terorizms axasiaTebs aris
SiSis, teroris rac SeiZleba farTod gavrceleba.
swored SiSisa da teroris faqtori aris gadamwyveti mediisa
da terorizmis urTierTmimarTebebze saubrisas. zemoT naxsen-
eb mkvlevarTa sami midgomidan, saukeTeso aRwerad gamodgeba
didi britaneTis yofili premier-ministris, margaret tetCe-
ris cnobili fraza, rom „media aris Jangbadi terorizmisaTvis“
(Marthoz, 2017). es midgoma sulac ar aris axali. araerTi mecn-
ieri terorizms ganixilavs rogorc komunikacias, rasac unda
uyuron, mousminon an waikiTxon adamianebma saimisod, rom is
Sedeges rogorc aqti (Archetti, 2013). aleqs Smidma, magaliTad,
arasaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmis aRzevebas rotaciuli pre-
sisa da denTis gamogonebasTan akavSirebs, rapoportis (1984)
TqmiT ki, terorizmi masmediis gamogonebamdec arsebobda da is
informaciis gavrcelebis alternatiul saSualebebs, magaliT-
ad, Worebs iyenebda saamisod. amgvarad, mkvlevrebi xazs usvamen,
rom teroristuli aqtebi mediis yuradRebis gareSe dakargaven
terorizmis rogorc sakomunikacio strategiis fundamentur
komponents da isini sajaro yuradRebis gareSe mxolod uSualod
aqtis msxverplebs miswvdebaT (Spencer, 2012).
Tumca, mediis roli terorizmTan mimarTebaSi calmxrivi ar
aris. magaliTad al-qaidas erT-erTi lideri aiman al-zavahiri,
osama bin ladenis sikvdilis Semdeg aRniSnavda, rom imis naxe-
varze meti, rasac aSS terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas uwodebs,
„media brZolis velze xdeba, amitomac Cven varT CarTulebi media
brZolaSi [muslimTa] gulisa da gonebis mosagebad“ (citirebuli
Archetti, 2013, 3). es citata, erTi mxriv, miuTiTebs teroristuli
organizaciebis mxridan mediis mniSvnelobis aRiarebaze. meore
mxriv, igi xazs usvams, rom am brZolaSi, romelic mediis meSveo-
biT mimdinareobs, saxelmwifoebic arian Cabmulebi.
magaliTad, alteidi aRniSnavs, rom masmediam terorizmis
popularizacias Seuwyo xeli SiSsa da gaurkvevel momavalze
19
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, rac gamowveuli iyo

11 seqtembris Semdeg jorj buSis mier „terorizmis winaaRmdeg
omis“ gamocxadebis politikis zedmetad ukritikod miRebiT
da arasaTanado gaSuqebiT (2007). am yovelives Sedegad, SiSi
yoveldRiurobis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, rac daexmara saxel-
mwifoebs, rom usafrTxoebis dacvis sababiT instituciuri
kontrolis meqanizmebi gaeZlierebinaT, maT Soris rigiTi moqa-
laqeebis kontrolic. garda amisa, mediis mier sayovelTao SiSis
suliskveTebis gaRvivebam da zogjer ukonteqsto Tu zedapi-
rulma gaSuqebam gaaCina stereotipuli damokidebulebebi konk-
retuli aRmsareblobis mqone adamianebis, saxelmwifoebisa Tu
regionis mimarT.
amgvari stereotipebis gaRviveba, romelic xSirad medi-
is meSveobiT xdeba xolme, SeiZleba davinaxoT erT-erT, Tumca
ara erTaderT mizezad, ramac xeli Seuwyo amerikasa da evropis
qveynebSi antiimigraciuli, neonacisturi ideologiis mqone
jgufebis mzis sinaTleze gamosvlas, maT gaZlierebas instituci-
ur politikaSi da iseTi radikaluri jgufebis gamoCenas, romel-
Ta ideologiac religiuri Tu eTnikuri niSniT dasavlur qveyneb-
Si sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi jgufis devnazea dafuZnebuli.
Tuki mediisa da terorizmis urTierTmimarTeba SeiZleba,
erTi mxriv, aRqmuli iyos rogorc „Jangbadi“ terorizmisaTvis;
xolo meore mxriv, mTavrobis usafrTxoebis politikis masS-
tabebis gasazrdelad SiSis da teroris atmosferos gamavrcele-
beli, niSnavs Tu ara es, rom mediam Tavi unda Seikavos teroris-
tuli aqtebisa da zogadad terorizmis gaSuqebisagan?
britanul sazogadoebaze saubrisas, amaze spensers (2012) Sem-
degi pasuxi aqvs: mediis nebismieri tipis cenzura, raTa man aRar
gaaSuqos teroristuli aqtebi, orgvar problemas qmnis - norma-
tiulsa da praqtikuls. avtori aRniSnavs, rom gaSuqebisgan Tavis
SekavebiT normatiul doneze kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba demokra-
tiuli qveynebis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli - mediis Tavi-
sufleba. an rogorc britaneli eqsperti terorizmis sakiTxebSi
20
pol uilkinsoni ityoda, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolisTvis

mediis Tavisuflebis msxverplad SewirviT gamodis, rom teror-
istul jgufebs vaZlevT saSualebas, demokratiul sazogadoebas
waarTvan erT-erTi fundamenturi sawyisi (Wilkinson 2000 citire-
buli Spenser 2012).
rac Seexeba praqtikul problemas, am tipis SezRudvis dawe-
seba sul ufro da ufro kargavs azrs informaciis miRebisa da
gavrcelebis gzebis gamravalferovnebasTan erTad. dResdReo-
biT aRar vcxovrobT im epoqaSi, rodesac mediis kontentis sawar-
moeblad aucilebelia institucionalizebuli sxeulis qona,
gadasaxadebis gadaxda da saxelmwifo sistemaSi daregistrireba.
socialuri mediis Tu cifruli platformebis raodenobis zrda
da gamravalferovneba iZleva imis saSualebas, rom erTi mxriv,
informaciis gavrcelebis gzebis decentralizeba moxdes; meore
mxriv ki informaciis misaRebad mis pirvelwyarosa da mimRebs
mxolod da mxolod teqnikuri mowyobiloba aSorebdeT erT-
maneTs da ara maT Soris mdgari gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebi.
1.2 მედია და რადიკალური მემარჯვენე ჯგუფები
memarjvene eqstremizmi da radikaluri memarjvene jgufebi

dResdReobiT mTel msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ki evropasa da
amerikaSi aRzevebas ganicdian. amerikuli arasamTavrobo orga-
nizacia Anti-Defamation League-is 2019 wels gamoqveynebuli angari-
Sis mixedviT, qveyanaSi marto 2018 wels maT 50-mde adamiani mok-
les, rac wina wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT 35%-iT metia. imave
angariSis mixedviT, gasuli aTwleulis manZilze, aSS-Si 3-jer
meti adamiania mokluli memarjvene eqstremistuli Tavdasxmebis
Sedegad, vidre im teroristuli aqtebis, romlebic jihadistebma
Caidines (ADL, 2019).
21
jer kidev gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwuruls, german-

eli politikuri mecnierebis profesori klaus von beime wuxda,
rom radikalur memarjvene politikur jgufebze TiTqmis ar
arsebobda komparativistuli samecniero literatura. daax-
loebiT sami aTwleulis Semdeg ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc erTi
politikuri orientaciis jgufi ar sargeblobs imxela akademi-
uri yuradRebiT, rogoriTac radikaluri memarjvene jgufe-
bi (Ellinas, 2010). Tumca, es yuradReba ufro metad mimarTulia
memarjvene politikuri partiebis misamarTiT, romlebic gasuli
ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze dasavlur qveynebSi sagrZno-
blad gaZlierdnen. maT SeiZines instituciuri sxeuli, CaerTnen
qveynebis aqtiur politikur cxovrebaSi da maTi nawili sakanon-
mdeblo organoebsa da mTavrobebis formirebaSic iRebs monaw-
ileobas. magaliTad, poloneli mkvlevari vladimer sirakovsi,
2018 wlis dasawyisSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi aRniSnavda, rom
mxolod aRmosavleT evropis 15 qveynidan SvidSi populisturi
memarjvene Zalebi mTavrobaSi arian, or qveyanaSi - koaliciur
mTavrobaSi, sam qveyanaSi ki mTavar opoziciur Zalas warmoad-
genen (Sierakowski, 2018).
ra Tqma unda, yvela populisturi politikuri partia memar-
jvene ar aris da yvela populisturi memarjvene partia Tavis
mxriv, SeiZleba ar iyos radikaluri. radikalur memarjvene
jgufebisa Tu moZraobebis programebi, romelTac, rogorc
wesi, axasiaTebT eTnonacionalistur fesvebze dafuZnebuli
ideologiuri platforma, ridgrenis aRweriT, mimarTulia eris
gaZlierebaze misi homogenurobisa gazrdisa da tradiciul Rire-
bulebebTan dabrunebis gziT (Rydgren, 2018).
garda amisa, xSirad, maT qmedebebs populisturi xasiaTi aqvs,
ramdenadac isini mimarTulia arsebuli mmarTveli da privile-
girebuli klasebis (istebliSmentis) winaaRmdeg. amgvarad, am
jgufebis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli eTnonacionalis-
turi qsenofobia da antiistebliSmenturi populizmia (ibid). es
yovelive ki xSirad iTargmneba migranti jgufebis, liberalu-
22
ri Sexedulebebisa Tu genderuli emansipaciis momxre jgufe-

bis winaaRmdeg moqmedebebSi. zog SemTxvevaSi, am moqmedebebs
SesaZloa mkveTrad Zaladobrivi xasiaTic hqondes. garda amisa,
erT-erTi niSani, riTac es jgufebi SeiZleba xasiaTdebodnen,
SesaZloa, iyos zesaxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebis, magaliTad,
evrokavSiris, natos an multinacionaluri korporaciebis sawi-
naaRmdego ganwyobebi.
kvlavac mediisa da radikaluri memarjvene jgufebis urT-
ierTmimarTebebs rom davubrundeT, mecnierTa nawili yuradRe-
bas amaxvilebs, mediis rolze memarjvene populisturi politi-
kuri partiebis aRzevebaSi. magaliTad, antonis elinasi aRwers
midgomebs, rodesac amerikul medias donald trampis gadaWar-
bebuli doziT gaSuqebaSi sdeben brals, ramac sabolood misi
popularoba gazarda. iseve, rogorc holandiur medias adana-
Sauleben xolme Tavisuflebis partiis lideris xeert vildersis
gavlenian politikur figurad CamoyalibebaSi, frangul medias
- nacionaluri frontis lideris marin le penisadmi, britanul
medias ki akritikeben didi britaneTis damoukideblobis partiis
(Ukip), naijel farajisadmi zedmetad loialur damokidebuleba-
Si (Ellinas, 2018).
Tumca elinasi iqve aRniSnavs, rom samecniero literaturaSi
naklebad aris iseTi kvlevebi, romlebic magaliTad, aRniSnuli
partiebis gaSuqebisas konkretuli kontentis gavlenas Seiswavl-
ida individualurad amomrCevelTa qcevaze. umeteswilad, aseTi
kvlevebi e.w. Agenda setting-isa da Framing-is Teoriebis CarCoSia
Catarebuli. aRniSnuli CarCoebi, ZiriTadad, imaze koncentrir-
debian Tu rogor qmnian radikaluri populisturi politikuri
jgufebi dRis wesrigs mediisTvis, rogor gansazRvraven gasa-
Suqebel Temebs da Semdeg, media rogor, ra kuTxiT aSuqebs maT.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mediis roli e.w. marginaluri
politikuri jgufebis gaSuqebis nawilSi. es jgufebi rogorc
wesi, xasiaTdebian organizaciuli infrastruqturisa da finans-
uri resursebis naklebobiT, raTa sakuTari mosazrebebi miita-
23
non potenciur mxardamWerebamde Tu farTo auditoriebamde.

media mniSvnelovani resursia zogadad politikuri aqtorebi-
sTvis, magram aseTi radikaluri jgufebisTvis, romelTac ar
gaaCniaT sakmarisi resursi reklamisaTvis, media ormagad ufro
mniSvnelovania. amitom rogorc ki gadawyveten, rom miwisqve-
SeTidan amovidnen, isini mediis yuradRebis miqcevas nebismier
fasad cdiloben.
elinasi gamohyofs sam sakiTxs, raSic mediam SeiZleba iTa-
maSos gadamwyveti roli aseTi jgufebis gaZlierebasa Tu dasus-
tebaSi. esenia: aRiareba, biZgis micema da legitimacia (2018). pir-
vel rigSi, mediis gaSuqebam maT SesaZloa Seuqmnas warmodgena,
rom isini mniSvnelovani aqtorebi arian sajaro sivrceSi (Gamson
and Wolfsfeld 1993). maT mimarT mediis daTmobilma an gazrdilma
yuradRebam SesaZloa, biZgi misces, rom erTi mxriv, isini ufro
seriozuli formiT Camoyalibdnen da meore mxriv, rigiTma ada-
mianebma aRmoaCinon da SeuerTdnen maT. mesame sakiTxi ki aris
legitimaciis sakiTxi, romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
albaT post-faSistur evropaSia, sadac meore msoflio omis Sem-
deg erTgvari tabu arsebobda sajaro politikaSi faSisturi an
neonacisturi jgufebis CarTvasTan dakavSirebiT. am jgufebis
sajaro sivrceSi xSiri gamoCeniTa da normalizebiT ki es tabu
irRveva da Sesabamisad, msgavsi jgufebis arseboba da CarTuloba
politikaSi ukve kanonieri xdeba.
Tumca, sicxadisTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom am jgufebis aRzeve-
bis calsaxad mediaze gadabraleba arasrul suraTs qmnis. imi-
saTvis, rom mediam garkveuli roli Seasrulos aseTi jgufe-
bis gaZliereba/dasustebaSi, zogadi politikuri garemo unda
arsebobdes saimisod, rom msgavsma jgufebma mediis gamoyeneba
SeZlon. elinasis TqmiT, medias, rogorc wesi, ufro meti gavlena
aqvs axali an mcire zomis memarjvene radikalur jgufebze, vidre
Zvel da sajaro sivrceSi ukve fesvgadgmul gaerTianebebze (2018).
garda amisa, aRniSnul gavlenaze saubrisas, mniSvnelovania
ara mxolod gaSuqebis sixSire, aramed gaSuqebis tipic. memarjvene
24
radikaluri jgufebis negatiurma gaSuqebam da maTma asocire-

bam ZaladobasTan SesaZloa, gadamwyveti rolic ki iTamaSos am
jgufebis gaZliereba-dasustebaze da maTi liderebis gavlenia-
nobaze. amis magaliTebi arsebobs germaniasa da did britaneTSi.
magaliTad, 1980-ian wlebSi Republikaner-is saarCevno warumate-
blobas didwilad xeli Seuwyo tabloiduri gamocema Build-is mier
am politikuri jgufis nacizmTan dakavSirebam (Art 2007).
axali teqnologiebi garkveul rols TamaSobs radikaluri da
eqstremistuli memarjvene jgufebis CamoyalibebaSi. dResdReo-
biT, mediasTan maTi kavSiris Seswavlisas yvelaze maT aRzevebaSi
xSirad swored onlain mediisa da socialuri mediis rolzea sau-
bari. cifrulma mediam, erTi mxriv, aseT jgufebs organizebis
ukeTesi, ufro iafi da ioli saSualebebi gauCina. meore mxriv,
maTi arsebobis onlain sivrceSi Tamamad da Riad dafiqsirebiT
am jgufebis normalizaciis procesi gacilebiT ufro daCqarda
farTo sazogadoebaSi. momravlda iseTi mediasaSualebebic, rom-
lebic Riad uWeren mxars msgavsi jgufebis arsebobas an komerci-
uli miznebidan gamomdinare uars ar amboben iseTi masalis gan-
Tavsebaze, romelic identobasTan dakavSirebuli, ideologiuri
Tu politikuri siZulviliT aris gajerebuli, rac garantireb-
ulad bevr mnaxvels miizidavs maT vebsaitebze.
1.3 ქართული კონტექსტი
2019 wlis 23 ianvars saqarTvelos mTavrobam terorizmis

winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos erovnuli strate-
gia daamtkica. dokumenti, romelic moamzada uwyebaTaSorisma
mudmivmoqmedma komisiam saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris
TavmjdomareobiT (saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuri, 2019),
ZiriTadad, mxolod terorizmisa da eqstremizmisgan momaval
safrTxeebze saubrobs. teqsti xazs usvams, rom marTalia, saqa-
25
rTvelo ar ganekuTvneba teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Tvalsaz-

risiT maRali riskis qveyanas, magram Cr. kavkasiaSi, axlo aRmo-
savleTsa da centralur aziaSi mimdinare procesebma qveyana
sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva tipis gamowvevis winaSe daayena.
dokumentis Tanaxmad, bolo wlebSi qveynis sxvadasxva region-
idan teroristul organizaciebs SeuerTdnen saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebi, zogierTi maTgani ki am organizaciebis lideric
ki gaxda.1 iqve naTqvamia, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli zogierTi
jgufi SesaZloa, iziarebdes konkretuli teroristuli organi-
zaciis ideologias, Tumca dokumenti ar akonkretebs Tu romel
jgufzea saubari. aRsaniSnavia, rom strategiis dokumenti uSvebs,
rom terorizmsa da eqstremizmSi CarTuli adamianebi SesaZloa,
ganekuTvnebodnen konkretul eTnikur an religiur jgufebs,
Tumca, saxelmwifo dauSveblad miiCnevs terorizmis an eqstrem-
izmis konkretuli religiur, eTnikur jgufTan an erovnebasTan
dakavSirebas.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni terorizms
Semdegnairad ganmartavs:
terorizmi - Zaladoba an Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqara,

mimarTuli fizikuri an iuridiuli pirebis winaaRmdeg,
Senoba-nagebobebis, satransporto saSualebebis, komunik-
aciebis da sxva materialuri obieqtebis ganadgureba-da-
zianeba an maTi ganadgureba-dazianebis muqara iaraRis, asa-
feTqebeli masalebis, birTvuli, qimiuri, biologiuri Tu
sxva, adamianis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi
nivTierebis gamoyenebiT an adamianis gatacebiTa Tu mZevlad
ayvaniT, raTa xelisufleba anda misi romelime organo an
saerTaSoriso organizacia iZulebuli gaxdes, ganaxorcie-
1. am Temaze vrclad ix. saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis da ganviTarebis centri,

2018, “radikalizaciasa da Zaladobriv eqstremizmTan gamklavebis meqanizmebis
gaumjobeseba saqarTveloSi,” politikis dokumenti.
26
los garkveuli qmedeba an Tavi Seikavos garkveuli qmedebis

ganxorcielebisagan, romelic teroristebis marTlsawi-
naaRmdego interesebSi Sedis.
Tumca zemonaxsenebi kanonisagan gansxvavebiT, strategiis

dokumenti ganmartebas akeTebs eqstremizmTan da radikalizaci-
asTan dakavSirebiTac:
eqstremizmi - ideaTa erToblioba, ideologia, romelic

ar aRiarebs adamianTa Tanasworobis princips, mxars uWers
siZulvils, Seuwynareblobas, Zaladobas, safrTxes uqmnis
qveynis demokratiul wyobas da kanonis uzenaesobas.
radikalizacia - procesi, rodesac piri sakuTari mosazre-

bebis gavrcelebisa da garkveuli ideologiis mxardaWeri-
sas SesaZloa, gascdes kanonis farglebs da CaerTos teror-
istul an/da eqstremistul saqmianobaSi. aRniSnul procesSi
ikveTeba piris mzaoba, misi mier mxardaWerili ideologiis
miznebisTvis daeTanxmos, an/da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mim-
arTos Zaladobriv meTodebs.
rogorc saqarTvelos reformebis asociaciis 2015 wels

gamocemul politikis dokumentSi vkiTxulobT, 2014 wlamde
„islamisturi terorizmis safrTxis winaSe saqarTvelo araso-
des damdgara Tu ar CavTvliT okupirebuli teritoriebidan
momdinare teroristul safrTxeebs“ (goguaZe & kapanaZe, 2015, 3).
gasuli ramdenime wlis manZilze ki terorizmis sakiTxi qarTul
realobaSi gansakuTrebulad aqtualuri ramdenjerme gaxda.
maT Soris, 2017 wels beri gabriel salosis quCaze Catarebuli
antiteroristuli operaciis dros, romelic 20 saaTze metxans
gagrZelda da ramdenime adamianis, maT Soris samarTaldamcavis
gardacvalebiT dasrulda. aseve, 2015 da 2018 wlebSi qarTul
media da internetsivrceSi gamoCenili, savaraudod ISIS-is wevre-
bis mier Cawerili video mimarTvebis dros, sadac qarTvelTa mis-
27
amarTiT muqaris Semcveli teqstebi ismoda. goguaZe da kapanaZe

zemonaxseneb politikis dokumentSi saubroben im gamowvevebzec,
rac SesaZloa saqarTvelos Seeqmnas kavkasiis regionSi ISIS-is
aqtiurobis Sedegad, konkretulad ki saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis
rekrutirebis gamo (2015).
garda terorizmisa da terorizmTan dakavSirebuli eqstrem-
izmisa, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
erovnuli strategiaSi naxsenebia „zogierTi sazogadoebrivi
jgufi Tu organizacia“, romelic qadagebs siZulvils, emxro-
ba Zaladobas da Tavisi saqmianobiT eqstremistulia (gv 13).
rogorc strategiis dokumentSia aRniSnuli, saxelmwifo gmobs
da upirispirdeba msgavs ideebs/ideologiebs da igi ar dauSvebs,
rom es ideebi realobaSi ganxorcieldes. sainteresoa, rom mTel
dokumentSi mxolod da mxolod es ori winadadeba gvxvdeba
aRniSnuli „zogierTi sazogadoebrivi jgufisa Tu organizaciis“
Sesaxeb. dokumenti ar akonkretebs Tu ra jgufebzea saubari, ra
ideologiis matareblebi arian isini da ra tipis eqstremistul
saqmianobas axorcieleben isini.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos mier gamocemuli aRniSnu-
li dokumenti cdilobs ar daakonkretos es jgufebi, saqarTve-
los uaxlesi istoriidan gamomdinare maTi identificireba rTu-
li ar unda iyos mimdinare movlenebSi CarTuli adamianebisaTvis.
radikalurad ganwyobili jgufebis istoriis Sesaxeb, romlebic
sxvadasxva formiT cdilobdnen saqarTveloSi ama Tu im jgufis
represirebasa da gandevnas, akademiuri cnobebis moZieba TiTqmis
SeuZlebelia da mxolod da mxolod sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo
organizaciis angariSisa Tu mediaSi gavrcelebuli cnobebis
meSveobiT SeiZleba misi rekonstruireba.2
2. am saxelmZRvaneloSi maqsimalurad SevecdebiT, rom Tavidan aviridoT konk-

retuli jgufebis saxeldeba, vinaidan saxelmZRvanelos miznebidan gamomdinare
konkretuli jgufebisa Tu maTi wevrebis saxelebze metad is ideologiur-poli-
tikuri maxasiaTeblebia mniSvnelovani, romliTac aRiwerebian eqstremistuli da
radikaluri memarjvene jgufebi.
28
radikalizebuli, antidemokratiuli, met-naklebad organize-

buli jgufebis identificireba saqarTvelos uaxloes warsulSi
jer kidev gviani 1990-iani wlebidan SeiZleba, rodesac saqarT-
velos marTlmadideblur eklesiasTan arsebulma erTma jguf-
ma sxvadasxva religiuri gaerTianebis organizebuli devna da
maTTan fizikuri dapirispireba daiwyo. mogvianebiT aRniSnuli
jgufi da misi xelmZRvaneli sasuliero piri marTlmadidebelma
eklesiam gankveTa da maT damoukideblad ganagrZes arseboba.
mogvianebiT, vardebis revoluciiT axali xelisuflebis qveynis
saTaveSi mosvlidan ramdenime welSi, jgufis meTauri sapatim-
roSic aRmoCnda.
90-iani wlebis Sua periodSi Camoyalibebuli marTlmadidebel
eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli morigi jgufi mediis yuradRebis cen-
trSi gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg moeqca, rac isini jer erT-erTi
qarTveli avtoris wignis prezentaciis gasaprotesteblad miv-
idnen, Semdeg ki, helouinis dResaswaulis Tavyrilobis darbevas
Seecadnen. am ambebidan moyolebuli, aRniSnuli jgufi sxvadasxva
sixSiriT eqceoda sajaro interesis sferoSi maTi agresiuli
gamosvlebiTa da konkretul (liberaluri, feministuri, qviar)
jgufebTan dapirispirebisas.
2012 wlidan agresiuli, fundamentalisturi, religiuri
motivebiT gaerTianebuli jgufebis interesis obieqtad iqc-
nen qviar jgufebi saqarTveloSi, ramac piks 2013 wlis 17 maiss
(homofobiasTan brZolis saerTaSoriso dRes) miaRwia, rodesac
sxvadasxva religiuri pirisa da radikaluri jgufis organizebiT
ramdenime aTeuli aTasi adamiani daupirispirda da fizikurad
gausworda 50-mde lgbt (lesboseli, gei, biseqsuali, transgen-
deri) aqtivistebsa da maT mxardamWerebs.
amis paralelurad, internet-sivrceSi Seiqmna da gamravlda
jgufebi, romlebic Riad neonacistur da faSistur ideologias
avrceleben. aRniSnuli jgufebi gamoirCevian mkveTrad anti-
liberaluri dRis wesrigiT, qsenofobiuri onlain kontentis
29
aqtiuri warmoebiTa da gavrcelebiT da organizebuli onlain

SetevebiT sxvadasxva individebisa (mag. qviar adamianebis) Tu
liberaluri mediasaSualebebis socialuri qselebis gverdeb-
ze. agreTve, Camoyalibda mkveTrad gamoxatuli nacionalistu-
ri da antiimigraciuli ideologiis mqone jgufebi, romlebmac
moawyves sxvadasxva qsenofobiuri msvleloba da ramdenjerme
Seecadnen saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi arabi, Turqi da iraneli
biznesmenebis kerZo sakuTrebebze ieriSis mitanas. garda amisa,
dafiqsirda rasobrivi niSniT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb Savkanian
adamianebze fizikuri Seuracxyofis faqtebic, rasac ramdenime
piris dakaveba mohyva.
ukanaskneli SemTxveva, rodesac memarjvene da antiliber-
aluri dRis wesrigis mqone jgufebi sajaro sivrceSi sakuTari
Zalis demonstrirebas Seecadnen, 2018 wlis maisi iyo. policiis
mier ramdenime Ramis klubis darbevis Semdeg quCaSi dawyebul
protests, romelic policiis represiul qmedebebsa da mkacri
narkopolitikis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, nacionalisturi da
Riad faSisturi ideologiis gaerTianebebi daupirispirdnen.
samarTaldamcavebma SeZles demonstrantebsa da kontrdemon-
strantebs Soris dapirispirebis ganmuxtva, Tumca, am jgufebis
sajaro sivrceSi dafiqsirebis TvalsazrisiT, es SemTxveva yve-
la manamde arsebuli Zalis demonstraciisgan gansxvavdeboda
masStabiT. mogvianebiT, am jgufebidan erT-erTis xelmZRvaneli
policiam iaraRis ukanono SeZena-Senaxva-tarebis braldebiT
daakava (Tabula, 2018).
2018 wlis miwuruls ki cnobili gaxda, rom TbilisSi, erT-erT
barTan, mokles 25 wlis vitali safarovi. TviTmxilvelTa mona-
Txrobidan, mediaSi gavrcelda cnoba, rom safarovs mkvleloba-
Si braldebulebi rusul enaze saubris gamo daupirispirdnen.
mogvianebiT gavrcelda cnobebic, rom braldebulebi neonacis-
turi jgufis wevrebi iyvnen. sabolood ki cnobili gaxda, rom
safarovis mkvlelobaSi braldebulebs brali daumZimdaT - saqme
gadakvalificirda rasobrivi, religiuri, erovnuli an eTniku-
30
ri Seuwynareblobis gamo ganzrax mkvlelobis Cadenis muxliT

(Netgazeti, 2018).
zemoT moyvanili mokle mimoxilva Sors aris ambebis sruli
rekonstruqciidan, Tumca, memarjvene radikalizebuli jgufebis
aRzeveba da gaaqtiureba saxezea. Sesabamisad, savaraudoa, rom
qarTvel reportiorebs ufro da ufro xSirad mouwevT maTTan
dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva Temis gaSuqeba. am saxelmZRvanelos
meore nawili ki swored memarjvene radikaluri jgufebis, iseve
rogorc teroristuli da eqstremistuli jgufebis gaSuqebas, am
Temebze muSaobisas wamoWril savaraudo eTikur winaaRmdegobeb-
sa da sirTuleebs Seexeba.
31
2. მედია, ტერორიზმი და
ჯგუფების გაშუქება
britaneTis yofili premier-ministris, margaret tetCeris

mtkiceba, romliTac is medias brals sdebs terorizmTan nebsiT
Tu uneblied mokavSireobaSi, erTgvar mantrad iqca Zaladobriv
eqstremizmTan dakavSirebul jgufebsa da masmediaze saubrisas.
Tumca, tetCeris mosazrebas, rom sajaroobaa (romlis mimwodeb-
ladac media igulisxmeba) „terorizmisTvis Jangbadia“, araerTi
mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda rogorc akademiur, ise Jurnalistur
wreebSi. espaneli komunikaciebis Teoretikosi mikel rodrigo, am
midgomis zedapirulobas imiT usvams xazs, rom marTalia, zogi-
erTi teroristuli aqti sajaroobis ganzraxviT aris Cadenili,
magram teroristTa nawils sulac ar aqvs es ganzraxva, araer-
Ti teroristuli aqti ki, saerTodac saidumlod aris Cadenili
(Biernatzki, 2002). uotergeitisa da pentagonis Canawerebis dros
Washington Post-is redaqtorma, ketrin grahamma ki Tqva, rom „saja-
rooba SesaZloa iyos Jangbadi teroristebisaTvis, magram axali
ambebi aris macocxlebeli sisxli TavisuflebisaTvis“ (Marthoz,
2017).
amdenad, upirveles yovlisa, xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom Zal-
adobrivi jgufebis gaSuqebis Tavidan arideba problemas sulac
ar moagvarebs. SekiTxva, unda gavaSuqoT Tu ara teroristebi
an neonacisturi jgufebi, imTaviTve araswori dilemis winaSe
ayenebs Jurnalists. sinamdvileSi kiTxva, romelsac Jurnalistma
unda upasuxos yoveli momdevno davalebis miRebisas, Semdegia:
rogor unda gavaSuqoT terorizmi an neonacisturi jgufebi?
aseTi SekiTxvis sakuTari TavisTvis dasmis da masze fiqris fufu-
neba aqtiur JurnalistikaSi dasaqmebul adamianebs SesaZloa xSi-
rad ar hqondeT, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT informaciuli nakadebis
mozRvavebas, romlis pirobebSi muSaobac uwevT reportiorebs.
32
am saxelmZRvanelos umTavresi mizanic swored is gaxlavT, rom

Jurnalistebs gaumartivos gadawyvetilebebis miReba, rodesac
morigi teroristuli aqtis an siZulviliT motivirebuli, rasis-
tuli an neonacisturi jgufis qmedebis gaSuqeba mouxdebaT.
Semdgomi qveTavebi, sxvadasxva organizaciisa Tu instituci-
is rekomendaciebsa da eTikur normebze dayrdnobiT Seecdeba,
mogawodoT saTanado informacia Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis
gaSuqebisas yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, maT Soris: konte-
qstis mniSvnelobasa da normalizebis Tu romantizebis safrTx-
eebze, stereotipebze, sensaciuri gaSuqebisgan gamowveul zianze,
pirdapiri CarTvebisas mosalodnel garTulebebze, ambis vizua-
lur mxareze, terminologiur sirTuleebsa da socialuri mediis
pirobebSi msgavsi ambebis gaSuqebisas warmoSobil, SedarebiT
axal gamowvevebze. TiToeuli qveTavis qveS mocemuli iqneba
adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso mediidan terorizmisa da neon-
acisturi jgufebis gaSuqebis SemTxvevaTa aRwera da saTanado
SekiTxvebi, romelTa gaazrebac momavalSi gadawyvetilebis miRe-
baSi dagexmarebaT.
2.1 გაშუქების კუთხე და კონტექსტი -

ნორმალიზების საფრთხე
siZulviliT motivirebuli da Zaladobrivi jgufebis, maTi

qmedebebisa Tu maTgan gamowveuli sxvadasxva tipis sazogadoe-
brivi zianis gaSuqebisas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom informaciis momx-
mareblebisaTvis konteqstis miwodebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs. UNESCO-s egidiT gamocemuli cnobari JurnalistebisaTvis
„terorizmi da media“ sxvadasxva aspeqtTan, maT Soris eTikuri
normebis, kanonis, adamianis uflebebis dacvasa da dabalansebuli
informaciis miwodebasTan erTad, terorizmTan dakavSirebuli
33
sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs ambis

konteqstSi Casmas (Marthoz, 2017).
cnobari ZiriTad aqcents akeTebs terorizmTan dakavSire-
buli axali ambebis e.w. Framing-ze anu ra kuTxiT gaaSuqebs Jur-
nalisti ambavs. sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris, mediis kvlevebSi
masobrivi komunikaciis e.w. Framing-is TeoriiT axsna farTod
aris gavrcelebuli. mkvlevrebi kuTxes anu Frame-s ganmartaven
rogorc „interpretaciul struqturebs, romlebsac Jurnal-
istebi iyeneben, raTa konkretuli SemTxvevebi ufro farTo kon-
teqstSi Casvan“ (Norris, Kern and Just 2003: 10). swored aRniSnuli
kuTxeebis gamoyeneba gansazRvravs gaSuqebuli ambebis mniSvne-
lobas. raze gaamaxvilebs Jurnalisti an redaqtori yuradRebas
ambis gadmocemisas, SesaZloa, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis iyos, Tu
rogor aRiqvams auditoria terorizmis an neonacisturi Zalado-
brivi jgufebis Sesaxeb gadacemul ambebs.
erTi da imave ambis sxvadasxva kuTxiT gaSuqebas SesaZloa sxva-
dasxva Sedegi mohyves da gansxvavebulad aisaxos mosaxleobasa Tu
politikur wreebze. magaliTad, Jurnalistis arCevanma, teror-
istuli aqtis gaSuqebisas gansakuTrebiT gaamaxvilos yuradRe-
ba Zaladobrivi aqtis Camdenis eTnikur, religiur an rasobriv
kuTvnilebaze da swored am kuTxiT eZebos momxdari ambis mize-
zebi, SeiZleba qveyanaSi amave eTnikuri, religiuri an rasobrivi
jgufis sxva warmomadgenlebs Seuqmnas safrTxe. anda, mediis war-
momadgenlebis gadawyvetilebam, yuradReba gaamaxvilon sxva-
dasxva jgufis mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis saWiroebasa da amis
miRwevis sxvadasxva gzaze SesaZloa, Tavidan agvaridos sazoga-
doebis garkveuli segmentis stereotipuli aRqma da Secvalos is
dapirispirebuli garemo, romlis miRwevasac Zaladobrivi aqtis
Camdeni cdilobda.
axali ambis kuTxe, rogorc wesi, ganisazRvreba imiT, gava-
SuqebT Tu ara konkretul subieqtebs, maT ierarqias, maT pozi-
cias; agreTve, vin iqneba Cveni respondenti, ra tipis gamosax-
34
ulebebs, sityvebs an epiTetebs gamoviyenebT muSaobisas (amaze

detalurad 2.6-2.7 qveTavebSi visaubrebT).
Jurnalistebma yuradReba unda dauTmon ambis farTo konte-
qstiT warmoCenas, raTa xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebaSi pozitiuri
warmodgenebis Seqmnas im jgufebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac radikali-
zebuli da Zaladobrivi jgufebi aqceven TavianT samizneebad an
romel jgufebsac isini Tavad miekuTvnebian.
umciresobaTa jgufebis gaSuqebam SesaZloa, negatiuri gav-
lena moaxdinos radikalizaciaze Tuki gamoyenebuli iqneba:
»» stereotipuli kuTxeebi - magaliTad, kavSiris gabma vinmes
negatiur qcevas, provokaciul qmedebasa da vinmes kul-
turul Tu religiur identobas Soris maSin, rodesac am
detalebs momxdar ambavTan kavSiri ar aqvs;
»» epizoduri kuTxeebi - rodesac ambis Casma ar xdeba ufro
farTo konteqstSi.
umciresobaTa jgufebis gaSuqebam SesaZloa, pozitiuri

gavlena moaxdinos radikalizaciaze Tuki gamoyenebuli iqneba
kuTxe, romelic:
»» aqcents gaakeTebs ama Tu im risk-faqtorebis ufro zogad
maxasiaTeblebze;
»» aCvenebs ufro did suraTs. magaliTad, gamoiyenebs statis-
tikas, eqspertTa analizs da sxva damatebiT informacias.
swored epizoduri kuTxis gamoyenebam da ufro farTo sura-

Tis Cvenebis Tavidan aridebam SeiZleba migviyvanos Zaladobrivi
qmedebebis normalizebamde - erT-erT umTavres Jurnalistur
Secdomamde terorizmTan dakavSirebuli Tu neonacisturi
jgufebis qmedebebis gaSuqebisas. informaciis miRebis wyaroe-
bis gamravalferovnebam, socialuri mediis sayovelTaoobam da
mkiTxvelTa/mayurebelTa yuradRebis misaqcevad gazrdilma
konkurenciam Secvala axal ambebze muSaobis rutina Tu axali
ambebis struqtura. xSirad, Jurnalistebi ambebs mokled, yovel-
gvari konteqstisa da damatebiTi informaciis gareSe aSuqeben.
35
aman ki Seqmna safrTxe, rom mSralad, fragmentulad gaSuqebuli

movlenebi informaciis momxmarebelTa cnobierebaSi daileqeba
rogorc ubralod morigi Zaladoba, romelic xSiri ganmeorebiT
Cvens cnobierebaSi normalizdeba.
„aseT ambavze weris sirTule gaxlavT is, rom mkiTxvels sru-
li suraTi unda Seeqmnas mxolod am erTi ambis wakiTxvisas, anu
rogorc mkiTxvelma, Tuki bevri araferi vici neonacistebis Ses-
axeb, mxolod am erTi ambidan unda miviRo konteqsti, raTa gavigo
yvelaferi, rac mWirdeba, vicode maT Sesaxeb,“ - aRniSnavs amerike-
li mediamkvlevari, amerikuli presis institutis aRmasrulebel
direqtori da araerTi cnobili saxelmZRvanelos avtori tom
rozenstili gamocema Vox-Tan interviuSi (Turner, 2017).
aqve, SecdomaSi ar unda Segviyvanos Temaze gamoqveynebuli
masalis moculobam. statia SesaZloa, vrceli iyos, magram igi
ar aCvenebdes konteqsts an dawerili iyos iseTi kuTxiT, rom igi
problemis amomwuravad gagebis saSualebas ar iZleodes.
SemTxvevis aRwera
The New Your Times - A Voice of Hate in America’s Heartland

25 noemberi, 2017 weli
tom rozenstilis interviu swored maSin gamoqveynda,

rodesac saerTaSorisod aRiarebulma gamocema The New
Your Times-ma gamoaqveyna statia saxelwodebiT “amerikis
SuagulSi, nacistebis mxardamWeri mezoblad.“ mogvianebiT
gazeTma miiRo Sesworebis gadawyvetileba da teqsti Semde-
gnairad daasaTaura: „siZulvilis xma amerikis SuagulSi“.
statia ohaios StatSi mcxovrebi rigiTi amerikeli nacis-
tis, toni hovateris yofiT cxovrebas aRwerda. masala aRw-
erda hovaterisa da misi sacolis cxovrebis wess, maT Sexed-
ulebebs, cxovrebaSi miswrafebebsa da samomavlo gegmebs.
36
ramdenime amonaridi statiidan:
[1] „Applebee’s-is restoranSi huber heitsSi, daitonis

gareubanSi rigiTi saRamoa, ramdenime kviriT adre qorwil-
amde. axalgazrda Seyvarebuli wyvili, romelic iqve axlos
niu karlailSi cxovrobs, erTmaneTs mxrebiT exeba. biWs
ubralo moklesaxeloebiani maisuri acvia, gogos jinsis
Jileti, saxeloebis gareSe. uZvlo frTebi SeukveTes. gogos
mSoblebi ukve Sexvdnen saqmros da maTi wyvili moiwones.
qorwili patara iqneba. patarZlis megobrebic daeswrebi-
an ceremonials. „bevri gogo politikiT maincdamainc ar
interesdeba,“- aRniSnavs is...
… amerikelTa umetesoba albaT zizRiT ganimsWvalebo-
da da gaocdeboda hitlerze sasxvaTaSorisod gakeTebuli
misi komentarebiT demokratiis zizRsa da rwmenaze, imaze,
rom umjobesi iqneba Tuki rasebi erTmaneTisgan gaimijnebi-
an. magram misi tatuebi popkulturis uwyinari niSnebia:
erT mxars alublis Rvezelis naWeri amSvenebs teleserial
“Twin Peaks-is“ sapativcemulod. ambobs, rom TeTrkanianTa
nacionalizmis Sesaxeb qadageba satiris meSveobiT urCevnia.
serial Seinfeld-is didi fania...“
The New York Times-Si gamoqveynebuli portreti deta-

lurad aRwerda toni hovateris gzas metal bendis wevro-
bidan jer libertarianelobamde, Semdeg ki neonacistob-
amde. statiis wyaroebi iyvnen: toni hovateri, misi sacole,
amerikuli neonacisturi jgufis „tradicionalist muSaTa
partiis“ lideri meTiu heimbaxi, marlin maio - ufrosi mkv-
levari antidefamaciuri ligis eqstremizmis centridan
(statiaSi gamoyenebulia maios mxolod 1 citata). erTad-
erTi adamiani, vinc hovateris Sesaxeb met-naklebad nega-
tiuri komentari gaakeTa, misi metal bendis yofili wevri
iyo, romelic aRniSnavda, rom nanobda hovaterTan nacno-
37
bobas. samagierod, statiaSi saubari iyo im axal megobreb-

ze, romlebic toni hovaterma gaiCina. maT Soris 2017 wels
gamarTul marSze SarlotsvilSi, sadac TeTrkanianTa upi-
ratesobis rwmenis mqone adamianebma masStaburi msvleloba
moawyves da romelsac erT-erTi moqalaqis sikvdili mohyva.
[2] „Sarlotsvilis msvlelobaze daswrebis Semdeg, rom-
lis drosac erT-erTma TeTrkanianma rasistma memarcxene
protestis monawileTa jgufSi manqana Seagdo da erT-erTi
maTgani mokla, batonma hovaterma dawera, rom is amayobda
amxanagebiT, romlebic mas SeuerTdnen iq: „Cven SevqmeniT
istoria. dideba gamarjvebas.“ germanulad „dideba gamar-
jvebas“ ki iTargmneba, rogorc “Sieg heil.”
statias Tan erTvis sami foto:

»» toni hovateri sakuTari saxlis win;
»» misi wignebis karadis fragmenti;
»» hovateri supermarketSi sayidlebze.
statia Semdegnairad sruldeboda:
[3] „pasta gamzadda. qalbatonma hovaterma isaubra,

rogor SeeSinda zafxulSi, rodesac saxlidan Tvals
adevnebda SarlotsvilSi situaciis kontrolidan
gamosvlas. batonma hovaterma aRniSna, rom bednieria,
radgan moZraoba gaizarda.
isaubres TavianT momavalze - ufro did saxlSi gad-
asvlaze, Taflobis Tvesa da bavSvebis yolaze.“
kiTxvebi diskusiisTvis:
»» rogor fiqrobT, ratom Secvala gazeTma statiis saTauri

mogvianebiT?
38
»» Tqveni dakvirvebiT, zemoT citirebul nawyvetebze dayrd-

nobiT, ra gaSuqebis romeli kuTxe gamoiyena Jurnalistma
toni hovateris Sesaxeb werisas? gamoiyenebdiT Tu ara
Tqvenc msgavs kuTxes? kidev ra aqcentiT, rogor SeiZle-
boda hovateris portretis dawera?
»» zemoT citirebul nawyvetebze dayrdnobiT ramdenad
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Jurnalistma neonacisti adamian-
is Sesaxeb saTanado informacia Sesabamisi konteqstiT
mogvawoda?
»» rogor fiqrobT, sakmarisi iyo Tu ara is wyaroebi, rom-
lebic Jurnalistma gamoiyena? vis daamatebdiT an gamoak-
lebdiT rogorc wyaros?
»» ra ganwyobas giqmniT Jurnalistis mier hovaterebis yof-
iTi cxovrebis detaluri aRwera statiaSi?
»» rogor fiqrobT, ratom iyo problemuri statiis amgvarad
momzadeba da ratom gamoiwvia sazogadoebis aseTi masStab-
uri kritika?
2.2 რომანტიზებისა და გმირებად წარმოჩენის

საფრთხე
teroristuli qmedebebi, romlebic mosaxleobazea mimar-

Tuli, miznad isaxavs ara mxolod SiSis gavrcelebas mosaxleo-
baSi, aramed axali mxardamWerebis mozidvasac. amisaTvis, aseTi
jgufebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen rogorc socialur, ise tradici-
ul medias, raTa gaevrcelebinaT TavianTi e.w. vaJkacurobisa da
gmirobis narativebi (Marthoz, 2017). teroristulma jgufebma,
iseve rogorc neonacisturma da neofaSisturma jgufebma Sesa-
Zloa, sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTon, raTa gamoiwvion Tanagancda da
simpaTia farTo sazogadoebaSi. aRniSnuli miznis miRwevaSi ki maT
media ar unda daexmaros.
39
Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis mier gamocemul “terorizmis

gaSuqebis saxelmZRvaneloSi” calsaxad aris miTiTebuli, rom:
»» teroristuli dajgufebis wevrebi ar unda iyvnen warmoCe-
nilni gmirebad, ar unda miaweroT iseTi Tvisebebi, rac maT
„mamac mebrZolebad“ warmoaCens. amgvarma gaSuqebam Sesa-
Zloa, maTi qmedebis mimarT dadebiTi ganwyoba gamoiwvios.
»» gaSuqebis didi wili ar unda daeTmos teroristuli orga-
nizaciis wevrTa liderebs, maTi cxovrebis stils, miznebsa
da ganxorcielebul qmedebebs. am WrilSi gaSuqebam Sesa-
Zloa, maTdami pozitiuri damokidebuleba gaaCinos.
igive principebi SeiZleba gavrceldes neonacionalistur

Tu sxva tipis Zaladobriv jgufebzec. mediasaSualebebma Tav-
idan unda airidon, rom zemoT xsenebuli jgufebis mier Cadenili
Zaladobrivi qmedebebi, romlebic xSirad konkretuli sazoga-
doebrivi jgufebis Tu maTi individualuri wevrebis siZulvil-
iT aris motivirebuli, ar warmoaCinos rogorc legitimuri da
samarTliani brZola garkveuli Sedegis misaRwevad. nacvlad
amisa, mediam xeli unda Seuwyos mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis
aucileblobis win wamowevas da xazi unda gausvas, rom udanaSau-
lo mosaxleobisken mimarTuli Zaladobrivi meTodebi politi-
kuri Tu sxva tipis miznebis miRwevisaTvis ar aris gamarTlebuli.
garda amisa, Zaladobrivi aqtebis arasaTanadod gaSuqebam
SesaZloa, garkveulwilad, waaxalisos axalgazrdebSi radika-
lizaciis riski, Tuki es aqtebi warmoCenili iqneba amaRelvebel,
gmirul da saintereso Tavgadasavlad.
teroristebi garkveuli movlenis „dadgmisas“ cdiloben,
rom moaxdinon zegavlena sazogadoebaze, risTvisac isini maso-
brivi komunikaciis instrumentebs iyeneben. aRniSnuli komu-
nikaciis miznebs Soris ki SeiZleba iyos: mTavrobis ususurobis
demonstrireba, ufro farTo sazogadoebis simpatiis mopoveba,
polarizaciisa da radikalizaciis xelSewyoba sazogadoebaSi da
rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, maTi qmedebis erT-erTi mTa-
40
vari mizani, SesaZloa, TavianTi Zaladobrivi qmedebebis sagmiro

saqmed warmoCena iyos (Bassiouni, 1981 citirebuli Archetti, 2013).
maTi am miznebis ganxorcielebaSi xelis SeSla Tu ara, dax-
marebis Tavidan arideba mainc unda scadon mediasaSualebebma.
aseT dros, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba zemoxsenebul gaSuqebis
kuTxesa da konteqstis miniWebas, iseve rogorc terminologiur
sizustesa da gamoyenebul sityvebsa Tu vizualizacias, razec
ufro vrclad momdevno qveTavebSic iqneba saubari.
SemTxvevis aRwera
kviris palitra - Tarxan baTiraSvili - jihadisti “wiTuri

generali” pankisidan
23 ivnisi, 2014
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier teroristul

organizaciad aRiarebul erayisa da levantis islamur
saxelmwifos (igive ISIL) adamianebi msoflios TiTqmis yve-
la dasaxlebuli kontinentidan SeuerTdnen. organizaci-
is wevri gaxda saqarTvelos ramdenime aTeuli moqalaqec,
rogorc amis Sesaxeb aris naTqvami terorizmis winaaRmdeg
brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos erovnul strategiaSi. amaT-
gan zogierTma garkveuli samxedro wodeba miiRo da saer-
TaSoriso mediis yuradRebac miipyro. erT-erTi maTgani
iyo Tarxan baTiraSvili, igive abu omar al SiSani. baTir-
aSvilisadmi qarTuli mediis yuradReba sxvadasxva peri-
odulobiT aqtiurdeboda xolme. maT Soris, ramdenjerme
gavrcelda cnobebi misi gardacvalebis Sesaxebac.
2014 wlis 23 ivniss, gazeTma „kviris palitram“ veb-
gverdze gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT „Tarxan baTiraSvili
- jihadisti “wiTuri generali” pankisidan“. statia mokled
mimoixilavs ISIS-Si baTiraSvilis gawevrebis wina istorias,
41
misi cxovrebis peripetiebs saqarTveloSi da gzas saqarT-

velos samxedro SenaerTSi msaxurobidan ISIS-amde. statia
yovelgvari wyaros gareSe yveba am pirovnebis cxovrebis
Sesaxeb da mkiTxvels acnobs mis sabrZolo karieras.
ramdenime amonaridi „kviris palitraSi“ gamoqveynebuli
statiidan:
[1] „man kargad icoda, rom aTasi juris TavzexelaRebul

mojaheds Soris adgilis damkvidrebas mxolod meti sisas-
tikiT da principulobiT SeZlebda. Tavdapirvelad jgufSi
daRestanSi rusebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli megobrebi, Zir-
iTadad CeCnebi hyavda. baTiraSvilma siriaSi amboxebulTa
liderebis yuradReba maSin miiqcia, roca umokles xanSi
CrdiloeTi siria aiRo. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo
mis mier qalaq alepos samxedro bazebis, maT Soris aviabazis
aReba.“
[2] “erT dRes, roca omar al SiSani deri zoras provinci-
aSi samxedro specoperacias atarebda samTavrobo Zalebis
winaaRmdeg, yofilma Tanamoazre qurTebma isargebles da
qalaq el babSi mojahedTa banakebze ieriSi miitanes. rode-
sac es ambavi baTiraSvilma gaigo, iZulebuli gaxda, SeeCere-
bina sabrZolo moqmedebebi da TanamoZmeebis dasaxmareblad
ukan dabrunebuliyo. misma mebrZolebma 300-kilometri-
ani blickrigis Semdeg qalaqi el babi daibruna. swored
am qalaqis aRebis Semdeg mTel sirias moedo misi naTqvami:
“arasdros mivatoveb Cems Zmebsa da debs, radgan isini CemT-
vis Zvirfasi adamianebi arian”. el babis Semdeg uaxloesi
garemocva fiqrobda, rom sisastikiT cnobili al SiSani
aravis daindobda da daxocili meomrebis gamo Surs iZiebda
(man am dros 500 mojahedi dakarga). Tumca, moulodnelad,
omar al SiSanma mowinaaRmdegeebs mouwoda, - Tu iaraRs
Caabarebdnen da moinaniebdnen, maT sicocxles safrTxe ar
42
daemuqreboda. meTauris aseTi humanuroba cudad aRiqva

zogierTma savele meTaurma, romlebic acxadebdnen, rom
omar SiSanis amgvari sirbile misi qristianobis brali”
iyo...”
[3] “erovnuli komiteti jiutad irwmuneboda, rom
moklul mebrZolTa Soris iyo abu omar al SiSanic. mogvi-
anebiT informacia ar dadasturda…- Zlevamosili “wiTuri
generali” ramdenime videomimarTvaSi gamoCnda, sadac mus-
limanebs erayi-siriis teritoriaze xalifatis Sesaqmnelad
mouwodebda. male misi momCivnebi CeCen da qist mebrZoleb-
Sic gamoCndnen, romlebic Sin dabrunebulebi ukmayofile-
bas gamoTqvamdnen - baTiraSvili mefurad cxovrobs, dadis
ramdenime aTeuli meomrisgan Semdgari dacviT da javSan-
manqanebiT, romlebic iranelma specialistebma auwyves(?!)
da Cvens biWebs sazarbazne xorcad iyenebso.”
kiTxvebi diskusiisTvis
»» ra SegrZnebas giCenT statiis saTauri? mxolod da mxolod

statiis saTauri rom wagekiTxaT, ifiqrebdiT Tu ara, rom
statiaSi saubari erT-erT yvelaze sastiki teroristuli
organizaciis wevrze iqneboda?
»» ra sityvebs iyenebs Jurnalisti Tarxan baTiraSvilis
aRsawerad? ra Tvisebebze mianiSneben es sityvebi?
»» moyvanili pirveli citatis wakiTxvis Semdeg, rogor daax-
asiaTebdiT baTiraSvils?
»» meore abzacis dasawyisi [„erT dRes, roca omar al SiSani
deri zoras provinciaSi samxedro specoperacias atareb-
da...“] ramdenad hgavs Jurnalistur Txrobas da xom ar gax-
senebT Txrobis sxva Janrs? romelia es Janri?
43
»» Jurnalistis mier baTiraSvilis qmedebebis aRwera rogor

damokidebulebas aCens misi personisadmi?
»» ras eyrdnoba Jurnalisti? vin aris informaciis wyaro?
ramdenad dazustebulia is detalebi, rasac Jurnalisti
avrcelebs?
»» ra damokidebulebas giCenT baTiraSvilis gardacvalebis
Sesaxeb araerTgzis gavrcelebuli dauzustebeli infor-
maciis im formiT mowodeba, rogorc es mesame amonaridSia?
»» rogor xats qmnis statia baTiraSvilze am sam amonaridze
dayrdnobiT?
»» mxolod am masalis wakiTxvis Semdeg ra informacias
miiRebda auditoria Tarxan baTiraSvilze? ramdenad Tanx-
vedraSia es informacia realobasTan?
»» meti sizustis dasacavad rogori unda yofiliyo Txroba
da ra sityvebiT unda aRewera baTiraSvili Jurnalists?
2.3 მოძალადეთა მიმართვები და პანიკის დათესვა

მოსახლეობაში
1995 wlis 19 seqtembers, amerikelma teroristma saxelad

„Unabomber” a.S.S.-is or umsxviles gazeTs The Washington Post-sa
da The New York Times-s gaugzavna presrelizebi gamoqveynebis
moTxovniT. Tqva, rom am pirobis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, igi aRar
Caidenda Zaladobriv qmedebas. rogor unda moqceuliyo media am
situaciaSi? unda eTqva Tu ara uari informaciis gamoqveynebaze
da gaeriska, rasac SesaZloa, safrTxe mohyoloda adamianebis
sicocxlisaTvis? am Temaze, Jurnalistur wreebSi, wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi mimdinareobda ganxilva (Marthoz, 2017).
sazogadoebaSi panikis daTesvaze saubrisas, erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli Jurnalisturi Secdoma aris moZaladeTa vid-
eo mimarTvebisa Tu mowodebebis uapelaciod, daumontaJeblad
44
pirdapir eTerSi moxvedra an vebgverdebze ganTavseba. ar aqvs

mniSvneloba aseTi mimarTva teroristuli jgufebis mier iqne-
ba Cawerili Tu neonacisturi an rasistuli jgufebis mxridan,
Tuki mimarTva Seicavs muqaras, romelic SesaZloa miemarTebodes
mosaxleobis garkveul nawils, mediis profesionalebi yovelTvis
gvirCeven, rom Tavidan aviridoT msgavsi masalebis pirdapiri,
daumuSavebeli formiT informaciis gamoqveyneba.
es cxadia, ar niSnavs ambis gaSuqebaze saerTod uaris Tqmas.
saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis „terorizmTan daka-
vSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebis“ saxelmZRvanelo principebSi
vkiTxulobT:
»» sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba miiRos informacia terorizm-
Tan da mosalodnel safrTxeebTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca,
medias akisria pasuxismgebloba uneburad ar gaxdes xel-
Semwyobi teroristuli Sinaarsis mimarTvebis Tu mowode-
bebis tiraJirebisa.
amdenad, aseT dros, saubaria ara informaciis dablokvaze an

mayurebelTa informirebis valdebulebis Tavidan aridebaze,
aramed imaze, rom media ar unda iqces Zaladobrivi jgufebisaT-
vis platformad da maT uneblie mokavSired.
mimarTvebs, iqneba es video Canawerebisa Tu presrelizebis
formiT, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva daniSnuleba hqondes, maT Soris
SiSis gavrceleba, mxardamWerTa rekrutireba Tu garkveuli
ieriSis mitana saxelmwifoebze. aseT videoebsa Tu teqstebs
obieqturad gaaCniaT axali ambis TvalsazrisiT Rirebuleba.
Tumca, eqspertebi mogviwodeben, rom raimes gaSuqebaze sakuTari
TavisaTvis SezRudvis dawesebis nacvlad, umjobesia, rom mediam
aRniSnuli mimarTvebi gaSifros, gamoiyenos mxolod is nawili,
romelic sasargeblo da Rirebulia axali ambisaTvis, amoWras
propagandistuli nawili da am mimarTvaze azri hkiTxos mimarT-
vis samizne auditorias.
45
muqaris Semcveli mesijebis garda, mediis xelSi SesaZloa

aRmoCndes iseTi videoebi, romlebzec asaxulia romelime Zal-
adobrivi jgufis mier konkretul adamian(eb)ze Zaladobis scena.
msgavsi videoebis pirdapir, daumontaJeblad gadacema da veb-
gverdebze ganTavseba, garda panikis daTesvisa, sxva mizeziTac
ar aris mizanSewonili. aseTi masalebis masmediiT gavrcelebam
SeiZleba, mibaZviTi qcevebi waaxalisos da e.w. copy-cat mkvlelo-
bebis seria mohyves mas. magaliTad, axlo aRmosavleTSi 2004 wels,
rodesac teroristebma ramdenime gatacebuls sajarod mokveTes
Tavi, maleve msgavsi faqtebi dafiqsirda axlo aRmosavleTidan
Sors, maT Soris haitisa da erT-erT tailandur sofelSi. haitize
sami policielisaTvis Tavis mokveTas damnaSaveebma „operacia
baRdadi“ uwodes, tailandSi ki budisti CinovnikisTvis Tavis
mokveTa braldebulebma Seafases rogorc revanSi muslim ambox-
ebulTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli Zaladobis gamo (Nacos, 2006).
SemTxvevis aRwera
Palitra News - „sul male dagayrevinebT Tavebs...” - “palitra-

niusma” moipova video, sadac ISIS-is qarTuli dajgufeba
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas emuqreba
6 agvisto, 2018
gasuli ramdenime wlis manZilze, qarTul mediaSi ram-

denjerme gavrcelda video mimarTvebi, romlis avtore-
bic ISIS-is wevrebi iyvnen. zogjer videoebSi isini Tavadac
Candnen da mimarTvis teqstebs kiTxulobdnen. qarTuli
mediis nawilma es videoebi pirdapir, TiTqmis yovelgvari
montaJis gareSe miawoda auditorias. magaliTad, erT-erTi
aseTi video 2018 wlis agvistoSi gamoCnda qarTul mediasa-
SualebebSi.
46
gamocema Palitra News-ma aRniSnuli video mimarTva saku-

Tar mayurebels TiTqmis daumontaJeblad SesTavaza, Tu
ar gaviTvaliswinebT mokle Sesavals, romelsac Jurnal-
isti kiTxulobs da romelSic naTqvamia: „isis-is qarTuli
dajgufeba muqaris Semcvlel videos avrcelebs, rome-
lic „palitraniuss“ xelSi Cauvarda. videos Tan axlavs
qarTuli titrebi, sadac dajgufeba saqarTvelos xeli-
suflebas SurisZiebiT emuqreba. “Cveni meomrebi mzad
arian SurisZiebisTvis; sul male dagayrevinebT Tavebs,
dagxocavT Tqvenive saxlebSi,”- naTqvamia videomimarT-
vis teqstSi. video savaraudod 2 kviris winaa damzadebuli
. erT-erTi versiT, sus-is mier dakavebuli saqarTvelos
moqalaqe malxaz t, romlis ayvanis Sesaxeb informacia orS-
abaTs gavrcelda, kavSirSia zemoxsenebul dajgufebasTan.“
gamocemam saTaurad videodan amoRebuli citata gamoiyena:
„sul male dagayrevinebT Tavebs“.
Jurnalistis ramdenimewamian Sesavals mosdevs videos
uwyveti Canaweri imave formiT, ra formiTac, savaraudod,
is Semqmnelebma gaavrceles. CanawerSi ikiTxeba teqsti, rom
qarTvelebma uRalates muslimebs da saqarTvelos xeli-
suflebam isini usamarTlod daxoca. warwerebiT irkveva,
rom kadrebSi Cans lafanyuris specoperaciis dros daxo-
cili adamianebi, maTi dakrZalvis procesia da maTze mglo-
viare adamianebi. videoSi gamoyenebul teqstebSi ikiTxeba
muqara, rom male, isini dauxocaven qarTvelebis Zmebs da
Svilebs, zustad ise, rogorc qarTvelebma dauxoces maT
da a.S. videoSi Cans kadrebi beri gabriel salosis quCaze
Catarebuli kontrteroristuli operaciidanac, romlis
drosac ramdenime adamiani gardaicvala. isini saqarTve-
los xelisuflebis mtkicebiT, TbilisSi afeTqebis mowyo-
bas gegmavdnen. videos xangrZlivoba saerTo jamSi 4 wuTze
47
metia da Sesavlis teqstis garda, Jurnalisturi Careva

videoSi ar gvxvdeba.
»» rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad sworad da standartebis

dacviT aris SerCeuli gamoqveynebuli videos saTauri?
»» ra grZnobebs aRZravs es video mayureblebSi?
»» gamoaqveynebdiT Tu ara Tqvenc am videos amave formiT?
»» ra alternatiuli formebiT SeiZleboda rom gaevrcele-
bina Jurnalists videos Sesaxeb informacia?
»» rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda sazogadoebaze
videos Sinaarsi?
2.4 პირდაპირი ეთერი
2013 wlis 21 seqtembers, keniis dedaqalaq nairobiSi, oTxma

niRbianma mamakacma cecxli gaxsna Westgate-is savaWro centr-
Si. Tavdasxmis Sedegad, romelze pasuxismgeblobac dajgufeba
al-Sabaabma aiRo, 70-ze meti adamiani daiRupa maT Soris, 60-ze
meti moqalaqe da 5 jariskaci. 200-mde adamiani ki daiWra. 2014
wlis TebervalSi, keniis Tavdacvis Zalebis warmomadgenelma
iulius karangim ganacxada, rom Secdoma iyo, rodesac mediasa-
Sualebis warmomadgenlebs saSualeba misces, pirdapir eTerSi
gaeSuqebinaT antiteroristuli operacia, romelic TiTqmis 48
saaTi gagrZelda. misi TqmiT, mediis muSaobam Tavdamsxmelebs
saSualeba misca, rom Tvalyuri edevnebinaT Tavdacvis Zalebis
mier operaciis dagegmvisaTvis.
pirdapir eTerSi gasvla teroristuli Tavdasxmebis dros
Cveuli movlenaa mediisaTvis. Tumca, mniSvnelovania, rom mediam
48
Tavisi saqmianobiT xeli ar SeuSalos samarTaldamcavebs muSao-

baSi, uneburad ar gaxdes TavdamsxmelTaTvis sasargeblo infor-
maciis gamavrcelebeli. gadawyvetilebis miReba pirdapir eTerSi
ar gasvlaze SesaZloa, motivirebuli iyos erTaderTi mizeziT
Jurnalisturma muSaobam ar Seuqmnas safrTxe vinmes sicocxles.
mediis warmomadgenlebs yovelTvis unda axsovdeT, rom rasac
isini gadascemen, SesaZloa, rom uproblemod aRwevdes Zalado-
briv aqtSi CarTul adamianebamde, iqneba es operaciis mimdinare-
obis Sesaxeb informacia, mimdebare perimetris gamosaxuleba Tu
haeridan droniT an vertmfreniT gadaRebuli kadrebi.
gansakuTrebiT safrTxiloa pirdapir eTerSi gasvla, rode-
sac moZaladeebs mZevlad hyavT ayvanili moqalaqeebi, rodesac
Tavad reportiorebi imyofebian SemTxvevasTan Zalian axlos an
policiis Tu specdaniSnulebis razmis wevrebi antiteroristu-
li operaciis SuagulSi arian. aseT dros, mediis mier Secdomis
daSveba SesaZloa adamianebis sicocxlis fasad dajdes da amis
magaliTebi araerTia saerTaSoriso mediis gamocdilebidan.
1974 wlis 22 noembers, oTxma Tavdamsxmelma British Airways-is
TviTmfrinavi gaitaca. isini iTxovdnen, rom egviptis xelisufle-
bas gaeTavisuflebina terorizmSi braldebuli 13 adamiani, xolo
holandiis xelisuflebas - ori adamiani. egviptis xelisuflebam
ganacxada, rom isini asrulebdnen gamtaceblebis moTxovnas da
apirebdnen terorizmSi braldebulebis gaTavisuflebas da maT-
Tvis gadacemas. am momentSi erT-erTma reportiorma gaavrcela
informacia, rom TviTmfrinavis bortTan araviTari gaTavisu-
flebuli patimrebi ar iyvnen da TviTmfrinavis gamtaceblebs
savaraudod atyuebdnen. gamtaceblebma Seityves amis Sesaxeb da
sapasuxod erT-erTi mgzavri mokles (Cohen-Almagor, 2005).
amitomac, mniSvnelovania, rom Tqveni saqmianobiT:
»» ar SeuqmnaT safrTxe adamianebs;

»» ar SeuSaloT xeli sagangebo da usafrTxoebis operaciebis
mimdinareobas;
49
»» ar miawodoT teroristebs sensitiur da mniSvnelovani

informacia.
rodesac adamianebis gatacebis Sesaxeb informacia gadaicema

mediiT, ar aris rekomendirebuli, rom gamJRavndes informa-
cia samarTaldamcavebis taqtikis Tu adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb.
mediam safrTxis Sesaxeb mosaxleobas informacia unda miawodos,
magram aman xeli ar unda SeuSalos policias muSaobaSi. amito-
mac umjobesia, rom ar gauSvan pirdapir eTerSi satelefono Tu
videozarebi gamtaceblebTan da ar aCvenon samarTaldamcavTa
saxeebi an dafaron isini Semdgom gamoSvebebSi (Consell de l’Audio-
visual de Catalunya, 2016).
es sakiTxebi kidev ufro mwvaved dgas dResdReobiT, rodesac
socialur qselebsa da sxvadasxva laivstrimingis mowyobilobaze
rigiTi moqalaqeebis did nawils miuwvdeba xeli. mediam damatebi-
Ti Zalisxmeva unda gaswios, rom moqalaqeTa mxridan sensitiuri
informaciis gavrcelebas kidev ufro ar Seuwyos xeli. amito-
mac moqalaqeTa miwodebulma informaciam (user generated content)
saTanado filtri unda gaiaros media profesionalebis xelSi
da ise gavrceldes sainformacio arxebiT. socialuri mediis
mier warmoqmnili gamowvevebis Sesaxeb ki vrclad, 2.8 qveTavSi
visaubrebT.
aqve, xazi unda gavusvaT imasac, rom msgavsi krizisuli situ-
aciebis dros, dauzustebeli informaciis gavrceleba SesaZloa,
bevrad ufro damazianebeli aRmoCndes, vidre sxva SemTxvevebSi.
ar aris gamoricxuli aman gamoiwvios auditoriis qcevis myisieri
Secvla, magaliTad, moqalaqeebma datovon teritoria, Tavdac-
visaTvis mimarTon araprofesionalur Carevebs, daTeson panika
sxva sazogadoebebSi da aS.
aseve, mediam unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom daRupulTa, daWrilTa
da daSavebulTa raodenoba da vinaoba aucileblad unda iyos
dazustebuli da gaSuqdes gauzviadeblad. vinaobasTan dakav-
SirebiT ki, mniSvnelovania isic, rom mediam krizisuli situaciis
50
Seqmnidan maleve pirdapir eTerSi ar gaamxilos im adamianebis

saxeli da gvarebi, romelTac ziani miadgaT an daiRupnen. Sesa-
Zloa, gardacvlilTa Tu daSavebulTa axloblebma jer ar icod-
nen momxdaris Sesaxeb.
SemTxvevis aRwera
rusTavi 2 - gabriel salosis quCaze srolis da afeTqebebis

xma ismis
2017 wlis 21-22 noemberi
2017 wlis 21 noembers beri gabriel salosis quCaze saqa-

rTvelos saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxurma specopera-
cia Caatara, ra drosac samarTaldamcavebsa da SenobaSi
myof adamianebs Soris Setakebis Sedegad gardaicvala erTi
samarTaldamcavi, oTxi ki daiWra. aseve daiRupa SenobaSi
myofi, terorizmSi eWvmitanili 3 piri da daakaves erTi
(Tabula.ge, 2018). specoperaciis dawyebidan maleve, qarTul-
ma mediam faqtis aqtiurad gaSuqeba daiwyo. specoperacia,
romelic 20 saaTis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda, TiTqmis
yvela telekompaniam pirdapir eTerSi gadasca. Jurnal-
istebi acxadebdnen, rom uWirdaT oficialuri pirebisgan
dazustebuli informaciis miReba. kontrteroristuli
operaciis mimdinareobisas ar arsebobda erTi presspikeri,
romelic Jurnalistebs detalur informacias miawvdida.
amasTan ar dafiqsirebula SemTxveva, rodesac Zalovani
uwyebis warmomadgenlebis moTxovna Jurnalistebma ar
daakmayofiles da akrZalul teritoriaze mainc SeiWrnen.
telekompania „rusTavi 2-ma“ mayurebels pirdapiri
CarTva 21 noembersve daiwyo. Jurnalistma mayurebels mis
xelT arsebuli, daudasturebeli informacia da adgil-
ze mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb mokle cnobebi miawoda.
51
operatori TiTqmis mTeli CarTvis manZilze sakmaod axlo

xediT aCvenebda korpusis mimdebare teritoriebze mobi-
lizebul samarTaldamcavebs, Jurnalisti ki periodulad
acxadebda informacias Tu romeli samarTaldamcavi samsax-
uris warmomadgeneli Sedioda SemosazRvrul perimetrze.
CarTvebi eTerSi momdevno dRes dilidanve ganaxlda. Jur-
nalistma, romelic korpusis mimdebare teritoriebidan
awvdida mayurebels informacias, aCvena kadrebi ezodan,
sadac samarTaldamcavebi iyvnen mobilizebulebi, eTerSi
gauSva evakuirebuli mezoblebis komentarebi. kadrebSi
Canda rogor da ra mimarTulebiT gadaadgildebian adgilze
mobilizebuli specdaniSnulebis razmis wevrebi.
momdevno CarTvaSi, eTerSi gavida binaSi mcxovrebi moqa-
laqis satelefono komentari, sadac is policiis arakompe-
tenturobaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas da yveboda gancdil
SiSsa da nerviulobaze. telekompanias ar daufaravs mobi-
lizebul samarTaldamcavTa saxeebi. operatori cdilob-
da, rom maqsimalurad mieaxlovebina kadri im sadarbazos-
Tan, sadac savaraudod eWvmitanilebi iyvnen. Jurnalisti
Seecada, saswrafo daxmarebis brigadisagan aeRo komen-
tari, romelic Setakebis perimetrze cdilobda Sesvlas.
Jurnalisti asaxelebda Tu sad da romeli mxridan unda
Sesuliyo saswrafo daxmarebis manqana. sxva televiziebTan
erTad aRniSnuli telekompaniis Jurnalistic pirdapir
eTerSi Seecada ramdenime mezoblisagan komentaris aRe-
bas, romlebic specoperaciis mimdinareobis dros adgils
tovebdnen. televiziis eTeriT gavida mezobeli korpusidan
gadaRebuli „eqskluziuri“ kadrebic, sadac mosCans saxli,
romelSic savaraudo eWvmitanilebi iyvnen gamagrebulebi.
garkveul momentSi, Jurnalisti xeliTac ki swevs poli-
ciels rom saswrafo daxmarebis manqanis gamosvlis kadrebi
gadaiRos operatorma. Jurnalistebi samaSvelo jgufis
52
manqanaSi yofen mikrofons, raTa iq msxdomi TanamSromlebi-

sagan gaarkvion Tu ratom Sedian isini Setakebis adgilze.
»» rogor fiqrobT, saWiroa Tu ara im adgilidan pirdapiri

translacia, sadac kontrteroristuli operacia SeiZleba
mimdinareobdes?
»» arsebobs Tu ara sajaro interesi momxdaris mimarT?
»» unda gaavrcelos Tu ara Jurnalistma daudasturebeli
informacia aseT situaciaSi?
»» ramdenad gamarTlebulia, Tqveni azriT, samarTaldamcav-
Ta Cveneba pirdapir eTerSi?
»» unda aCvenos Tu ara televiziam aseT dros specdan-
iSnulebis razmisa da policiis TanamSromelTa ganlageba
da gadaadgilebis traeqtoria?
»» rogor afasebT zemoT aRweril SemTxvevaSi Jurnalistis
mcdelobebs, mieRo informacia saswrafo da samaSvelo
samsaxurebis manqanebSi mjdomi adamianebisgan?
»» TvliT Tu ara rom msgavsi operaciebis gaSuqebisas opera-
toris mier kadrebis axlo xediT Cveneba dasaSvebia?
»» ra detalebi SeiZleba aRweros Jurnalistma pirdapir
eTerSi muSaobisas?
»» rogor SeiZleba daazustos Jurnalistma komentari maSin,
rodesac oficialuri uwyebebi aranair informacias ar
avrceleben mimdinare kontrteroristuli operaciis Ses-
axeb?
»» Tuki Jurnalists uSveben operaciis mimdebare teritori-
aze da mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia gaReba da pirdapir eTer-
Si gadacema iq mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb, mainc unda
Seikavos Tavi?
»» ra alternatiuli gza arsebobs imisaTvis, rom Tan aCveno
mimdinare movlenebi da Tan xeli ar SeuSalo operacias?
53
2.5 სტერეოტიპები
iseT momentebSi, roca teroristuli aqti axali momxdaria

an romelime politikuri Tu ideologiuri niSniT motivirebul-
ma jgufma zogadad mosaxleobis Tu sazogadoebis konkretuli
segmentis dasaSineblad Zaladobrivi danaSauli Caidina, gadam-
wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu rogori formiT da visgan miiReben
adamianebi pirvelad informacias. aseT dros, tele da onlain-
mediaSi momuSave Jurnalistis toni, SerCeuli sityvebi da gamo-
saxulebebi ori ramis gamoa mniSvnelovania: pirveli, igi Tav-
idan agvaridebs mosaxleobaSi arafris momcemi panikis daTesvas,
razec pirdapir eTerebze saubrisas gavamaxvileT yuradReba; da
meore, dagvazRvevs imisagan, rom SeSinebulma mosaxleobam e.w.
gantevebis vacebis Zieba ar daiwyos da Tavad ar gaxdes moZalade
im jgufis mimarT, romelTa warmomadgenlebic, SeiZleba raime
niSniT iyvnen dakavSirebuli Zaladobis CamdenebTan.
amdenad, Jurnalistis mier gavrcelebuli informacia dacli-
li unda iyos dauzustebeli informaciisgan, stereotipuli
midgomebisa da naCqarevi daskvnebisagan. amiT Jurnalisti xels
Seuwyobs mosaxleobaSi dabalansebuli, faqtebze dafuZnebuli
informaciis gavrcelebas da daazRvevs, rom sazogadoebis zogi-
erTi jgufi ar gaxdes stigmatizaciis msxverpli. Jurnalisturi
eTikis qartiis saxelmZRvaneloSi vkiTxulobT:
»» uaryofiTi qmedebis dakavSireba masSi monawile pirebis
warmomavlobas an religiur mrwamsTan ararelevanturia.
amgvari informacia mxolod negatiur stereotipebs
aRvivebs da xels uwyobs stigmatizacias. nacvlad amisa,
aCveneT mTliani suraTi da xazi gausviT imas, rom reli-
giur an eTnikur Rirebulebebs kavSiri ar aqvs terorizm-
Tan. warmoaCineT eqspertTa da analitikosTan Sefasebebi,
statistika an sxva relevanturi informacia, romelic
problemas mTlianobaSi warmoaCens.
54
naCqarevma da arainformirebulma daskvnebma SesaZloa ara-

saWiro stereotipizaciamde migviyvanos. yvela, vinc danaSauls
sCadis, teroristi ar aris. xolo yvela, vinc teroristul aqts
sCadis, SesaZloa dakavSirebuli ar iyos did teroristul orga-
nizaciasTan. amitomac, saWiro ar aris yoveli kriminaluri SemTx-
vevis dros mosaxleobaSi panikis daTesva.
2017 wels, londonSi, vestminsteris sasaxlis mimdebare teri-
toriebze 52 wlis britaneli xalid masudi manqaniT daejaxa tro-
tuarze mosiarule 50-mde adamians, romelTagan 4-s sasikvdilo
dazianebebi miayena. mogvianebiT ki, igi daniT daesxa Tavs iqve
myof erT-erT policiels. masudi danaSaulis adgilzeve garda-
icvala. mediasaSualebebma ambidan maleve daiwyes spekulaciebi,
rom masudis qmedebebi ISIS-Tan iyo dakavSirebuli. sabolood,
policiam veraviTari kvali ver daadgina masudis qmedebebsa da
romelime teroristul organizacias Soris.
mediisa da xelisuflebis qmedebebis kritikisas, britaneli
avtori da Jurnalisti saimon jenkinsi werda: „nu gamoavsebT
gazeTebis gverdebs da tele Tu radio eTerebs iseTi sityvebiT,
rogoricaa SiSi, saSineleba, maniaki, monstri. nu miscemT qalaqis
mers mizezs, rom movardes yviriliT „nu ayvebiT panikas“. ar aris
saWiro mediaSi eqspertTa spekulaciebi imaze, Tu „ra surs ISIS-s“
da „ra rTulia Tavis dacva aseTi Tavdasxmebisas“. nu warmoaCenT
londons saSinelebaTa filmis gadasaReb moednad. nu eZebT gam-
warebulebi Sinnazard osama bin ladens. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqva,
nu moikatunebT Tavs TiTqos „Cveulebrivad iqceviT“ maSin, roca
amis sapirispiros akeTebT.“
saxelmZRvaneloebSi, sadac saubaria terorizmze, radikali-
zaciaze an neonacisturi jgufebidan momdinare safrTxeebze,
rogorc wesi, xazgasmulia, rom mediam yvelaferi unda iRonos
imisaTvis, rom teroristuli aqtebis dakavSireba ar moxdes
religiur, eTnikur Tu kulturul warsulTan (Marthoz 2017, Ter-
ratoolkit) .
55
SemTxvevis aRwera
sxvadasxva mediasaSualebis eTerSi Tu vebgverdze xvde-

ba sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeTa mier Cadenili danaSau-
lis Sesaxeb axali ambebi. rogorc wesi, msgavsi SemTxvevebis
gaSuqebisas, media kidev ufro aqtiuria Tuki danaSaulSi
aziis, axlo aRmosavleTis an afrikis qveynebis moqalaqeebi
arian gareulebi.
2017 wlis 30 ivniss, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa samin-
istrom gavrcela informacia, rom samarTaldamcveleb-
ma axalcixeSi iranis moqalaqe daakaves. 51 wlis mamakacs
5 arasrulwlovanTan seqsualuri kontaqtis damyarebis
mcdelobis gamo wauyenes brali. 6 ivliss ki, sasamarTlom
dakavebuls 6-wliani patimroba miusaja. qvemoT motanilia
ori vebsaitis mier mamakacis dakavebisa da sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli informacia.
alt-info - axalcixeSi iraneli mamakaci 5 arasrulwlovani

biWis gaupatiurebis mcdelobisTvis daakaves
30 ivnisi, 2017 weli
axalcixeSi iraneli mamakaci arasrulwlovnebTan seq-

sualuri kontaqtis damyarebis mcdelobis gamo daakaves.
braldebuli 51 wlis aris da axalcixeSi erT-erT sawarmoSi
muSaobda. is 5 arasrulwlovan biWTan motyuebiT cdilobda
seqsualuri kavSiris damyarebas, Tavidan cdilobda maT
gacnobas, ndobis mopovebas, Semdeg ki fulis SeTavazebiT
maT seqsualur kavSirze daTanxmebas.
saagento pirveli - iranels mozardebTan garyvnili

qmedebis momzadebisTvis 6 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
miesaja
20 ivlisi, 2017 weli
56
axalcixis raionulma sasamarTlom mozardebTan

garyvnili qmedebis momzadebisTvis iranis islamuri res-
publikis moqalaqes 6 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusaja.
axalcixis raionulma sasamarTlom gaiziara braldebis
mxaris mier wardgenili mtkicebulebebi da mozardebTan
garyvnili qmedebis momzadebisTvis, iranis islamuri res-
publikis moqalaqe h.q. damnaSaved scno saqarTvelos sisx-
lis samarTlis kodeqsis 18-141-e muxliT (xuTi epizodi).
»» ra Seusabamobas xedavT „alt-infos“ mier gavrcelebuli

ambis saTaursa da teqsts Soris?
»» saTaurisa da teqstis Sedarebisas, rogor fiqrobT, ra
safrTxes qmnis savaraudod Cadenili qmedebis mediis mier
kidev ufro damZimeba da seqsualuri kontaqtis damyare-
bis nacvlad gaupatiurebis mcdelobis Sesaxeb miTiTeba?
»» ra Seusabamobas xedavT saagento pirvelis saTaursa da
teqsts Soris? (gaiTvaliswineT, rom saagento pirvelis
gamoqveynebul ambavSi saTauri saagentos mofiqrebulia,
teqsti ki dakopirebulia saqarTvelos prokuraturis
presrelizidan).
»» rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad mizanSewonilia, rom mediasa-
Sualebam kriminaluri aqtebis Cadenis dros yuradReba
gaamaxvilos moqalaqis religiaze, eTnikur warmomavloba-
sa da rasaze?
»» rogor safrTxes qmnis, Tqveni azriT, mediis mier krimi-
naluri ambebis dakavSireba danaSaulis Camdenis idento-
basTan?
»» ra informacias da warmodgenas qmnis sazogadoebaSi, aq
moyvanili teqstebi, eTnikuri iranelebis mimarT?
57
»» ra alternatiuli teqstiT, gziT iyo SesaZlebeli am

SemTxvevis gaSuqeba?
2.6 ამბების ვიზუალური მხარე
2013 wlis agvistos nomerSi, Jurnalma Rolling Stone ydaze bos-

tonis maraTonis afeTqebaSi braldebuli joxar carnaevis foto
dabeWda. fotoze carnaevi umanko mzeriT, xveuli TmebiTa da
ubralo maisuriT rigiT amerikel mozards hgavda. Jurnalis gad-
awyvetilebas ydaze gamoetana aseTi suraTi, didi gamoxmaureba
mohyva rogorc mediawreebSi, aseve Jurnalis mkiTxvelisgan. Roll-
ing Stone-is socialuri mediis angariSebze mkiTxvelebma erTgvari
ieriSi miitanes da Jurnali ramdenime adamianis mkvlelobaSi
damnaSavis gakeTilSobilebis mcdelobaSi dasdes brali. kri-
tikosebma Jurnals terorizmis glamurulad warmoCenaSi daadan-
aSaules da aRniSnavdnen, rom carnaevi am fotoSi rok-varskvlavs
hgavda (New Yorker, 2013).
dResdReobiT, rodesac mediaproduqtis warmoebaSi ufro
da ufro didi yuradReba eqceva audio-vizualuri informaciis
gamoqveynebas, xolo teqstebi mcirdeba, kidev ufro mniSvnelo-
vani xdeba ras gamoaqveynebs media da ra formiT. gansakuTrebiT,
Tuki saqme exeba ara ubralod sasurvelad warmoCenas, aramed
Sokis momgvreli suraTebisa da video Canawerebis gamoqveynebas,
sadac grafikulad aris warmoCenili Zaladobrivi, eqstremistu-
li jgufebis mier msxverplTa sikvdiliT dasja, Tavis mokveTa,
TviTmkvleli eqstremistebis mier Tavis afeTqeba da a.S.
es sakiTxi, umeteswilad, profesiuli eTikis sferoSi eqceva
xolme, Tumca magaliTad, safrangeTSi, teroristuli aqtis msx-
verplTa gamosaxulebebis gamoqveynebis gamo media SesaZloa 15
000 evroT dajarimdes. sxva qveynebis SemTxvevaSi ki, aRniSnuli
58
eTikuri dilemebi ZiriTadad saredaqcio politikebis doneze

wydeba (Marthoz, 2017).
UNESCO-s mier gamocemuli JurnalistTa saxelmZRvanelo
ramdenime gamocemis politikas mimoixilavs am mxriv. magaliT-
ad, axali ambebis saagento Agence France-Presse uars ambobs gamoa-
qveynos moZaladeTa mier adamianebisTvis Tavis mokveTis video-
ebi. saagento iyenebs mxolod da mxolod calkeul scenebs vide-
odan, romelic ar laxavs gardacvlilTa Rirsebas da msxverplTa
identificirebis SemTxvevaSi, isini cdiloben, rom am adamianebis
sicocxleSi gadaRebuli fotoebi gamoiyenon (Marthoz, 2017).
britanulma gamocema The Guardian-ma ki 2016 wels ISIS-is mier
adamianTa daxocvis amsaxveli videoebis gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb
ramdenime ZiriTadi rekomendacia gamoaqveyna (Smith, 2016):
»» ar gamoiyenoT video an fotosuraTi, romelic borotmoq-
medebs mimzidvelad warmoaCens - magaliTad, rodesac isini
pozireben mZevlebTan erTad an iaraRiT xelSi. gamoiyeneT
audiomasala ekonomiurad;
»» gamoiyeneT mxolod da mxolod axlodan moWrili foto-
kadri mZevalTa videodan da ganaTavseT is vebstatiis qve-
da nawilSi, raTa ar gamoCndes statiis dasawyisSive;
»» idealur SemTxvevaSi, mZevlis an msxverplis mTavari gamo-
saxuleba unda iyos foto, romelic sxva dros da sxva kon-
teqstSia gadaRebuli.
terorizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas, ambebis

vizualur gaformebaze yuradRebas amaxvilebs saqarTvelos Jur-
nalisturi eTikis saxelmZRvaneloc. saxelmZRvanelo saubrobs
vizualuri xerxebiT terorizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis
normalizebis safrTxeebsa da politikur Tu eTikur qvete-
qstebze, romlebic Tan axlavs msgavsi vizualuri masalis gamo-
qveynebas. saxelmZRvanelo xazs usvams Jurnalistis pasuxismge-
blobazec, rom man:
59
»» ar moaxdinos teroristuli mowodebebis da miznebis tira-

Jireba;
»» ar daarRvios piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba, adami-
anebisTvis damatebiTi tkivilis miyeneba, gansakuTrebiT
msxverplebisa da maTi axloblebisTvis.
SemTxvevis aRwera
rusTavi 2 - eqskluzivi: Cataevis cxedris fotomasala da

kadrebi, sadac kidev erTi teroristis likvidaciaa asaxuli
27 dekemberi, 2017 weli
zemoT aRwerili, beri gabriel salosis quCaze Catare-

buli antiteroristuli operaciidan daaxloebiT 1 Tvis
Tavze, telekompania “rusTavi 2-ma” gaavrcela informacia,
saidanac arxis mayurebeli igebda:
„axmed Cataevi likvidirebulia. “kurierma” eqskluziu-
ri foto moipova, sadac likvidirebuli Cataevia asaxuli.
aseve fotoze Cans misi fexis protezic. garda aRniSnu-
li fotomasalisa, „kurierma“ eqskluziuri videomasalac
moipova, sadac beri gabriel salosis quCaze Catarebuli
specoperaciisas terorizmSi erT-erTi braldebulis
likvidaciaa asaxuli.“
am dRemde, qarTul mediaSi ar gavrcelebula dadas-
turebuli informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom specoperaciis
dros likvidirebuli piri axmed Cataevi iyo. Sesabamis-
ad, arxis gavrcelebuli informacias namdvilad hqonda
Rirebuleba, am ambis mimarT arsebobda sajaro interesi da
televizias absoluturad yvela mizezi hqonda eqskluzi-
uri ambis gasavrceleblad.
gadacemis wamyvanma fotos ekranze Cvenebamde aRniSna:
„es Zalian mZime kadria, Tumca, misi grafikulad damuSave-
60
bis SemTxvevaSi arsi mTlianad daikargeboda, amitom Zalian

gTxovT, rom bavSvebi moaridoT ekrans.“
ekranisaTvis bavSvebis moridebis Txovna gaimeora
CarTvaze mdgarma Jurnalistmac, rasac mosdevda ukve gar-
dacvlili axmed Cataevis afeTqebuli sxeulis narCenebis
daufaravi Cveneba. fotoze, romelic mayurebels „rusTavi
2-ma“ anaxa, faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia raimes garCeva, garda
Segrovebuli sisxlsa da talaxSi azelili sxeulis ramden-
ime nawilisa, maT Soris, Tavis qalis narCenebisa, romelic
kisris qvemoT mowyvetilia sxeulisagan. aseve Canda fexis
protezis dasisxlianebuli narCenebi.
kadrebis Cvenebis paralelurad, Jurnalistma isev
gaimeora, rom arxma sxeulis nawilebis foto ar daamuSava
grafikulad, radgan misi aRqma veRar moxerxdeboda.
amis Semdeg, telekompaniam gauSva ukve siuJeti, rome-
lic iwyeba terorizmSi erT-erTi braldebulis sacx-
ovrebeli korpusidan gamosvliT. igi SeiaraRebuli iyo
da isroda samarTaldamcavebis mimarTulebiT. kadrebSi
Canda Tu rogor xvdeba mas tyvia da ecema javSanteqnikis
win. ramdenime wamSi ki igi savaraudod sakuTarive gaxsnili
xelyumbariT feTqdeba. axmed Cataevis sxeulis nawilebis
msgavsad, kadrebi arc aq yofila grafikulad damuSavebuli.
»» ra emociebs gamoiwvevda TqvenSi, rogorc informaciis

momxmarebelSi msgavsi kadrebis teleeTeriT xilva?
»» rogor fiqrobT, hqonda Tu ara arsebiTi Rirebuleba
axmed Cataevis danawevrebul, sisxlsa da mtverSi amosvril
sxeulis nawilebis xilvas? ra damatebiTi Rirebuli
informacia miiRo amiT mayurebelma?
61
»» rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos aseTi

kadrebis xilvam daRupulTa axloblebze? mis Tanamoaz-
reebze?
»» rogor fiqrobT, msgavsi kadrebis grafikuli damuSavebis
gareSe gamoqveyneba rogor imoqmedebs im adamianTa radi-
kalizacia/deradikalizaciaze, romlebic potenciurad
SeiZleba uTanagrZnobdnen operaciis dros daRupulebs?
»» rogor fiqrobT, mayurebelTa im nawils, romlebic poten-
ciurad uTanagrZnoben operaciis dros daRupulebs, ra
warmodgena SeiZleba Seuqmnas gardacvlilze im kadre-
bis xilvam, sadac Cans Tu rogor ibrZvis erTi adamiani
specrazmelTa mTeli jgufis winaaRmdeg, Semdeg ki sasik-
vdilod daWrisas Tavs ifeTqebs?
»» ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vizualurad mZime kadris gaSveba
eTerSi anda vebsaitze gamoqveyneba?
»» rogor SeiZleba moyve am mZime vizualuri masalis gareSe
zemoT aRwerili ambavi?
2.7 ტერმინოლოგია
sityvebi „teroristi“, „terorizmi“, „teroristuli Tav-

dasxma“ ar aris Sefasebebisagan daclili terminebi. TiTqmis
yvela mniSvnelovani Jurnalisturi saxelmZRvanelo Tu wamy-
vani mediaorganizaciis stilis saxelmZRvanelo xazs usvams, rom
aseTi emociebis aRmZvreli, SefasebiTi terminebis gamoyeneba ar
aris Jurnalistis saqme. terorizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
arasdros aris erTganzomilebiani, amitomac Jurnalisti Sesa-
Zloa, advilad Secdes msgavsi SefasebiTi sityvebis gamoyenebisas.
magaliTad, 1970-80-ian wlebSi, urugvaiSi arsebobda tupa-
marosebis erovnuli gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, romelic
partizanul brZolaSi iyo CarTuli. qveynis xelmZRvanelobam is
teroristul dajgufebad gamoacxada, maSin, rodesac Tavad jgu-
62
fis wevrebi diqtatoruli reJimisagan qveynis ganTavisuflebi-

saTvis mebrZolebad aRiqvamdnen Tavs. UNESCO-s saxelmZRvanelo
JurnalistebisaTvis aseT SemTxvevebs dilemurad miiCnevs da
svams kiTxvas: rogor unda movixsenioT politikuri jgufebi,
romlebic diqtaturis an okupaciis pirobebSi teroristul
aqtebs mimarTaven, ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis wevrebad Tu
teroristeebad (Marthoz, 2017)?
sainformacio saagento Reuters-i iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa
„teroristi“, „eqstremisti“, „amboxebuli“, „partizani“ da a.S.
emociur (emotive) sityvebs uwodebs da aRniSnavs, rom „zogierT
sityvas emociuri rezonansi axlavs Tan an Zalze sakamaToa, an
bundovania, amdenad maTi gamoyeneba unda moxdes gansakuTrebuli
neitralurobiTa da sizustiT.“ igive SeniSvnas vxvdebiT BBC-is
saredaqcio gaidlainSi, sadac naTqvamia, rom sityva „teroris-
ti“ informaciis momxmareblebisaTvis, ambis gagebisas, SeiZleba
barieri ufro iyos, vidre damxmare (BBC, 2019).
saintereso SeniSvnaa evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis,
kulturis, mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis komitetis 2005 wels
gamocemul dokumentSi „media da terorizmi“, sadac naTqvamia,
rom sityva „terorizmis“ arasaTanado gamoyenebam e.w. „normal-
uri“ kriminaluri qmedebis dros SesaZloa, gamoiwvios negatiuri
gagebiT gmirad warmoCenisa da yuradRebis mipyrobis safrTxeebi
maT mimarT, vinc cdilobs, rom antigmirad yofniT isargeblos
(Jařab 2005). es maSin, rodesac bevri e.w. teroristuli qmedebebi
„Cveulebriv“ kriminalur qcevazea dafuZnebuli da ara politi-
kur an ideologiur qmedebaze. Sesabamisad, isini SesaZloa, ufro
aRmatebuli Zalis mqoneebad warmoCindnen sazogadoebis TvalSi
da warmatebiT moaxerxon mosaxleobis daSineba.
Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia CamoTvlis konkretul sityvebs,
romlebic umjobesia mediis warmomadgenelma gamoiyenos muSao-
bisas „teroristuli aqtis“ nacvlad. esenia:
63
»» „afeTqeba“;
»» „dabombva“;
»» „srola“;
»» „cecxlis gaxsna“;
»» „SeiaraRebuli piri“;
»» „gamtacebeli“;
»» „Tavdamsxmeli“ da sxva.
iqve, Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia aRniSnavs, rom marTalia

Jurnalistebi unda moeridon TavianT saavtoro teqstebSi sityva
„teroristis“ gamoyenebas, magram amavdroulad, „Jurnalisteb-
ma ar unda Secvalon sityva “teroristi” sxva sityviT, roca is
naxsenebia respondentis citataSi. unda Candes, rom am termins
wyaro iyenebs.“
#WordsMatter ase qvia kampanias, romelic 2018 wels did brita-
neTSi teroristuli Tavdasxmebis dros gadarCenilma adamianeb-
ma daiwyes (Davies 2019). am kampaniiT isini medias mouwodebdnen,
rom ar gamoiyenebinaT iseTi terminebi, romlebic Zaladobriv
eqstremizmSi CarTul adamianebs gmirebad warmoaCens an raime
formiT maTi qmedebebis legitimizebas axdens. magaliTad, xSirad
SexvdebiT mtkicebas, rom mediam ar unda gamoiyenos iseTi ter-
minebi, rogoricaa „jihadi“ „mojahedi“, „xalifati“ “ISIS” da a.S.
am miTiTebis erT-erTi mTavari argumenti aris is, rom swored am
saxeliT moixsenieben xolme Zaladobriv eqstremizmSi CarTuli
adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da saqmianobas.
aqve, mediis warmomadgenlebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom
Zaladobrivi jgufebi SesaZloa, iyenebdnen iseT terminolo-
gias, romelic maT warmoaCens rogorc TavisuflebisaTvis
mebrZolebs, wamebulebs an Cagrulebis, xolo sxva jgufebs,
romelTan winaaRmdegobasac afuZneben isini sakuTar idento-
bas, warmoaCendnen rogorc safrTxeebs sazogadoebisTvis. isini
SesaZloa, Seecadon konkretuli adamianebis marginalizebasa
da stigmatizebas konkretuli niSniT (mag, migrantebi, qalebi,
lesboseli, gei, biseqsuali da transseqsuali adamianebi, femin-
64
istebi, muslimebi, qristianebi da a.S.). mediis warmomadgenlebma

yovelTvis unda miuTiTon, rom esa Tu is mosazreba calsaxad aris
gamijnuli maTi saredaqcio politikisgan da amavdroulad, unda
Seecadon, rom ar gamoiyenon moZaladeTa leqsikoni.
SemTxvevis aRwera
Daily Mail - From smiling Kent schoolboy to murdering jihadi

24 marti, 2017
qveTavSi 2.5, sadac stereotipizaciidan momdinare

safrTxeze iyo saubari, vaxseneT 2017 wels did britaneT-
Si vestminsteris Tavdasxmis saxeliT cnobili SemTxveva,
rodesac 52 wlis xalid masudma ramdenime adamiani mokla
jer manqanis dajaxebiT, Semdeg ki danis gamoyenebiT. qvemoT
motanilia amonaridebi britanuli gamocema Daily Mail-is
statiidan:
[1] „Kent-is skolis momRimari moswavlidan mkvlel

jihadistamde: policia aqveynebs teroristis fotos,
skolis megobari ki yveba, rom popularuli fexburTeli
„msubuqi rasizmis“ gamo itanjeboda rogorc erTaderTi
Savkaniani studenti.“
[2] „es gaxlavT vestminsteris ISIS-iT STagonebuli

jihadistis xalid masudis zrdasrulobis pirveli foto,
romelic skotland iardma gaavrcela, radganac cdiloben,
Seagrovon informacia iyo Tu ara is britaneTSi moqmedi
ufro farTo teroristuli qselis wevri.“
[3] birmingemSi misi mezoblebi darwmunebulebi arian,

rom is marto ar moqmedebda, aRweren rogorc „ucnaur
65
tips“ da moixsenieben rogorc „vampirs“, vinaidan mxolod

da mxolod RamiT gamodioda saxlidan SavebSi Cacmuli.
mimdinare Tvis dasawyisSi detalurma, 1000-gverdianma

kvlevam birmingemi msoflio teroris dedaqalaqad daas-
axela. 1998-2015 wlebSi momxdar 269 SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
adamianebs brali wauyenes islamur terorizmSi an rodesac
adamianebma Tavi aifeTqes, 49 adamiani uest midlendidan
iyo.
»» moyvanil informaciaze dayrdnobiT, daaxasiaTeT xalid

masudi? rogori portreti Seqmna statiam?
»» zemoT citirebul amonaridebSi romelia sityvebi, rom-
lebic sadavod migaCniaT Jurnalistur teqstebSi gamo-
sayeneblad?
»» rogor fiqrobT, ra emociur datvirTvas atareben sityve-
bi: vampiri, ucnauri tipaJi, jihadisti, teroris dedaqa-
laqi.
»» ra sityvebiT SeiZleboda maTi Canacvleba?
»» rogor fiqrobT unda moixsenios Tu ara mediam teror-
izmSi CarTuli adamianebi im saxelebiT, epiTetebiT, rom-
liTac isini sakuTar Tavebs moixsenieben an axloblebi
uwodeben?
2.8 სოციალური მედია
socialuri mediis popularobis zrdasTan erTad 2000-iani

wlebidan moyolebuli, iseve rogorc sxva problemuri sakiTx-
66
ebis, Zaladobrivi radikalizebuli jgufebis gaSuqebasTan daka-

vSirebiTac Jurnalistebi axali gamowvevebis winaSe dadgnen.
Facebook-is, Twitter-is, Youtube-isa da sxva platformebis ufro
da ufro aqtiurad gamoyeneba, erTi mxriv, xels uwyobs Jurnal-
ists, meore mxriv ki exmareba radikalizebul jgufebs sxvadasxva
aspeqtSi. imisaTvis, rom reportiorebma efeqtianad gamoiyenon
socialuri media TavianT saqmianobaSi da uneburad radikali-
zebuli jgufebis ideaTa ufro farTod gavrcelebas ar Seuwyon
xeli, mniSvnelovania imaze dakvirveba, Tu raSi iyeneben es jgufe-
bi socialur qselebs.
rogorc terorizmTan, ise memarjvene radikalizaciasTan
dakavSirebulma jgufebma socialur medias SesaZloa mimarTon:
»» TviTorganizebisa da axali wevrebis gadabirebisaTvis
(rekrutireba);
»» sakuTari saqmianobis popularizaciisa da SiSis elementis
rac SeiZleba farTod gavrcelebisaTvis;
»» sakuTari imijis Sesaxeb sasurveli narativis Sesaqmnelad,
arsebobis normalizebisaTvis;
»» onlain ieriSis misatanad, media organizaciebis vebsait-
ebsa da socialuri mediis angariSebze;
»» maTTan opoziciaSi myof jgufebze ieriSis misatanad;
»» informaciis mosagroveblad da a.S.;
am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, mediasaSualebebs damatebiTi

Zalisxmevis gaReba marTebT, raTa ar gaxdnen msgavsi jgufebi-
saTvis erTgvari platforma, manipulaciis msxverplebi da maTi
ideologiuri propagandis gamavrceleblebi. amisaTvis SesaZloa,
medias dasWirdes resursebis mobilizeba, magaliTad, sakuTar
onlain angariSebze aseTi jgufebis aqtiurobis monitoringisa
da aRkveTisaTvis. Cvens realobaSi araerTxel yofila SemTxveva,
rodesac, magaliTad, neonacisturi jgufebis wevrebi organi-
zebulad cdiloben sakuTari narativis Seqmnas da Facebook-is
momxmarebelTa Sexedulebebze zegavlenis moxdenas ama Tu im
67
mediasaSualebis socialuri mediis angariSebze aqtiurobiT.

erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli aseTi praqtikaa sxvadasxva
movlenidan mediasaSualebebis Facebook-is pirdapiri CarTvebisas
komentarebis velSi maTi aqtiuroba.
kolumbiis Jurnalistikis skolis cifruli Jurnalistikis
Tow Center-is gamoqveynebul mimoxilvaSi Carli beketi aRniS-
navs, rom socialuri mediis gamoCenam gaafarTova terorizmis
masStabebi da gavlena, vinaidan gaizarda dezinformaciis
gavrcelebis saSualebebi da SesaZlebeli gaxda gavrcelebul
informaciaze auditoriisgan komentaris miReba (2016). “Jurnal-
istebi, romlebic iyeneben socialur medias rogorc platfor-
mas an wyaros, yovelTvis ver axerxeben saukeTeso saredaqcio
standartis dacvas. socialurma mediam Secvala Tavad teror-
izmTan dakavSirebuli axali ambebis buneba magaliTad, vizua-
luri masalebis, TviTmxilvelTa monaTxrobisa Tu Live-video-
ebis damatebis TvalsazrisiT. magram amavdroulad, is SeiZleba
iyos macduri, ambebis damaxinjebis an yuradRebis arasaTanado
aqcentebze gamaxvilebis mizezi. Jurnalistebi adaptirdebian am
axal konteqstTan, Tumca jer kidev dgas praqtikuli da politi-
kasTan dakavSirebuli gamowvevebi gadamowmebisa da Sefasebebis
gakeTebis TvalsazrisiT, - aRniSnavs beketi (2016: 7).
Zaladobriv eqstremizmTan dakavSirebuli jgufebis
mier socialuri qselebis gamoyenebis praqtikidan da mediis
gamowvevebidan gamomdinare, ramdenime problemuri sakiTxi unda
gamoiyos, romelsac Jurnalistebma yuradReba unda miaqcion:
»» mediasaSualebebi mzad unda iyvnen, rom Zaladobriv eqs-
tremizmSi CarTuli jgufebi Seecdebian onlain arxebis
gamoyenebas, raTa maT Sesaxeb sasurveli narativi gaCndes
mediaSi;
»» aseTma jgufebma SesaZloa, ieriSic miitanon socialur
qselebSi mediis angariSebze, rasTan gasamklavebladac
gamocemebs strategia unda hqondeT SemuSavebuli;
68
»» Jurnalistebma unda gaiTvaliswinon socialuri mediiT

dezinformaciis gavrcelebis simartive, amitom infor-
maciis gadamowmebis aucilebloba kidev ufro aqtualuri
unda iyos;
»» mediam xeli unda SeuSalos Zaladobriv jgufebs, rom ar
gamoiyenon maTi platformebi, maT Soris komentarebis
seqcia sakuTari ideologiis gasavrceleblad;
»» iseve rogorc teleeTerSi, Facebook Live-is, Youtube Lives-
tream-is an sxva msgavsi platformebis gamoyenebisas, media
frTxilad unda iyos, rom ar iqces siZulviliT motivire-
buli jgufebis tribunad. Sesabamisad, pirdapiri mauwye-
blobisas man unda ganumartos mayurebels/msmenels Tu
ras adevnebs is Tval-yurs, ra xdeba moqmedebis adgilas
da ra unda icodes man mimdinare movlenebze warmodgenis
Sesaqmnelad.
rogorc Carli beketi damatebiT aRniSnavs, gamWvirvalobas

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs rodesac saubaria Jurnalistikasa
da socialur mediaze. socialuri media SeiZleba iyos Rirebuli
da mniSvnelovani wyaro, magram misi gadamowmeba da konteqstSi
Casma yovelTvis unda moxdes.
SemTxvevis aRwera
2017 wels, saqarTveloSi ramdenime gaerTianeba gamoCn-

da sajaro sivrceSi, romlebsac nacionalisturi da anti-
saemigracio miswrafebebi gacxadebuli aqvT. 14 ivliss, am
gaerTianebaTa nawilma, TbilisSi, aRmaSeneblis gamzirze
msvleloba moawyo saxelwodebiT „qarTuli marSi“. mogvi-
anebiT swored msvlelobis saxeli daerqva jgufs, romelic
organizebas uwevda mas.
qarTuli marSis msvleloba araerTma mediasaSualebam
pirdapir eTerSi gadasca, erT-erTi iyo radio Tavisufle-
69
ba, romelmac Youtube-isa da Facebook-is angariSebze pirdapi-

ri CarTva gauSva. erT-erTi aseTi CarTvis Canaweri dRemde
devs arxis Youtube arxze. daaxloebiT 1 saaTi da 15 wuTis
sigrZis video detalurad asaxavs marSis msvlelobas misi
dawyebidan kulminaciamde (marSis wevrebis sityviT gamosv-
la). sxvadasxva periodulobiT kadrebSi xvdeba marSis orga-
nizatorTa qsenofobiuri da diskriminaciuli mowodebebi,
interviuebi, gamonaTqvamebi, egzaltirebuli adamianebis
antisaemigracio moTxovnebi da a.S. Jurnalisti TiTqmis
ar ereva mTeli Canaweris manZilze, ar akeTebs komentars
da mayurebels sTavazobs daumuSavebel masalas imisa, Tu
ra xdeboda im dRes aRmaSeneblis gamzirze.
aqve, magaliTisTvis moviyvanT ramdenime momxmareblis
komentars, romelic radio Tavisuflebis Youtoube arxze
kvlavac iZebneba:
„nuTu ver xedavT, rom arabebma da iranelebma da kidev

sxvebma gadaametes. aRmaSenebeli marTla waibilwa da sxva-
ganac cudi ambebia. eseni ro uvnebeli mizniT Camosuli
ucxoelebis gaZevebas iTxovdnen, me ar davuWerdi mxars.
sakuTaris dacva araa Sovinizmi. SevecadoT sxva kuTxiT
SevxedoT.“
„meamayeba rom qarTveli var roca eseT raRacas vxe-
dav aba ra pirvelad prioriteti qarTveli unda iyos Cvens
qveyanaSi da Semdeg ucxoeli rogorc yvelaa ganviTarebul
qveyanaSia Zirs liberalizmii da Ralatii„
„am aqciis winaaRmdegi marto pidarastebia da TaTre-
bi......“
70
»» rogor fiqrobT, ra informacias miiRebda aq moyvanili

pirdapiri translirebis mayurebeli? Seeqmneboda Tu ara
mas sruli suraTi Tu ra xdeboda im dRes aRmaSeneblis
gamzirze?
»» ramdenad swori iyo mediasaSualebis gadawyvetileba, rom
Jurnalists mxolod da mxolod translireba moexdina
msvlelobis da araviTari komentari ar daerTo misTvis?
ra dakarga amiT mayurebelma da ra miiRo?
»» Tqveni azriT, gaxda Tu ara am konkretul SemTxvevaSi medi-
asaSualeba nacionalisturi Sexedulebebis mqone jgufe-
bis ideologiis ubralo gamtari?
»» rogor SeeZlo amisagan Tavis dazRveva?
»» rogor TvliT, aseTi SemTxvevebis dros, mediam unda moax-
dinos Tu ara komentarebis velis SezRudva momxmare-
blebisTvis?
»» uwyobs Tu ara, aseTi SemTxvevebis pirdapiri CarTvebiT
translirebisas, momxmarebelTa komentarebi sazogadoe-
baSi jansaRi diskusiis dawyebas?
71
ძალადობრივ ექსტრემიზმთან და
ტერორიზმთან დაკავშირებულ
ტერმინთა მოკლე ლექსიკონი3
1. Far-Right Extremism (memarjvene eqstremizmi)- konservatiuli

ideologiis forma, romelic rogorc wesi, mxars uWers neona-
cizms, rasizmsa da qsenofobias [5].
2. daeSi - igive ISIS - islamuri saxelmwifo (IS), erayisa da levantis
islamuri saxelwifo (ISIL), erayisa da siriis islamuri saxelm-
wifo (ISIS) - salafituri jihadisturi SeiaraRebuli dajgufeba
da yofili araRiarebuli proto-saxelmwifo, romelic misdevs
sunituri islamis salafitur, fundamentalistur doqtrinas.
saerTaSoriso yuradReba miipyro 2014 wlidan, rodesac dasavleT
erayis ramdenime mniSvnelovani qalaqidan adgilobrivi samTav-
robo Zalebi gandevna da daikava mniSvnelovani geografiuli
adgilebi, maT Soris qalaqi mosuli da moawyo sinjaris masobrivi
wmenda. sityva „daeSi“ ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba jgufis legit-
imurobis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dasayeneblad, sityvis negatiuri
konotaciidan gamomdinare [4].
3. eqstremizmi - ideaTa erToblioba, ideologia, romelic ar aRi-
arebs adamianTa Tanasworobis princips, mxars uWers siZulvils,
Seuwynareblobas, Zaladobas, safrTxes uqmnis qveynis demokra-
tiul wyobas da kanonis uzenaesobas [6].
4. TeTrkanianTa upiratesobis rwmena - (white supremacism) rasis-
tuli ideologia, romelic miiCnevs, rom kavkasiuri rasa aris
araTeTrkanian adamianebze aRmatebuli biologiurad, bune-
brivi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiTa Tu Tandayolili uflebebis
niSniT. am ideologiis zogierTi mimdevris rwmeniT „TeTr rasaSi“
3. TiToeuli ganmartebis bolos miTiTebulia leqsikonis TandarTuli wyaroebis

nomeri.
72
mxolod evropis kelturi, germanikuli da nordikuli xalxe-

bi Sedis, zogierTi ki masSi aerTianebs yvela kavkasiuri rasis
adamians, maT Soris aRmosavleT evropisa da xmelTaSua zRvis
regionebis macxovreblebs [1].
5. kiberterorizmi - kanoniT daculi kompiuteruli informaciis
marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba, misi gamoyeneba an gamoyenebis
muqara, rac qmnis mZime Sedegis saSiSroebas, Cadenili mosaxleo-
bis daSinebis an/da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT
[10]
6. kontr-radikalizacia - politikebi da programebi, iseTi
pirobebis Sesaqmnelad, romlebic calkeul individebs daex-
marebaT, raTa ar moxdes maTi CarTva terorizmSi. igi gamoiyene-
ba farTo mniSvnelobiT da aRniSnavs socialuri, politikuri,
sakanonmdeblo, saganmanaTleblo da ekonomikur programaTa
pakets, romelic specialurad aris Seqmnili, raTa xeli aaRebinos
(savaraudod ukve radikalizebul) individebs gadawyvetilebaze,
rom CaerTon terorizmSi [7].
7. kontrterorizmi - es aris politikaSi gadawyvetilebebis
mimRebi pirebis, samarTaldamcavebis, samTavrobo oficialuri
pirebis, biznesisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis erTiani
mcdeloba winaaRmdegoba gauwion da aRmofxvran terorizmi [4].
8. kontrteroristuli operacia - specialur RonisZiebaTa kom-
pleqsi, romelic mimarTulia teroristuli xasiaTis danaSau-
lebrivi qmedebis Tavidan acilebisa da aRkveTisaken, adamianTa
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaken, teroristebis gauvneblobi-
saken da teroristuli aqtis an/da teroristuli mizniT ganxor-
cielebuli sxva danaSaulis mosalodneli Sedegebis minimumamde
Semcirebisaken.
9. mojahedi - muslimi adamiani, romelic SeiaraRebul jihadSi
CaerTveba. es termini gamoyenebuli aqvs sxvadasxva muslimur
politikur da paramilitarul dajgufebasac sakuTar dasaxele-
baSi [1/7]
73
10. nacizmi - germaniis nacional-socialisturi muSaTa parti-

is ideologia, politika da praqtika germaniaSi 1919-45 wlebSi;
SesaZloa SegxvdeT rogorc hitlerizmis an nacional-social-
izmis saxeliT. zogjer gamoiyeneba rogorc meore msoflio omis
Semdgomi periodis faSisturi jgufebis aRmniSvneli sityva (ix.
neonacizmi). misi, rogorc politikuri proeqtis mizani mesame
germanuli raixis Seqmna iyo, romlis drosac ideologias milion-
obiT momxre gamouCnda da romelsac ramdenime milioni adamianis
sicocxle emsxverpla. [2]
11. nacionalizmi - es termini ori ZiriTadi mniSvnelobiT gamoi-
yeneba - rogorc ideologia da rogorc grZnoba. pirveli mniSvn-
elobiT igi emyareba naciis, eris cnebas da garkveul politikur
da kulturul miznebs isaxavs. maT Soris umTavresia erovnuli
TviTgamorkvevis idea. meore mniSvnelobiT nacionalizmi aris
grZnoba, romlis mixedviTac, eri da eri-saxelmwifo aris uma-
Rlesi Rirebuleba da am Rirebulebebisadmi loialoba upirate-
sia yvela sxva loialobasTan SedarebiT. e.i. erovnuli interesebi
maRla unda idges pirad, naTesaur, tomobriv, klasobriv reli-
giur Tu zogadsakacobrio interesebze. [3]
12. neonacizmi - politikuri moZraoba, romelic mxars uWers
germaniis mesame raixis ideologiis reabilitacias, aRdgenasa da
romantiazacias. rogorc wesi, neonacistebi mxars uWeren konsti-
tuciuri demokratiuli wes-wyobilebis gadagdebas rasistuli,
totalitaruli saxelmwifos sasargeblod da amis misaRwevad
politikuri Zaladobisa da terorizmis formebs gamarTleb-
ulad miiCneven. nacistebis doqtrina, romelsac, Tavis mxriv,
neonacistebis ideologia efuZneba, or mTavar Sexedulebaze
dgas: indo-evropuli („ariuli“) rasis upiratesobasa da ebraeli
xalxis, rogorc ariuli rasis warmomadgenelTa mTavari mtris
aRqmas. [1]
13. neofaSizmi - politikuri moZraoba, romelic eTnikurad da
rasobrivad homogenuri sazogadoebis Seqmnisaken miiswrafvis,
74
avtoritari mmarTvelisaTvis miniWebuli Zalauflebis meSveo-

biT [4].
14. radikalizacia - procesi, rodesac piri sakuTari mosazre-
bebis gavrcelebisa da garkveuli ideologiis mxardaWerisas
SesaZloa gascdes kanonis farglebs da CaerTos teroristul
an/da eqstremistul saqmianobaSi. aRniSnul procesSi ikveTeba
piris mzaoba, misi mier mxardaWerili ideologiis miznebisTvis
daeTanxmos an/da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mimarTos Zaladobriv
meTodebs [6].
15. terorizmi - Zaladoba an Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqara, mimar-
Tuli fizikuri an iuridiuli pirebis winaaRmdeg, Senoba-nage-
bobebis, satransporto saSualebebis, komunikaciebis da sxva
materialuri obieqtebis ganadgureba-dazianeba an maTi ganad-
gureba-dazianebis muqara iaraRis, asafeTqebeli masalebis,
birTvuli, qimiuri, biologiuri Tu sxva, adamianis sicocxlisa
da janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi nivTierebis gamoyenebiT an ada-
mianis gatacebiTa Tu mZevlad ayvaniT, raTa xelisufleba anda
misi romelime organo an saerTaSoriso organizacia iZulebu-
li gaxdes, ganaxorcielos garkveuli qmedeba an Tavi Seikavos
garkveuli qmedebis ganxorcielebisagan, romelic teroristebis
marTlsawinaaRmdego interesebSi Sedis. am Temaze meti infor-
maciisTvis ixileT saxelmZRvanelos 1-li Tavi [9].
16. teroristi - piri, romelic monawileobs teroristul saqmi-
anobaSi [9].
17. teroristuli aqti - afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, adamianze
Tavdasxma, iaraRis gamoyeneba an sxva qmedeba, romelic qmnis ada-
mianis sicocxlis mospobis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi zianis an
sxva mZime Sedegis ganxorcielebis saSiSroebas, Cadenili teror-
istuli mizniT, an teroristuli aqtis Cadenis muqara. [9]
18. teroristuli mizani − mosaxleobis daSineba an xelisuflebis
organos, ucxo qveynis xelisuflebis organos an saerTaSoriso
organizaciis iZuleba, Seasrulos an ar Seasrulos esa Tu is
moqmedeba, an qveynis/ucxo qveynis/saerTaSoriso organizaci-
75
is fundamenturi politikuri, konstituciuri, ekonomikuri an

socialuri struqturebis destabilizacia an ganadgureba.
19. teroristuli organizacia - organizacia (miuxedavad misi
formisa), Seqmnili teroristuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis
mizniT. organizacia SeiZleba cnobil iqnes teroristul orga-
nizaciad, Tu is aris drois gansazRvrul periodSi arsebuli
orze meti piris organizebuli gaerTianeba. organizebul gaer-
Tianebad CaiTvleba gaerTianeba, romelic ar aris SemTxveviT
Seqmnili danaSaulis dauyovnebliv Casadenad da romelSic ar
aris aucilebeli, formalurad iyos ganawilebuli rolebi gaer-
Tianebis wevrTa Soris, wevrobas hqondes uwyveti xasiaTi an Cam-
oyalibebuli iyos ganviTarebuli struqtura [9].
20. ultranacionalizmi - nacionalizmTan SedarebiT ufro mis-
tikuri da araracionaluri safuZveli aqvs. mas radikaluri qse-
nofobia ahyavs ideologiis rangSi da miiCnevs, rom ucxoelebi
srulyofili adamianebi ar arian. am ideologiiT moqalaqeoba
gaTanabrebulia eTnikurobasTan da igi individs umorCilebs
eris upiratesobis rwmenas. ultranacionalizmi aris arsebiTad
rasistuli ideologia, rac SeiZleba sxvadasxva mocemulobaSi
gamoixatos warsulis konkretuli periodis miTologizaciiT,
fizikuri anTropologiis, genetikis da evgenikis vulgaru-
li formebis intensiuri gamoyenebiT sakuTari Sexedulebebis
racionalizaciisaTvis. [2]
21. faSizmi - termini warmoiSva romis imperiaSi magistratebis
mier xalxis erTianobis simbolod gamoyenebuli totebis konisa-
gan („fascio“), romelSic Cadebuli iyo najaxi (mmarTvelobis sim-
bolo). faSizmi memarjvene radikali nacionalistebis ideolo-
giaa, romelic miiswrafvis totalitarizmisaken. dasavlur poli-
tikur literaturaSi faSizmi SeiZleba gagebuli iyos ukiduresi
nacionalizmis samxedro formad, romelic saxelmwifos sagareo
politikuri miznebis misaRwevad yovelmxriv axalisebda omis
gaCaRebas. pirveli faSisturi moZraoba, romelic xelisuflebis
saTaveSi movida evropaSi (1922), iyo italiis faSisturi organi-
76
zacia musolinis meTaurobiT. misi monaTesave moZraobebi iyo:

germaniis nacional-socialistebi, espaneli falangistebi, moZ-
raoba „aqsion franzesi“ safrangeTSi. faSisturi ideologiisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari eris gandideba da misi yvela sxva
erisagan gamorCeulobis, misi kulturis unikalurobis mtkiceba
[3].
22. SariaTi - islamuri samarTlis kodeqsi. rjulis kanoni, romel-
sac „islamur qveynebSi“ saxelmwifo samarTlis statusi aqvs.
23. jihadi - termini islamSi, romelic sxvadasxva variaciiT
iTargmneba rogorc „tanjva,“ „swrafva“ an „wminda omi“. Zalado-
brivi islamuri jgufebi mas Targmnian rogorc „wminda oms“ da
iyeneben aramuslim xalxebTan Zaladobriv konfliqtSi CarTvis
gamamarTleblad. zogierTi muslimisaTvis termini Seuracxmy-
ofel konotacias atarebs [5/7]. minimum sami sxvadasxva jgufi
iyenebda am termins wminda omis mniSvnelobiT - hezbola, egvip-
turi islamuri jihadi da palestinis islamuri jihadi [1].
24. jihadizmi - rwmena, rom jihadis gamoyeneba aris saWiro
islamis miznebis misaRwevad. muslimuri saZmo, al-qaidasa da
saiid quTbis damfuZneblebs sjeraT, rom jihadi aramuslimebis
winaaRmdeg unda iyos yoveli muslimi individis individualuri
movaleoba [5].
77
leqsikonSi gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:
1) Anderson, Sean, and Stephen Sloan. 2009. Historical Dictionary Of Ter-

rorism. 3rd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
2) Blamires, Cyprian, and Paul Jackson. 2006. World Fascism. Santa Barbara,
Calif.: ABC-CLIO.
3) kodua, eduard. 2004. socialur da politikur terminTa

leqsikoni-cnobari. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “logos-presi.”
4) Anon. 2019. “P-CVE | Glossary.” Rcc.int. nanaxia 17 marti, 2019 (https://
www.rcc.int/p-cve/glossary)
5) Anon. 2019. “Glossary.” Counter Extremism Project. nanaxia 17 marti,
2019 https://www.counterextremism.com/glossary
6) terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos erovnul

strategia, nanaxia 17 marti, 2019,
http://gov.ge/files/524_69782_874672_rotated_53.pdf?fbclid=IwAR25TZYW_
udVPdXlN7tZ2FmHq3CElzugyILRxnYlTqZQ68sCq1tEqMGGPXg
7) Anon. 2019. “Radicalisation Glossary.” R2PRIS Radicalisation Prevention
in Prisons. nanaxia 17 marti, 2019 http://www.r2pris.org/glossary.html.
8) kiknaZe, zurab. 2008. religiebi saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi: saqa-

rTvelos saxalxo damcveli.
9) “saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb.” ssip

”saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne”. 2007 nanaxia 17 marti, 2019
https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/21796?publication=11#part_3.
10). “saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi.” ssip ”saqarT-

velos sakanonmdeblo macne” 1999. nanaxia 17 marti, 2019 https://
matsne.gov.ge/document/view/16426?publication=205 .
78
გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა
1. Alava, Séraphin, Divina Frau-Meigs, Ghayda Hassan, Hasna Hussein, and

Yuanyuan Wei. 2017. Youth And Violent Extremism On Social Media. Par-
is: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
2. Altheide, David L. 2007. “The Mass Media And Terrorism.” Discourse &
Communication 1(3):287-308.
3. non. 2016. Guidelines On News Coverage Of Terrorism. Barcelona: Con-
sell de l’Audiovisual de Catalunya.
4. Anon. 2019. “BBC - War, Terror And Emergencies: Accuracy And Impar-
tiality - Editorial Guidelines.” Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved March 17, 2019
(https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidelines/war-terror-emergen-
cies/accuracy-and-impartiality).
5. Anon. 2019. “Main Page - Handbook Of Journalism.” Handbook.reuters.
com. Retrieved March 17, 2019
(http://handbook.reuters.com/index.php?title=Main_Page).
6. Art, David. 2007. “Reacting To The Radical Right.” Party Politics
13(3):331-349.
7. Archetti, Cristina. 2013. Understanding Terrorism In The Age Of Global
Media. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
8. Beckett, Charlie. 2016. Fanning The Flames: Reporting On Terror In A
Networked World. Tow Center for Digital Journalism Columbia Journalism
School. Retrieved March 17, 2019 (https://bit.ly/2W5e0dh)
9. Biernatzki, William E. 2002. “Terrorism And Mass Media.” Communica-
tion Research Trends 21(1).
10. Borum, Randy. 2011. “Radicalization Into Violent Extremism II: A
Review Of Conceptual Models And Empirical Research.” Journal of Strategic
Security 4(4):37-62.
11. Cohen-Almagor, Raphael. 2005. “Media Coverage Of Acts Of Terrorism:
Troubling Episodes And Suggested Guidelines.” Cjc-online.ca. Retrieved
March 17, 2019
(https://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/1579/1734).
12. Crouch, Ian. 2019. “The Inconvenient Image Of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.”
79
The New Yorker. Retrieved March 17, 2019

(https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-inconvenient-im-
age-of-dzhokhar-tsarnaev).
13. Davies, Caroline. 2019. “No ‘Lone Wolf’: Media Urged To Take Care
Over Terrorism Vocabulary.” the Guardian. Retrieved March 17, 2019
(https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/sep/24/no-lone-wolf-media-
urged-to-take-care-over-terrorism-vocabulary).
14. Ellinas, Antonis A. 2010. The Media And The Far Right In Western
Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Ferguson, Kate. 2016. Ountering Violent Extremism Through Media
And Communication Strategies: A Review Of The Evidence.. Cambridge:
Partnership for Conflict, Crime & Security Research (PaCCS).
16. Gallie, Walter B. 1955. Essentially Contested Concepts. Proceedings of
the Aristotelian Society, 56, new series, 167-198. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4544562
17. Gamson, William A., and Gadi Wolfsfeld. 1993. “Movements And Media
As Interacting Systems.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Politi-
cal and Social Science 528(1):114-125.
18. Hoskins, Andrew, and Ben O’Loughlin. 2009. “Media And The Myth Of
Radicalization.” Media, War & Conflict 2(2):107-110.
19. Jařab, Josef. 2019. “Media And Terrorism.” Assembly.coe.int. Retrieved
March 17, 2019
(http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?File-
ID=10914&lang=en).
20. Kallis, Aristotle, Sara Zeiger, and Bilgehan Öztürk. 2018. Violent Radi-
calisation And Far-Right Extremism In Europe. Istanbul: SETA Publications.
21. Koehler, Daniel. 2016. “Right-Wing Extremism And Terrorism In
Europe Current Developments And.” PRISM | National Defense University.
Retrieved March 17, 2019
(https://cco.ndu.edu/PRISM/PRISM-Volume-6-no-2/Article/839011/right-
wing-extremism-and-terrorism-in-europe-current-developments-and-is-
sues-fo/).
22. Marthoz, Jean Paul. 2017. Terrorism And The Media. Paris: United Na-
tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
80
23. Maskaliūnaitė, Asta. 2015. “Exploring The Theories Of Radicaliza-

tion.” International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal
17(1):9-26.
24. Nacos, Brigitte L. 2006. “Terrorism/Counterterrorism And Media In The
Age Of Global Communication.” in United Nations University Global Semi-
nar Second Shimame-Yamaguchi Session - Terrorism—A Global Challenge.
Retrieved March 17, 2019
(http://archive.unu.edu/gs/files/2006/shimane/Nacos_text_en.pdf).
25. Norris, Pippa, Montague Kern, and Marion Just. 2003. Framing Terror-
ism. New York: Routledge.
26. Rapoport, David C. 1984. “Fear And Trembling: Terrorism In Three Re-
ligious Traditions.” American Political Science Review 78(03):658-677.
27. Rydgren, Jens. 2018. The Oxford Handbook Of The Radical Right. New
York: Oxford University Press.
28. Schmid, Alex. 2004. “Terrorism - The Definitional Problem.” 36 Case W.
Res. J. Int’l L. 36(2):375.
29. Sierakowski, Slawomir. 2019. “How Eastern European Populism Is Dif-
ferent.” Project Syndicate. Retrieved March 17, 2019
(https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/populism-stronger-in-east-
ern-europe-by-slawomir-sierakowski-2018-01?barrier=accesspaylog).
30. Smith, Sydney. 2016. “Guardian’s 3 Guidelines For Reporting On ISIS
Murder Videos - Imediaethics.” iMediaEthics. Retrieved March 17, 2019
(https://www.imediaethics.org/guardians-3-guidelines-for-reporting-on-isis-
murder-videos/).
31. Spencer, Alexander. 2012. Lessons Learnt - Terrorism And The Media.
Swindon,: The Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC).
32. TerRa. 2014. Guidelines Journalists. IMPACT, PARTNER IN ARQ. Re-
trieved March 17, 2019 (https://terratoolkit.eu/journalists/).
33. The ADL Center on Extremism (COE). 2019. Murder And Extremism In
The United States In 2018. Anti-Defamation League.
34. Turner, Karen. 2017. “How Can Journalists Responsibly Cover Neo-Na-
zis? A Media Scholar Gives His Advice..” Vox. Retrieved March 17, 2019
(https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/12/1/16720042/neo-nazis-new-york-
times-alt-right).
81
35. anon. 2018. “saqarTvelos mTavrobam terorizmis winaaRmdeg

brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos erovnuli strategia daamtkica.”
Ssg.gov.ge. nanaxia 17 marti, 2019
(https://ssg.gov.ge/news/443/The-Government-of-Georgia-has-Approved-
National-Strategy-of-Georgia-on-Fight-against-Terrorism).
36. anon. 2018. “faSisturi moZraobis lideri, giorgi WeliZe

ukanono iaraRisTvis daakaves.” tabula. nanaxia 17 marti, 2019
(http://www.tabula.ge/ge/story/136399-fashisturi-modzraobis-lideri-gior-
gi-chelidze-ukanono-iaraghistvis-daakaves).
37. anon. 2019. “”danaSaulebrivi jgufi” Tu “teroristuli or-

ganizacia” - ra viciT specoperaciis Sesaxeb.” Tabula. nanaxia 17
marti, 2019
(http://www.tabula.ge/en/node/126792).
38. barqaia, maia, da barbare janeliZe. 2018. usafrTxoebis

mzeris qveS: istoria, religia da politika pankisis xeobaSi.
Tbilisi: adamianis uflebebis swavlebisa da monitoringis cen-
tri (EMC).
39. goguaZe, giorgi, da sergi kapanaZe. 2015. daeSi da saqarTve-
los winaSe arsebuli gamowvevebi. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos re-
formebis asociacia (GRASS).
40. goguaZe, giorgi. 2018. radikalizaciasa da Zaladobriv
eqstremizmTan gamklavebis meqanizmebis gaumjobeseba saqarT-
veloSi. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis da ganviTarebis
centri (GCSD). nanaxia 17 marti, 2019
(https://bit.ly/2udqWBO).
41. diasamiZe, giorgi. 2019. “prokuraturis gancxadeba safaro-

vis SesaZlo qsenofobiur mkvlelobaze |.” netgazeTi. nanaxia 17
marti, 2019
(http://netgazeti.ge/news/310612/).
42. saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia. 2019. “teror-

izmTan dakavSirebuli Temebis gaSuqeba.” Qartia.ge. nanaxia 17
marti, 2019
(https://www.qartia.ge/sakhelmdzghvanelo-tsesebi1/article/29310-terorizm-
tan-dakavshirebuli-temebis-gashuqeba ).
82

ძალადობრივ ექსტრემიზმთან დაკავშირებული საკითხების გაშუქება

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ძალადობრივ ექსტრემიზმთან დაკავშირებული საკითხების გაშუქება

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

სახელმძღვანელო მედიისთვის

redaqtori: nata ZveliSvili

kvlevis kontributorebi: giorgi goguaZe, levan doliZe

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo momzadda saqarTvelos strategiisa da

publikaciis Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi

1.1 მედია და ტერორიზმი 17

2. მედია, ტერორიზმი და ჯგუფების გაშუქება 32

2.1 გაშუქების კუთხე და კონტექსტი - ნორმალიზების

ძალადობრივ ექსტრემიზმთან და ტერორიზმთან

„ar arsebobs Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis zogadi niSnebi,

deba, qarTuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, isaubros mediisa

am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo

vevebis msxverplebTan Jurnalistebis komunikacia, mediis muSao-

terminebi, romelTa gamoyenebac xSirad mogviwevs saxelmZ-

gamoqveynebul kvlevaSi, „usafrTxoebis mzeris qveS: istoria,

araerTi avtori aRniSnavs, rom termini radikalizacia bolo

nebismieri revoluciuri samecniero Teoria Tu politikuri

vilebs imaze Tu rogor xdeba gabatonebuli, koleqtiuri, ide-

bi (Alava et al. 2017). Tumca, es saxelmZRvanelo radikalizaciis

radikalizaciis gaazrebis istoria axlo kavSirSia Zalado-

rogorc saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis da ganviTarebis centris

Zaladobriv eqstremizmze saubari bolo ramdenime aTwleu-

terorizmsac“ (right-wing terrorism) iyenebs (Koehler, 2015). amgvari

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos meore nawili radikalizebisa

1.1 მედია და ტერორიზმი

zogadad, mediasa da terorizms Soris urTierToba kargad

urTierTobebze terorizmis konteqstSi da miiCnevs, rom media

terorizms, romelic xorcieldeba arasaxelmwifoebrivi subi-

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, rac gamowveuli iyo

pol uilkinsoni ityoda, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolisTvis

1.2 მედია და რადიკალური მემარჯვენე ჯგუფები

memarjvene eqstremizmi da radikaluri memarjvene jgufebi

jer kidev gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwuruls, german-

ri Sexedulebebisa Tu genderuli emansipaciis momxre jgufe-

non potenciur mxardamWerebamde Tu farTo auditoriebamde.

radikaluri jgufebis negatiurma gaSuqebam da maTma asocire-

1.3 ქართული კონტექსტი

2019 wlis 23 ianvars saqarTvelos mTavrobam terorizmis

rTvelo ar ganekuTvneba teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Tvalsaz-

terorizmi - Zaladoba an Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqara,

1. am Temaze vrclad ix. saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis da ganviTarebis centri,

los garkveuli qmedeba an Tavi Seikavos garkveuli qmedebis

Tumca zemonaxsenebi kanonisagan gansxvavebiT, strategiis

eqstremizmi - ideaTa erToblioba, ideologia, romelic

radikalizacia - procesi, rodesac piri sakuTari mosazre-

rogorc saqarTvelos reformebis asociaciis 2015 wels

amarTiT muqaris Semcveli teqstebi ismoda. goguaZe da kapanaZe

2. am saxelmZRvaneloSi maqsimalurad SevecdebiT, rom Tavidan aviridoT konk-

radikalizebuli, antidemokratiuli, met-naklebad organize-

aqtiuri warmoebiTa da gavrcelebiT da organizebuli onlain

ri Seuwynareblobis gamo ganzrax mkvlelobis Cadenis muxliT

britaneTis yofili premier-ministris, margaret tetCeris

am saxelmZRvanelos umTavresi mizanic swored is gaxlavT, rom

2.1 გაშუქების კუთხე და კონტექსტი -

siZulviliT motivirebuli da Zaladobrivi jgufebis, maTi

sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs ambis

ulebebs, sityvebs an epiTetebs gamoviyenebT muSaobisas (amaze

umciresobaTa jgufebis gaSuqebam SesaZloa, pozitiuri

swored epizoduri kuTxis gamoyenebam da ufro farTo sura-

aman ki Seqmna safrTxe, rom mSralad, fragmentulad gaSuqebuli

The New Your Times - A Voice of Hate in America’s Heartland

tom rozenstilis interviu swored maSin gamoqveynda,

ramdenime amonaridi statiidan:

[1] „Applebee’s-is restoranSi huber heitsSi, daitonis

1.1 მედია და ტერორიზმი 17

2. მედია, ტერორიზმი და ჯგუფების გაშუქება 32